Purple magnolia
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Flowers and leaves of the purple magnolia ( Magnolia liliiflora ) |
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The purple magnolia ( Magnolia liliiflora ) is a deciduous shrub and comes from China . This species from the genus of magnolias ( Magnolia ) is widely planted as an ornamental wood ; It gained special importance as a parent of the well-known tulip magnolia .
description
The purple magnolia is a deciduous shrub or small tree that reaches a height of about five meters. The crown is often broad, the trunk short and irregularly curved. The branches are light gray to brown and not hairy. The gray bark remains smooth even on thicker trunks.
The alternate leaves are ten to twenty centimeters long and five to ten centimeters wide. The leaf shape is elliptical to inverted ovoid. The tip of the leaf is pointed, the base of the leaf wedge-shaped. The color of the leaves is a dark green, they are smooth on both sides, only occasionally hairy on the shoot. The petiole measures about one and a half centimeters.
The slightly fragrant flowers appear together with the leaves in spring, and there is a slight re-flowering over the summer. The flowers unfold from buds standing individually at the ends of the branches and reach ten to 13 centimeters in diameter. A single flower consists of nine (occasionally up to 18) purple tepals , which are lighter colored on the inside. The outer three tepals are smaller and have a greenish tinge. In the center of the flower there are numerous purple-red colored stamens and numerous pistils . The resulting cylindrical, three to five centimeters long collagen fruit is initially green and later turns dark red to brown. The seeds are surrounded by a red seed coat ( arillus ).
The number of chromosomes is 2n = 4x = 76, the plants are tetraploid .
Distribution area
The purple magnolia comes from China; on the one hand it has been cultivated and distributed there as an ornamental plant for a long time, on the other hand its natural habitat is severely restricted by human land use. Their original distribution is unclear, many of today's occurrences come from cultivated plants, natural occurrences can be found in the south-central provinces of Hubei and Yunnan , as well as in Hunan and Fujian. The climate of these regions is subtropical and humid. Due to the decreasing size of the area, their existence is classified as endangered (VU A2c).
use
The purple magnolia has long been planted as an ornamental wood in East Asia . It was introduced to England from Japan by the Duke of Portland in 1790 . In Europe it quickly became a popular ornamental shrub, in 1820 Soulange-Bodin used it as a parent of the tulip magnolia ( Magnolia × soulangeana ). It is still available in stores today, especially the 'Nigra' variety.
Varieties of the purple magnolia:
- 'Gracilis' - Described by Salisbury in 1807 as Magnolia gracilis , smaller in all parts than the species.
- 'Holland Red' - flowers evenly colored dark red and blooming late.
- 'Mini Mouse' - a newer Sore (1970), smaller than the species in all parts.
- 'Nigra' - already named by Veitch in 1861, the original description speaks equally violet petals from inside and outside. The plants sold today under this name often do not correspond to this.
Hybrids with the purple magnolia:
- Magnolia acuminata × Magnolia liliiflora = Magnolia × brooklynensis , obtained from 1954 by Evamaria Sperber at the Brooklyn Botanical Garden .
- Magnolia campbellii × Magnolia liliiflora , by Felix Jury from New Zealand, a number of hybrids were achieved with this combination in the 1990s.
- Magnolia denudata × Magnolia liliiflora = Magnolia × soulangeana , the well-known tulip magnolia .
- Magnolia stellata × Magnolia liliiflora , at the US National Arboretum, Francis deVos and William Korsar achieved a number of varieties as a result of this crossing.
- Magnolia liliiflora × Magnolia sprengeri , also by William Korsar, there are several varieties from this cross.
- Magnolia liliiflora × ( Magnolia × veitchii ), the so-called "Gresham hybrids", obtained by D. Todd Gresham from 1955. About Magnolia × veitchii , a cross between Magnolia denudata and Magnolia campbellii , should combine the flower color and size of Magnolia campbellii with frost hardiness and flowers on young plants.
Systematics and botanical history
Within the genus Magnolia , the purple magnolia is classified in the sub-genus Yulania , there in the section and subsection Yulania . Related species are, for example, Magnolia campbellii , Magnolia dawsoniana or Magnolia sargentiana . In earlier classifications a closer relationship with the North American cucumber magnolia was assumed.
A first description and illustration of the purple magnolia was published by Engelbert Kaempfer in 1712 and reissued by Joseph Banks in 1791 . Desrousseaux then scientifically described the plants shown and chose the name Magnolia liliiflora , the "lily-flowered magnolia". However, Banks had swapped their labels when publishing Kaempfer's pictures, so that Desrousseaux confused the descriptions of the Yulan magnolia and the purple magnolia. Pierre Joseph Buc'hoz also only described these two magnolias using illustrations in 1779; three years earlier he had published an illustrated book with Chinese motifs. He named the Yulan magnolia Lassonia quinquepeta . In contrast to Kaempfer's botanically correct illustrations, these were “obviously Chinese impressionist art”. James E. Dandy transferred this name to the genus Magnolia in 1934 , i.e. as Magnolia quinquepeta , but from 1950 only as a synonym for Magnolia liliiflora . Spongberg and other authors used quinquepeta again from 1976 until Meyer and McClintock corrected the numerous errors in Buc'hoz images in 1987 and suggested the use of the name Magnolia liliiflora , which is used today , with Kaemmer's illustration as the type.
literature
- DJ Callaway: The World of Magnolias . Timber Press, Portland 1994, pp. 172ff. ISBN 0-88192-236-6
Individual evidence
- ↑ Rafaël Govaerts (ed.): Magnolia liliiflora. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved September 25, 2019.
- ↑ D. Cicuzza, A. Newton, S. Oldfield: The Red List of Magnoliaceae . in: Fauna & Flora International. Cambridge UK 2007, p. 28. ISBN 1-903703-23-9
- ↑ China Species Red List ( Memento from September 27, 2007 in the Internet Archive )
- ^ Classification of Magnoliaceae. Magnolia Society International, 2012, accessed December 22, 2015 . RB Figlar, HP Nooteboom: Notes on Magnoliaceae IV . In: Blumae . tape 49 , no. 1 , 2004, ISSN 0006-5196 , p. 87 .
- ↑ Callaway 1994, p. 136
