Remigiusland
Remigiusland is the name of a historical landscape in the North Palatinate Uplands around Kusel and Altenglan , which was under the rule of the Benedictine Abbey of Saint-Remi in Reims in the Middle Ages . The Remigiusland gains historical interest due to the rich written tradition that began early for a rural area in the German-speaking area. The early history of Remigiusland was handed down by the clerics Hinkmar von Reims and Flodoard von Reims .
Surname
The namesake is Saint Remigius of Reims . The name, which in earlier times was St. Remeis Land and similar, fell out of use in the predominantly Protestant region after the Reformation . It was revived by historians of the 18th and 19th centuries. History associations, periodicals such as the Heimatblatt des Remigiuslandes (published 1.1922–11.1932) and restaurants took up the name in the 20th century . The baptismal name Remig (from Remigius) based on the saint's name was formerly common in Kusel and the surrounding area.
geography
The area comprises about 40 places with an area of about 200 km² and extends along the rivers Oster and Glan , in the north to the Kuralb and in the south to the Henschbach . The district essentially corresponds to the former canton of Kusel (1818–1862) and the former Kusel district court. Today, most of the places belong to the Kusel-Altenglan association formed in 2018 in the Kusel district in Rhineland-Palatinate , six communities in the Ostertal and the Schwarzerden community incorporated the French military administration into the St. Wendel district in Saarland in 1947 .
The region is characterized by the Kuseler Bergland , a heavily forested, closed group of prominent ridges and mountain cones, interspersed with cleared meadows and river valleys. In spite of the low altitudes (250 to 300 meters high in the valley and 320 to 420 meters high in the high areas), the Kuseler Bergland has a very dynamic relief. Mountain ridges and ridges with narrow river breakthroughs alternate with gentler slopes, remains of plateaus and hollows. The area is drained in the east via the Glan to the Nahe and in the extreme west via the Oster to the Blies .
In the early Middle Ages, the region was part of the heavily forested and hardly populated Vosagus , which was the name given to the low mountain range of around 10,000 km² west of the Upper Rhine Plain from the Burgundian Gate in the south to the Hunsrück in the north.
history
According to the legend formulated by Archbishop Hinkmar von Reims, St. Remigius, as Bishop of Reims, baptized Clovis I, king of the Franks, and anointed him with an oil sent down from heaven . The Reims Cathedral Notre-Dame, the coronation site of almost all kings of France, and the Reims Abbey of Saint-Remi , which kept the anointing oil required for this, subsequently received rich royal donations.
6th century
The Vita Remigii from the 9th century tells that St. Remigius († 533) have in Wasichen (in Vosago) bought a large untapped forest area and is with settlers from the Episcopal Behren (Berna) , which he got from the Franks, the two hamlets Kusel (Cosla) and Altenglan (Gleni) founded . Cosla and Gleni have their names after the streams on which they are located. Remigius himself stoned the land with boundary stones . He had set a boundary stone so firmly in a hollow tree that no one could pull it out. The settlers would have had to deliver bad luck from the forests to the Reims church every year . Archbishop Hinkmar von Reims wrote the vita 350 years after the events reported in it. The Reims chronicler Flodoard copied the story somewhat shortened. In the judgment of modern historians, the relevant passage of the Vita Remigii is an invention of the archbishop Archbishop Hinkmar von Reims, who made the acquisition of remote ownership of the Reims Church by invoking the legal title of St. Remigius wanted to protect himself from possible alienation.
The Testamentum Remigii amplius of an unknown author from the 9th or 10th century, in which some would also like to see Archbishop Hinkmar von Reims, is based on the original Remigius Testament, in which the mentioned properties are bequeathed to the mentioned churches. By inserting numerous places, it is expanded or falsified. It says that King Clovis I († 511) had given Remigius the lands in Wasichen (in Vosago) , namely Berna and Bischmisheim (Piscofesheim) , which bears the name of the bishop in the German vernacular. Remigius bought Coslo and Gleni and other places on both sides of the Rhine, which annually delivered pitch to Reims Church to seal the wine barrels. A new addition is Bischmisheim. Incidentally, the presentation of the Remigius Vita follows, this time without the story of the boundary stone in the hollow tree. The Testamentum Remigii amplius applies modern historians as an end forgery.
A document from the 10th century reports that the Kusel Abbey with all its accessories was dedicated to St. Remigius was turned to by Chlodwig's son Chlodomer (511-524), the king of Neustria . Modern historians describe this variant as "doubtful". The main reason, all three reports that the acquisition of the Remigiusland during the lifetime of St. Rejecting Remigius († 533) consists in the fact that in the Testamentum Remigii brevis , which Remigius himself is ascribed, there is no mention of Remigiusland. However, the stories contain a real core. The Remigiusland belonged to Reims, the delivery of bad luck from the Remigiusland to Reims is often guaranteed and the etymological notes, namely that Cosla and Gleni got their names after the streams of the same name and Piscofesheim after the bishop of the same name , find the approval of modern historians.
A statement by the Reims chronicler Flodoard from the 10th century is finally not doubted by historians. In it Flodoard reports that there was a document in the Reims archive at his time, with which King Childebert II of Austrasia (575-596) opened a hamlet in Wasichen (villarem quendam situm in Vosago) not far from the Saar River (prope fluvium Saroam) the Reims bishop Aegidius (550-590) to his and the Reims church property. This shows that the Reims church was given remote ownership in the Saar region before 590, although this location information is best compatible with Bischmisheim.
9th century
Between the 6th and 9th centuries, Remigiusland came into the possession of the Reims cathedral church - certainly before the fraternal partition of the Franconian Empire in the Treaty of Verdun in 843. Hinkmar von Reims (845-882), who was raised to Archbishop of Reims in 845, tells a miracle in the Vita Remigii in which two brothers, Franks and forester, Emperor Louis the Pious (813-840), were punished on the spot when they were the border of the Remigiusland against the imperial forest would have incorrectly pointed out. Flodoard copied the story somewhat shortened without the name of Ludwig and only referred to the royal forest.
Archbishop Hinkmar endeavored in letters to domestic and foreign rulers for the restitution of estranged properties from the Reims church. Flodoard passed numerous such letters on to Hinkmar in brief undated notes. Addressees regarding possessions in Vosagus and Wormsgau were King Ludwig the German, King Karl the Bald, [Count] Nantar, Count Megingaud, Archbishop Liutbert of Mainz, Bishop Wala of Metz, and four letters were sent to Erluin, the Hinkmar with gold and Silber thanked him for his efforts. He is partly identified with the Count Palatine Ludwig the German. In many cases it is not possible to date the Hinkmar letters with great accuracy. Between 845 and 876 a lost degree falls in any case Louis the German († 876), in which he Archbishop Hinkmar Scavenheim in Wormsgau, Cosla and Gleni in Wasichen and Schouerunstat and Helisleba in Thuringia and Austrien refunded.
The Remigiusland was not the sole, strictly defined property of Saint-Remi. The property disputes indicate that worldly greats had also acquired property here. Noble property is only passed down in exceptional cases, for example when it was donated. The noble Heririch, brother of St. Bishop Hunfrid von Thérouanne, had handed over goods and 70 serfs to the Salvator Church of the Prüm Abbey in Weinsheim near Kreuznach and Bingen in 868 . King Ludwig the German confirmed the goods to the Prüm Abbey in 870 after Heririch's death, listing Glena and Gensingen . Since the Prümer Urbar from 893 lists the places in the order Glene , Odenbach am Glan and Weinsheim, Glena / Glene is to be found in the Glantal (Altenglan or Hundheim am Glan). Heririch was a fiefdom in Niederkirchen i. O. (Osternaha) , which King Ludwig the German left to the Salvatorkirche in Frankfurt am Main after Heririch's death and whereupon the church in Niederkirchen i. O. was built with tithe and lands.
10th century
On September 16, 902, Archbishop Hatto I of Mainz and Archbishop Heriveus of Reims conferred on church affairs and on the politics of the empire. The place of their meeting was the "Monastery / Stift des Herric (us)" (in Herrici monasterio, in basilica scilicet sancti Salvatoris) , which is only mentioned this once. It was near Kusel. At the meeting, Archbishop Heriveus of Reims transferred the protection of the Reims property in Wormsgau (in pago Guormacensi) to Archbishop Hatto I of Mainz . On the day after next, September 18, 902, Heriveus consecrated the church and main altar of Kusel (in Chuosla saltus Vosagi) to the patronage of St. Remigius and Hatto I confirmed the consecration. The next day King Ludwig registered the child , whose proximity both archbishops were looking for, coming from Metz, in Wadgassen on the Saar.
The chronicler Flodoard reports that Archbishop Heriveus owned the church on St. Remigius in Vosagus and consecrated it with the consent of the Mainz diocesan. Consequently, the Remigiusland was in the Archdiocese of Mainz. Gau and county affiliation result from a document from 918 about a donation of goods in Niederkirchen i. O. (Hosternaha) in Nahegau (in pago Nahgoue) in the county of Count Konrad to the Reims Cathedral, which was negotiated in the Remigius Church in Kusel.
In the second decade of the 10th century, Flodoards also reported that Count Werner von Wormsgau (pagi Vormacensis comes) usurped Reims goods in the Vosagus and distributed them among his people. Archbishop Heriger of Mainz (913–927) did not fulfill his protective obligations until St. Remigius it was night appeared for the third time and it was whipped bloody, he was about to King I. Konrad agreed. St. Remigius acts - like other saints - as a strict and violent gentleman when it comes to his rights. He whips, blinds, throws from his horse, kills and lets unauthorized mills sink into the mill pond.
Since 945, Saint-Remi was ruled by independent abbots. The income of the Reims Cathedral Church was separated from the income of the Reims Abbey of Saint-Remi. Archbishop Artold von Reims entrusted the goods in Remigiusland to Duke Conrad and handed them over to Abbot Hinkmar von Saint-Remi (945–967). The chronicler Flodoard was personally sent to the East Franconian King Otto I in 951 to negotiate with him. A certificate from Otto I, which was issued with the consent of Duke Konrad in Bodfeld in the Harz Mountains in 952 , confirms Artold's handover of the Kusel Abbey (abbatiam Coslam) in Otto's empire with its accessories in Vosagus in Rosselgau in Bliesgrafschaft to the Abbey of Saint-Remi. The abbots had Kusel (Cosla) with accessories in Vosagus in Rosselgau in Bliesgrafschaft equally from the West Franconian kings Ludwig IV (Laon 953), his son Lothar (Laon 955) and twice by Otto I (Ingelheim 965) and his Confirm son Otto II (Ingelheim 965).
In 968 Meersen (Marsna) came to the Abbey of Saint-Remi as the Wittum of the West Franconian Queen Gerberga with the condition that she pray for her late husband, Duke Giselbert of Lorraine . Since Meersen was in the East Franconian Empire, the Abbey of Saint-Remi was subsequently confirmed several times as the Abbey of Meersen and Kusel in a joint diploma, for the first time by Otto III. (Duisburg 986) and again by Otto III. (Diedenhofen 993, only Kusel).
11th century
The series of confirmations of ownership of the Remigiusland for the Abbey of Saint-Remi continues with confirmations of Heinrich II. (Aachen 1002) and Heinrichs III. (Nijmegen 1044). The arable tradition begins with the undated arable land of the Saint-Remi Abbey , the basis of which is dated to the 9th century. At that time, Kusel and Meersen were not yet part of Saint-Remi. They are only listed in subsequently inserted interest lists. The interest lists No. XIII and No. XXIX are addenda probably from the 11th or 12th century and name interest from remote ownership of the abbey around Angleur and Meersen and the Remigiusland around Kusel.
12th Century
An organizational change took place in the early 12th century. The abbey built a subsidiary monastery on the Remigiusberg , in which a provost or prior with a few monks took over the administration of the property. In 1124, Archbishop Adalbert I of Mainz took the property under protection. Witnesses to the document were provost Richer and two monks. In 1127 the same archbishop took it under protection again and confirmed with a detailed narrative the establishment of the provost of St. Remigius under his aegis. By naming the branch churches dependent on the provost in this document and also in the royal confirmation documents, the extent of the Remigiusland is determined in more detail. A royal confirmation was given by Konrad III. (Cologne 1138). 1145 confirmed Conrad III. also the conversion of the collegiate monastery Meersen into a subsidiary monastery, the Propstei Meersen , and regulated the bailiwick (Utrecht 1145). Another special feature is the widely published Placitum (court judgment) of Konrad III. About the bailiwick of the provost of St. Remigius handed down as a copy (Frankfurt am Main 1149). The confirmations by Friedrich I (Aachen 1152), (Paderborn 1152) and (Würzburg 1152) are also relevant. Most of the documents mentioned are available as clean copies in Kopiar B of the Abbey of Saint-Remi, which was made shortly after 1205. The diploma of Frederick I of 1152 is noteworthy as it confirmed the abbey, in addition to the aforementioned possessions in Remigiusland, in Rosselgau, in Ripuariergau and the County of Kyrburg (Kiriberch), also possessions in the duchy of Thuringia (in ducatu Tyringorum) , which has long since ceased to exist Scaunistat , Northus and Adilstat .
The late medieval history of Remigiusland is described in the article on the provost of St. Remigius and is therefore not dealt with here. For the scope of the area, a pledge from 1364 is to be used, which lists all the places and hamlets of the offices of Altenglan and Brücken (desert near Ulmet ) in the eastern part of the Remigiusland by name.
literature
- Andreas Lamey : Descriptio pagi Navensis . In: Acta Academiae Theodoro-Palatinae . 5 hist. Mannheim 1783, p. 127-186 .
- Franz Xaver Remling : History of the Benedictine Probstei St. Remigiberg near Cusel in the Rhine Palatinate, explained in a document . Munich 1856.
- Gerhard Schneider : Reims and the Remigiusland in the early Middle Ages (6th to 9th centuries) . In: Journal for the history of the Upper Rhine . 119 = NF 80, 1971, p. 471-480 .
- Ernst Schworm : Kusel. History of the city . Kusel 1987, chap. Kusel in Remigiusland, S. 51-74 .
- Ernst Schworm; Karl-Ernst Seitz; Ludwig Seitz: Altenglan. Story of an old village . Altenglan 1990.
- Martin Dolch : The offices of Altenglan and bridges in a document from 1364 . In: Westricher Heimatblätter . Volume 20, No. 2 . Kusel 1989, p. 68-72 .
- Martin Dolch: Hundheim am Glan . In: Westricher Heimatblätter . Volume 20, No. 2 . Kusel 1989, p. 72-93 .
- Klaus Zimmer: Chronicle of the Middle Easter Valley . 2nd Edition. tape 1 . Niederkirchen iO 1990, chap. The Remigiusland, S. 84-87 .
- Klaus Zimmer: Chronicle of the Middle Easter Valley . 2nd Edition. tape 1 . Niederkirchen iO 1990, chap. The fiefdom of Heririh and the Salvatorkapelle in Frankfurt, p. 88-95 and p. 110 .
supporting documents
- ↑ Fritz Braun; Franz Rink: Bürgerbuch der Stadt Kaiserslautern, 1597-1800 . Kaiserslautern 1965, p. 270 .
- ^ Draft for the state law on the merger of the municipalities of Altenglan and Kusel from January 27, 2016 with corresponding explanations - printed matter 16/6117
- ^ A b Roland WL Puhl: The districts and counties of the early Middle Ages in the Saar-Mosel area . Dissertation. Saarbrücken 1999, ISBN 3-930843-48-X , p. 236-240, 396-412 .
- ^ Dieter Kimpel , Robert Suckale : The Gothic architecture in France: 1130-1270 . Revised study edition. Hirmer Verlag, Munich 1995, ISBN 3-7774-6650-6 , p. 277 .
- ↑ Hincmar, Vita Remigii, c. 17th MGH SS rer. Merov. 3, p. 309
- ↑ Flodoardi Hist. Remen. lib 1, c. 20. MGH SS 36, p. 108
- ↑ a b c Gerhard Schneider : Reims and the Remigiusland in the early Middle Ages (6th to 9th centuries) . In: Journal for the history of the Upper Rhine . 119 = NF 80, 1971, p. 471-480 .
- ↑ Flodoardi Hist. Remen. lib 1, c. 18. MGH SS 36, p. 98
- ^ MGH DD Merow. 2, p. 503, Dep. No. 12
- ↑ a b Martin Dolch : The offices of Altenglan and Bridges in a document from 1364 . In: Westricher Heimatblätter . Volume 20, No. 2 . Kusel 1989, p. 68-72 .
- ↑ Hincmar, Vita Remigii, c. 27. MGH SS rer. Merov. 3, p. 323
- ↑ Flodoardi Hist. Remen. lib 1, c. 20. MGH SS 36, p. 108
- ↑ MGH SS 30, 2, p. 210, p. 267
- ↑ MGH SS 30, 2, p. 259
- ↑ MGH SS 30, 2, p. 332
- ↑ MGH SS 30, 2, p. 340, p. 341
- ↑ MGH SS 30, 2, p. 272
- ↑ MGH SS 30, 2, p. 316
- ↑ MGH SS 30, 2, p. 341
- ^ Franz Staab : Investigations into society on the Middle Rhine in the Carolingian period (= Geschichtliche Landeskunde . Volume XI ). Steiner, Wiesbaden 1975, p. 440 .
- ↑ a b c d e f g Location unknown or localization attempts not sufficiently justified.
- ↑ MGH DD LdD p. 170 No. 120
- ↑ MGH DD LdD P. 182 f. No. 131
- ↑ Martin Dolch: Hundheim am Glan . In: Westricher Heimatblätter . Volume 20, No. 2 . Kusel 1989, p. 72-93 .
- ↑ Klaus Zimmer: Chronicle of the middle Easter valley . 2nd Edition. tape 1 . Niederkirchen iO 1990, chap. The fiefdom of Heririh and the Salvatorkapelle in Frankfurt, p. 88-95 and p. 110 .
- ↑ MGH SS 30, 2, p. 755 f.
- ↑ MGH SS 30, 2, p. 755 f.
- ↑ MGH DD LdK p. 119 No. 116
- ↑ MGH SS 30, 2, p. 406
- ↑ Flodoardi Hist. Remen. lib 1, c. 20. MGH SS 36, p. 111
- ↑ Flodoardi Hist. Remen. lib 1 c. 20. MGH SS 36, 111 f.
- ↑ MGH DD Otto IS 237 No. 156
- ↑ CD Louis IV No. 44, p. 98 ff.
- ↑ CD Lothaire No. 4 p. 8 ff.
- ↑ MGH DD Otto I p. 400 f. No. 286
- ↑ MGH DD Otto II p. 18 f. No. 11
- ↑ MGH DD Otto III p. 427 f. No. 28 with correction from cellam to Coslam on p. 894 and in the index p. 937. Cf. on the correction also RI II, 3 n. 985
- ↑ MGH DD Otto III p. 534 No. 122
- ↑ MGH DD Heinrich II p. 18 f. No. 16
- ↑ MGH DD Heinrich III p. 153 No. 122
- ↑ Stimming, Mainzer Urkundenbuch 1 p. 430 No. 524
- ↑ Stimming, Mainzer Urkundenbuch 1 p. 451 No. 544
- ↑ MGH DD Konrad III p. 11 f. No. 6
- ↑ MGH DD Konrad III p. 252 f. No. 140
- ↑ MGH LL 2, p. 564 f. MGH Const. 1, p. 181 f. No. 127. MGH DD Konrad III, p. 377 ff. No. 210, Schumm, Kaiserurkunden No. X, 6 (facsimile)
- ↑ MGH DD Friedrich I, p. 3 ff. No. 2
- ↑ MGH DD Friedrich I, p. 14 f. No. 8
- ↑ MGH DD Friedrich I, p. 50 ff. No. 30