Rune master

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In runology, a rune master is a person who conceived and signed inscriptions on various media ( e.g. rune stones ) with the advent of runic writing in the older Germanic Iron Age , the Vendel period up to the end of the Viking Age of the 11th / 12th centuries . A known signature from the 6th century was erilaR (urnordisch Erilaz from runic irilaR ) described it not an individual person, but as a professional title the rune master. (see also Jarl ).

Anglo-Saxon runes (fu þ ork ...) on the Sax of Beagnoth found in the Thames . At the end there is the name of the rune master Beagnoþ.

description

The modern term rune master ( English rune-master , Norwegian runemester , Danish runemester , Swedish runmästare , French maître-des-runes ) is borrowed from the old Icelandic model rúnameistari . Rúnameistari is first recorded in the Codex Wormianus of the Snorra Edda (prologue of the grammatical treatises ) as an epithet of Þóroddr Gamlason . Gamlason is said to have carried out a reform of the runic script ( younger 16-type Futhark ) together with Ari Thorgilsson at the beginning of the 12th century . The modern compound rune master is often used by runologists for everyone who carries out a runic inscription, and is used synonymously with the "rune scratcher" borrowed from the inscription.

According to today's understanding, the rune masters are rather artists who, for example, designed the writing direction or layout quite freely artistically. Runemasters often immortalized their names on their works. It was common practice among the Germanic rune masters to make texts illegible or to encrypt them, for example by integrating them into images or by positioning runes on vertical bars in order to encrypt the actual text.

Known rune masters

  • Åsmund Kåreson carved around 50 stones between 1020 and 1050
  • Balls
  • Beagnoþ: Sax of Beagnoth
  • Photo
  • Livsten was an Uppland rune master who between 1030 and 1050 "described" about 18 rune stones in the Pr 4 style, four of which he signed, including the rune stone U 1164 at Heby. His work was characterized by large four-legged friends and intricate ornaments.
  • Tidkume made u. a. Sö 205 in Södermanland, together with Äsbjörn, who is considered his student. Styles Pr 3 and Pr 4
  • Torgöt: signed stones U 257, U 308, U 746 and U 958 and can also be used for stones U 58, U 77, U 306 and U 694; vlg. Hovgårdsstenen
  • Tuve: Runestone from Læborg
  • Ulf from Borresta
  • Ulv: A stone from Orkesta (U 336), from Lundby (U328) and two stones from Risbyle (U 160 and U 161) are ascribed to him, one of the Risbyle stones bears his signature; see. Runestone from Yttergärde
  • Varin: Runestone from Rök
  • Visate: U 337, Uppland's longest runic inscription in Granby, and another seven stones bear Visest's mark.
  • Øpir : Runestone from Arentuna

literature

Web links

Wiktionary: Runemaster  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

Remarks

  1. ^ Klaus Düwel: Runenkunde. Metzler, Stuttgart / Weimar 2001, p. 12.
  2. ^ Wilhelm Heizmann : Runica manuscripta: The Icelandic tradition . In: Klaus Düwel (Hrsg.): Runic inscriptions as sources of interdisciplinary research (=  Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde - supplementary volumes ). tape 15 . De Gruyter, Berlin a. a. 1998, ISBN 978-3-11-015455-9 , pp. 513-531; here 515 ( online Germanic antiquity online at de Gruyter - fee-based access).
  3. ^ François-Xavier Dillmann: rune master. In: Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde. 25, de Gruyter, Berlin a. a. 2003, p. 537. ( online )
  4. ↑ Gesa Gottschalk: signs and riddles. In: Geo Epoche - The Germanic Peoples. 34, Gruner and Jahr, Hamburg 2008, ISSN  1861-6097 pp. 97–101, quotation p. 99.
  5. ↑ Rudolf Simek: Middle Earth. Tolkien and Germanic Mythology. CH Beck, Munich 2005, ISBN 3-406-52837-6 , p. 153.