Castle

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Aerial view of Schloss Burg from the south
View of the castle complex from the northwest
View of the castle from the east

Schloss Burg (also Schloss Burg an der Wupper ) is a hilltop castle in the Solingen district of Burg an der Wupper, which was reconstructed from the late 19th century . The complex has been the ancestral seat of the counts and later dukes of Berg since the 12th century and is now the landmark of the Bergisches Land . At the same time it is one of the largest castles in West Germany and the largest reconstructed castle complex in North Rhine-Westphalia .

In the High Middle Ages it was one of four centers in the Grafschaft Berg and functioned as the main residence of the Counts of Berg, only losing this position to Düsseldorf in 1380 under Wilhelm II von Berg . Burg Castle was then used as a hunting lodge by the ruling family, who had meanwhile been raised to the status of duke , before Benrath Castle was built at the gates of Düsseldorf in the 1660s . As a result of the Thirty Years' War dragged and only as the seat of a bergischen to 1807 waiter used and judge, the plant fell more and degenerated into a ruin . In 1887 an association was founded to preserve it, which soon made the reconstruction of the castle one of its goals. The reconstruction work, which lasted from 1890 to 1914, was financed through donations, lottery proceeds, support from the Rhenish Provincial Parliament , the Bergisches Geschichtsverein and the German imperial family.

Today Schloss Burg is used for a variety of cultural purposes, including as a museum, event location and memorial. The owners of the facility, which was listed on October 2, 1984, are the cities of Solingen, Remscheid and Wuppertal . The Schlossbauverein Burg an der Wupper acts as the operator.

history

Beginnings

In the first third of the 12th century, Count Adolf II von Berg had a new castle built on the foundations of an older fortification at the current location. The exact date of construction has not been passed down, but is said to have been in a no longer to be found document of the Altenberg monastery . Investigations in the history of the building were only able to limit the time when the facility was founded to the period around 1150. It was presumably already completed in 1133, because that year the Cistercians moved into the family's old ancestral castle, Berge Castle in Odenthal - Altenberg an der Dhünn , which Adolf II had previously given the order. The old ancestral seat had lost its importance for his family, because due to the expansion of the area, the focus of their rule had shifted towards Westphalia and the Berge Castle was therefore only on the edge of the county of Berg. To distinguish it from the old castle on the Dhünn, the facility above the Wupper, which is around 20 kilometers away, was in its early days "new castle", "new mountain" and "fortress on the new mountain" ( novum castrum , novus mons and novi montis castrum ) called. It was much smaller than the current complex and was located at the northern end of today's castle area. You probably had the scope of today's main castle and consisted of a castle keep , a great hall and a few outbuildings, grouped around an inner courtyard. The main tower of the castle was specially protected by a shield wall on the east side. In front of it there were several upstream trenches, which additionally protected the facility on the elevated attack side.

In 1160 the new headquarters was first mentioned in a document as novo monte together with the associated Pankratius chapel. In the same year Adolf II divided his county and passed it on to his sons. While Eberhard received the County of Altena , Engelbert I succeeded Adolf as Count von Berg, with which the “new castle” also fell to him. He allowed the Knights of St. John in 1170, a Scheduled to start at the castle by the Order of the chapel transferred. In the period from 1311 to 1553, six Johanniter clergy were always present at the castle. Engelbert I died in July 1189 while participating in the Third Crusade and was followed by his son Adolf III. as a duke. He too died on a crusade in 1218 fighting off Damiette in Egypt. Actually Heinrich , the husband of his heir daughter Irmgard , should have followed him as duke and castle owner, but Adolf's younger brother Engelbert , the archbishop of Cologne , seized the rule.

Residenzburg

Archbishop Engelbert of Cologne made Burg Castle the main residence of the Counts of Berg; Equestrian statue by Paul Wynand , 1925

As Cologne archbishop , confidante and imperial administrator in the service of Emperor Frederick II and as guardian of the later King Heinrich VII , Engelbert was one of the most powerful men in the empire . He had the castle expanded considerably in the period from 1218 to 1225 and made it the main residence of his family. The old complex was no longer able to cope with the representative tasks and the large court of Engelbert, as well as the increased demands on living comfort. For this reason, the lord of the castle had a new two-story hall built, for which the inner ring wall was partially demolished, and the castle was reinforced with the walls of the castle and the outer walls . A new castle chapel was also built. Presumably the former craftsmen's settlement, which had developed under the protection of the castle, was protected by an outer curtain wall. In the course of time, Burgmannen had also settled there , so that the place probably had around 500 residents at the time. The current district of Oberburg developed from it. It was first mentioned in a document in the 13th century, but was probably created as early as the 12th century. Since 1363 it has been attested as freedom .

Engelbert II . had numerous adversaries and was killed in a ravine near Gevelsberg by his nephew Friedrich von Isenberg on November 7, 1225 on a trip to Schwelm , where he wanted to inaugurate the church there , after a failed dispute mediation . With him the Bergisch counts died out in the male line . Heinrich von Limburg, who had previously been disempowered, was now Count von Berg. His grandson Adolf V took part in the decisive battle of Worringen in 1288 during the Limburg succession dispute . After the victory of the Brabant coalition, the loser, the Archbishop of Cologne Siegfried von Westerburg , was imprisoned at Burg Castle for 13 months. Only after paying a large ransom and making numerous concessions to the Bergisch count's house was he released on July 8, 1289. Adolf V now had a free hand to found a city under his control on the Rhine: Düsseldorf , which would later become the preferred residence of his successors.

After the childless death of Adolf VI. von Berg's county and castle fell in 1348 through his niece Margarete von Ravensberg-Berg to her husband Gerhard I von Jülich-Berg . Under his son Wilhelm II, the county was raised to a duchy by King Wenceslaus in 1380 . Up until that point in time, the castle had been one of Wilhelm's favorite places to stay, but after he was raised to the rank of duke, he turned more to his residence in Düsseldorf, which he expanded further in the following years. Burg lost its importance as the residence of the Bergisches Herzoghaus and never regained it.

Hunting lodge and widow's seat

The oldest known view of the castle by Landmesser Johann Pauls, 1689

However, the complex was not completely abandoned, but continued to serve as the seat of the Bergisch waiter, who administered the surrounding ducal properties from there. A Bergisch waiter at Schloss Burg is guaranteed as early as 1301. He not only took on administrative tasks there, but also acted as a judge for the castle and the Bornefeld office . In addition, the Dukes of Berg continue to use the complex as a hunting lodge and for ceremonial purposes. Around 1500 Wilhelm von Jülich-Berg had the hall building, known as the Palas, expanded and rebuilt by his bailiff Johann von Stynen, in order to be able to guarantee appropriate accommodation for the numerous guests at hunts and celebrations. The narrow slits of light in the building were replaced by larger windows, and the extension of the attic to guest rooms ensured a high level of living comfort. In addition, the castle kitchen on the ground floor of the hall had become too small and was extended to the south by about four meters. Von Stynen not only had the extension done on the ground floor, but also over the entire height of the hall. The position of the old outer walls can be seen inside through arches . Many new and decorative design features such as half-timbered structures , bay windows and turrets loosened the previously strict, military appearance of the complex and gradually transformed the castle into a castle . From that time onwards, the name "castle" became common for the complex, while the name castle was retained for the surrounding settlement. This is how the current name of the facility results: Schloss Burg. One of the numerous festivities that were celebrated in Burg was the children's engagement at Burg Castle: On September 25, 1496, the only child of Wilhelm von Jülich-Berg, five-year-old Maria , was promised to six-year-old Johann the peacemaker of Kleve- Mark at a children's engagement . With the wedding of the two, which was celebrated on October 1, 1510 in Düsseldorf, the United Duchies of Jülich-Kleve-Berg were formed .

After the Dusseldorf residence of the Bergische dukes fell victim to a fire on December 23, 1510, Duchess Maria lived with her three daughters Sybille , Anna and Amalia for a long time at Burg Castle. On September 8, 1526 Sybille was betrothed to the future Elector of Saxony, Johann Friedrich I , the magnanimous . The youngest daughter, Amalia, remained unmarried and used Burg Castle as a retreat in later years. Because she steadfastly represented the Lutheran faith, this brought her into conflict with her increasingly Catholic brother Wilhelm V , the wealthy , who had become duke in 1539 after the death of his father. His mother Maria was assigned to Burg Castle on February 20, 1539 as a widow's residence.

Decline, destruction and decay

After Duke Johann had work carried out on the castle around 1528, his son Wilhelm the Rich had a different focus as his successor. He had fortresses and residences built and expanded , especially on the Lower Rhine . Work on Castle Castle is only recorded again for the period from 1573 to 1605, when Wilhelm von Scheid, known as Weschpfennig, was a bailiff in the castle. Among other things, a gun turret was built towards the end of the 16th century. In 1609 Wilhelm's mentally ill son Johann Wilhelm died without any descendants. In the course of the Jülich-Klevian succession dispute that followed , Wolfgang Wilhelm von Pfalz-Neuburg occupied Burg Castle in 1614. He agreed with the Elector Georg Wilhelm von Brandenburg on the division of Jülich-Kleve-Berg, with Wolfgang Wilhelm receiving the territories of Jülich and Berg.

Schloss Burg based on a drawing by Erich Philipp Ploennies, 1715

During the Thirty Years War, Swedish troops under General Baudissin besieged the facility in autumn 1632 when it was under imperial occupation. However, the Swedes were unable to conquer Burg Castle. Nevertheless, it was badly damaged by incendiary devices and bullets. When Imperial Colonel Otto Christoph von Sparr attacked and captured Burg Castle in February 1641 , it was occupied by Hessian troops. After the peace treaty in 1648, the imperial family, under their commandant Heinrich von Plettenberg , razed large parts of the complex before they left. Not only the well-fortified parts such as keep, turret, fortified gates and walls were laid down, but according to a report from 1692 also "Stable, Backhauß and Brauhauß , so that nothing stands under roof as the high Gebew". Even the Johanniterkirche was destroyed. In addition to the theft tower and a few farm buildings, only the poorly restored hall stood at the end of the 17th century, which continued to serve as a winery. In a view of the castle, which the cartographer Erich Philipp Ploennies made in 1715, the complex is already shown without the keep and outer ring wall. The half-timbered structures seen on the drawing were removed by 1729 at the latest.

Burg Castle as a ruin, lithograph by Peter Joseph Heinrichs, around 1850

Castle Castle remained the seat of the ducal rent masters until 1807 . But after the Wittelsbacher Maximilian I Joseph , King of Bavaria, exchanged the Duchy of Berg for the Principality of Ansbach annexed by Napoleon in 1806 , the administrative structures in the Grand Duchy of Berg were reorganized according to the French model. As a result of this reform, the last administrative officer was withdrawn from there in 1807 and the facility lost its administrative function. The French government tried to auction them to the highest bidder in 1811, but could not find a buyer. When the Grand Duchy of Berg fell to the Kingdom of Prussia after the Congress of Vienna , Burg Castle came into the possession of the Prussian treasury in 1815. He too tried in vain to sell the system in the 1820s. The remaining buildings were initially used as a factory where gun barrels were drawn. Then they served as a horse mill and wool spinning mill. In addition, the abandoned castle buildings were used by a ceiling factory, in which the well-known Burger Scharzen were made. These were blankets made of linen and spun bovine hair. That is why the vernacular called Schloss Burg Schaazenborg (Scharzenburg). From 1839 the first school in town was housed in the other rooms. Due to the poor structural condition, the school had to be stopped there and a new school building had to be built on the castle area in 1845. Most recently the hall was used as a barn.

In 1849 Prussia sold the castle for demolition. In the middle of the year, the roof and the oak roof structure of the palace were dismantled in order to use the material valued at 75 thalers in the construction of the Elberfeld regional court (today Wuppertal). Around the same time, the post-medieval stables and farm buildings on the western inner wall between the inner gate and the thief tower were laid down. From this point on, the remaining buildings fell into disrepair almost completely and became ruins. The residents of the area who used the castle as a quarry did the rest.

Reconstruction from 1890

The palace ruins around 1887
Reconstruction work in 1890

In 1887 only some of the outer walls of the palace, a ruinous inner gatehouse , parts of the shield wall and the thief tower and an adjoining wall were preserved from the formerly large castle complex. Meanwhile, there were voices in the population who campaigned for the preservation of the remains. In December 1886, under the leadership of the Wermelskirchen factory owner Julius Schumacher, a first "Committee for the Preservation of the Castle Ruins at Burg an der Wupper" met, which on August 3, 1887, founded the "Association for the Preservation of the Castle Ruins at Burg ad Wupper" ( 1897 "Schloßbauverein Burg an der Wupper") followed. Initially, the only goal was to secure the castle ruins and was supported by the Bergisches Historisches Verein. However, the goal of rebuilding soon came to the fore, as the Barmen- born architect Gerhard August Fischer was able to inspire the founding meeting with a wealth of detailed drawings, plans and drafts for a reconstruction. Fischer's rebuilding plans, for which he initially estimated 100,000 marks, were also popular with Paul Clemen, who was provincial curator at the time . In 1888 the first debris removal work and excavations were carried out in the castle courtyard, during which, among other things, the keep foundations hidden under a mound of earth and rubble were exposed again. From 1890 onwards, the castle building association gradually rebuilt it according to Fischer's plans, which were a mixture of reconstruction according to historical models and excavation results as well as imaginative own creations. Burg Castle was to be resurrected as a "Bergisches National Monument". The first construction work began on April 12, 1890 on the inner castle gate , the inauguration of which was celebrated on August 13, 1890. The defensive wall adjoining it to the north was then restored, including the battlements . A reconstruction of the old Romanesque hall of the complex, originally planned by Fischer , never took place, but in the spring of 1891 the reconstruction of the two-storey hall building from the 13th century began. The topping-out ceremony was held on August 22 of the same year , and the inauguration ceremony took place just three months later on October 21. In the following year, the chapel wing with the neo-Gothic castle chapel was built . Its inauguration took place on August 10, 1892. The work cost 13,290.50 marks in 1890, but in 1891 it cost 25,490.64 marks and reached its preliminary peak in 1892 at 46,399.23 marks. The association spent 1893 closing the gaps in the inner curtain wall and rebuilding the thick shield wall in the east, which resulted in costs of 38,730.33 marks. By the summer of 1894, the corner between the hall building, now known as the Palas, and the chapel wing was closed, so that the total costs of the reconstruction by the end of the year had added up to around 200,000 marks. 135,000 marks went to the hall alone, in which the first museum was set up in 1894. Afterwards, the reconstruction work slowed down a little because the association had temporarily run out of money. In 1895 the shield wall and its fortified house could still be completed. The same applies to the north terrace, which was created by Fischer's imagination and which was added to the core castle on the north side from 1892 to 1895. The construction work then ceased almost entirely.

Reconstruction drawing by Gerhard August Fischer, 1891

In 1899 the activities of the Schlossbauverein received a new impetus, because on August 12th that year Kaiser Wilhelm II visited Burg Castle and provided 20,000 marks from his disposition fund for the reconstruction. The donations from the ranks of Bergisch manufacturers were now flowing more abundantly, and so the shell construction of the Zwingertor, which began in mid-May, was completed in the same year. On the occasion of the imperial visit, the Wuppertal banker August von der Heydt donated a marble fountain and a bronze statue of Adolf I von Berg, which were erected at the foot of the great open staircase and inaugurated on September 20, 1902. Reconstruction work on the keep had already started in the spring of 1900. The remains of the foundations in the courtyard were still 1.5–2 meters high. Gerhard August Fischer actually planned to reconstruct the tower as an open 17 meter high ruin, but the palace building association wanted it to be completely rebuilt. By the end of 1901, the work had progressed so far that the tower already had a roof. Because the trass mortar used did not dry and harden quickly enough in the winter temperatures, the keep collapsed in part in a storm on January 5, 1902 at the northwest corner. The accident was the reason for Fischer's resignation from the service of the palace building association. His successor was the Berlin architect Wilhelm Blaue, who did not take up his position until March 1903. The keep was rebuilt with a different technique and reinforced with wall anchors . Its final completion took place in 1904, but the traces of construction of the gap caused by the storm can still be seen in the masonry today . Under the blue, the so-called horse stables were also built by 1904, a residential building that joined the Zwingertor in the south of the facility, which was started in 1899. Blue's successor, the architect Lauterjung, who worked in Burg until 1908, was faced with the task of repairing the instability of the two-storey shield wall. The wall leaned sharply outwards to the side of the ditch, so that Lauterjung was forced to demolish the sentry box and the top floor. In addition, around 1905 the wall was connected to the keep by a covered stone bridge.

Until 1910, the total costs for the reconstruction of Burg Castle including interior decoration amounted to more than 1.3 million marks. On the recommendation of Paul Clemens, the former Strasbourg cathedral builder Ludwig Arntz took up the position of palace architect in 1910 . Under him, the reconstruction of the moat gate began, the shell of which was finished on July 29, 1911. From 1912 onwards, Arntz also took care of the restoration of the Johanniter Gate on the northwest corner of the castle area and was in charge of the construction of the so-called middle gate, which was not reconstructed according to historical models but rather in line with contemporary tastes because of the few finds in a previous excavation. The battery tower standing next to the central gate was erected as the last construction phase . It was much larger than its historical predecessor, which was not only smaller but also stood further east. The deviation from the original resulted from a mistake by Arntz 'who misinterpreted the footprints of donkeys around a mill at the current tower location.

From 1914

The First World War temporarily put an end to all construction activities, so that the battery tower only existed as a shell for a long time. The moat gate was badly damaged during the war, but was rebuilt after the end of the war and some of it was converted into living space. On December 13, 1918, British occupation troops moved into quarters in the castle.

On the night of November 25th to 26th, 1920, the top floors of large parts of the complex burned down completely. The hall, the bower, the inner gatehouse, the Zwingertor and the chapel wing were affected. The holdings of the Bergisches Museum, which had occupied nine rooms on the top floor of the facility since 1911, were completely destroyed. Among the destroyed exhibits were, for example, twelve valuable wooden sculptures from the former high altar of Altenberg Cathedral , depicting evangelists and saints. In order to protect the undamaged building stock, an emergency roof was erected immediately. But it would take until November 1923 before all damage to the buildings was repaired. The reconstruction was carried out by a wave of helpfulness. Proceeds from entrance fees and new fundraising brought in the enormous sum of 550,000 marks for repairs and refurbishing the museum. The new attic, however, was built in a simplified form, which was due to the significantly changed, more objective taste of the time. The decorative framework was also dispensed with, as were tower structures with pointed helmets or staggered dormers . The construction work ended in 1925 with the completion of the newly erected Engelbert Tower on the north side of the inner wall. In the same year, the youth hostel , which had previously been located in Grabentor, moved to a new home. Museum work was only resumed in 1927 under the direction of the painter Erich Hasenclever .

The battery and bell tower have been part of a memorial site since the 1950s

During the Second World War , Burg Castle was largely undamaged; only an air raid on November 4, 1944 damaged the complex relatively easily. When repairing the damage that had occurred in 1948, the commissioned architect F. Heyder discovered that the wooden beam ceilings of the keep had been ruined by penetrating water. They were subsequently replaced by modern concrete ceilings. After Heyder, the government master builder Ernst Stahl took over the architectural management of Burg Castle. One of his first official acts in 1950 was the restoration of the history paintings in the knight's hall . Under him, the battery tower, which remained in its shell, was expanded into a memorial in memory of the war displaced in 1950 and 1951. Its inauguration took place on October 21, 1951 by Federal President Theodor Heuss . The memorial was supplemented in 1956 by a bell tower next to the battery tower. Its inauguration took place on October 21st of that year. Further additions and expansions in the 1950s mainly served to improve tourist development. In 1954, this included the construction of a parking lot on the south side of the castle, the establishment of new toilet facilities, the modernization of the sewage system and the construction of half-timbered buildings in the Zwingerhof to accommodate shops. While excavating the ground to expand the kitchen for the castle restaurant, the workers made a sensational coin find on November 3, 1952: 208 denarii were found hidden under four large field stones in an old jug  . The silver groschen with the image of the Archbishop of Cologne were minted at the beginning of the 13th century and buried in the castle courtyard around 1210.

Until 1962, the Bergisches Museum consisted of a succession of stately living rooms and bedrooms on the top floor of the Palas. Then the exhibition was completely redesigned. From 1985, the museum management had fundamental restorations and dismantling carried out in the museum rooms. From May to June 2005 an archaeological investigation was carried out on the north terrace as part of building security measures. Two construction pits were excavated so that the castle wall in the area of ​​the north courtyard could be examined for the first time since the reconstruction at the end of the 19th century. The results confirmed a thesis of the architect Gerhard August Fischer from the year 1887/88, who described the remains of the wall found there as part of the first palace of the builder Count Adolf II. The finds from the excavation included ceramic shards from the 12th / 13th centuries. and 14./15. Century and bone fragments that gave information about the menu at that time. After a comprehensive renovation and modernization requirement for the entire system was identified at the beginning of the 2010s , this work has been carried out since 2014. They should be completed by 2021. The costs for this are estimated at around 32 million euros. Previously, the battery tower had already been renovated from November 2009 to May 2010 for 250,000 euros with a selective measure.

description

Location and surroundings

Burg Castle stands in the west of the Burger district of Oberburg about 100 meters above the Wupper on a mountain spur at the confluence of the Eschbach. Oberburg has been connected to the Unterburg district by the Burg cable car since May 31, 1952 . The mountain station of the cable car is located in the west of the castle grounds in the area of ​​the former castle freedom . Hiking trails lead into the surrounding forests, to Unterburg and Oberburg and along the Wupper to the park under the Müngstener Bridge, which was opened in 2006 .

The castle rock drops steeply on three sides to the Wupper, only easy access to the castle is possible from the east. Accordingly, since the Middle Ages, the complex was secured on this endangered side with several trenches one behind the other. The former moat was where the Burgtalstraße runs today. Schloss Burg is thus a spur castle , a hilltop castle in a spur location.

architecture

Schematic site plan of Burg Castle

Schloss Burg is one of the largest castles in West Germany and the largest reconstructed castle complex in North Rhine-Westphalia . Today it consists of the former inner bailey in the east, a bailey area to the north and west of it and the area of ​​the former castle freedom in the far west. The entire area is protected as a monument area. In addition to other buildings, Burg Castle, the former Johanniter Church and its cemetery, the rectory including the Johanniter Gate and the former schoolhouse (now a visitor center) are also listed as individual monuments. A large double gate system in the southeast provides access to the entire facility. There used to be a slip gate called Pörtschen on the west side and the Johannitertor on the north-west corner. A steep path from the Unterburg district still leads to the latter.

Most of the buildings have unplastered quarry stone masonry from the upcoming Grauwacke . For window and door frames as well as for the corner blocks, higher-quality types of stone were used. In some places in the slate-roofed attic of the palace there are remains of ornamental frameworks.

Double gate system and castle freedom

A small arch bridge leads over the former moat to the moat gate. It is the outside gate of a large double gate system and has a portcullis . After the visitor has passed the gate, he stands in a small courtyard (Zwingerhof), at the west end of which there is a second gate: the Zwingertor. Its ogival passage is protected by an overlying weir . The so-called horse stable connects to the Zwingertor to the south. It is a two-storey timber-frame building on a high pedestal made of rubble stone . While stables were located on the ground floor, the upper floor was used for residential purposes. The building was designed by Gerhard August Fischer , who originally designed the upper floor as a representative apartment for the German Kaiser. The horse stable is connected to the moat gate via a slated house.

Behind the Zwingertor, the visitor reaches the area of ​​the former castle freedom, which was formerly surrounded by an outer circular wall from the 13th century. In addition to modern buildings, the castle freedom also includes the Johannitertor, the lower part of which goes back to the Middle Ages. The building got its name from its former residents, because it used to be part of the Johanniter coming . From 1800, however, it belonged to the pastor's apartment in the neighboring church of St. Martinus , which used to be the church of St. John. In the former parish garden next to the mountain station of the cable car there is an approximately 250-year-old winter linden tree ( Tilia × europaea "Pallida" ), which is called the imperial linden tree. It is one of a total of seven natural monuments on the castle area. In addition to four other linden trees , a copper beech and a horse chestnut are also protected .

The oldest part of the St. Martinus Church is the Romanesque east building from the end of the 12th century with a clear width of 8.5 meters. A three-sided choir without a choir house is in front of it on the eastern front side . On top of this stands a choir tower clad with slate shingles , whose pointed octagonal helmet is crowned by a weather vane . The tower serves as a belfry, enter its two bells following inscriptions: "Everardus PETIT ME FECIT A. 1790" and "SANCTE JOANNE BAPTISTA ORA PRO NOBIS QUEM PRAEDICASTI Salvatorem SACRO Ordini Melitensi ERECTA A. 1799. ME FUDIT STÖCKY" ( German Saint John the Baptist , Pray for us with him who was previously proclaimed by you as Savior. Erected by the Holy Order of Malta in 1799. Stöcky poured me ). The choir has a large arched window with a sloping sill . Its glazing was designed by Peter Hecker and shows the Holy Trinity . Current events from the time it was created in 1969 flow into the depiction of a stylized astronaut. On both sides of the choir there is a round arched window with the representations of Saint Martin and John the Baptist. A Romanesque column line runs along the walls inside the entire eastern part : fifteen 1.35 meter high columns made of blue-black marble with corner leaf bases and fine leaf capitals made of white limestone , which are connected by arches, rise on a low plinth . 13 of these columns come from the early 13th century, presumably from the medieval Pankratius Chapel or the palas of the castle at that time. The west building, which dates from the 17th century, is 11.95 meters long and made of tuff . It has a flat ceiling and three windows on each of the long sides. Admission is granted by a double-leaf oak door in the middle of the western face. It comes from the workshop of the sculptor Manfred Saul in Hennef and shows two reliefs with figures standing on top of one another. The stone coat of arms of the Order of St. John hangs above the portal and recalls the beginnings of the church. On the north outer side of the building there are six old grave slabs , one of them from 1620.  

  • Moat gate

  • Zwingertor

  • Kaiserlinde

  • St. Martinus Church

Outer bailey

The outer bailey used to be surrounded by its own curtain wall. Small remnants of their foundations are still preserved in the eastern wall of the cemetery. The building of the outer bailey includes the massive battery tower , which marks the southwest corner of the bailey area. The round tower has four meter thick walls and a slightly arched wall crown on which the kinked conical roof with slate is placed. In the attic there is a decorative clock gable on the east side. There is a bell tower next to the battery tower. It has a two-storey quarry stone substructure on which an open wooden bell storey sits. Its three bells ring once a day. The bell tower is connected to the palace terrace by a wall and the central gate , which is in front of the palace to the west. Today it is used by the castle restaurant. Open stairs built in 1977 and 1988 lead up to it. At its north-west corner there is an equestrian statue of Engelbert of Cologne on a high rectangular base . The bronze sculpture is a donation from the Barmen-based secret councilor Max Albert Molineus and was created in 1925 by the sculptor Paul Wynand . The inauguration of the Engelbert monument took place in 1929.

In the northern area of ​​the former outer bailey is the so-called north terrace. On the north and west sides of the upper floor there are arcades supported by pairs of columns , which were set up at the end of the 19th century as a viewing point. The outer bailey wall used to run where today's visitor center stands in the former schoolhouse from the first half of the 19th century. The building is therefore only partially in the area of ​​the medieval outer bailey, its western part is in the area of ​​the castle freedom.

  • Battery tower

  • Central gate and bell tower

  • Engelbert's equestrian statue of Cologne

  • North terrace

Core castle

The main castle is protected on its attack side in the east by a 17 meter wide, multi-storey shield wall , in front of which a 14.5 meter wide and 6.2 meter deep moat lay. Before it was rebuilt, only a 2.70 meter high remnant was left of the shield wall. It is joined to the north and south by the curtain wall of the core castle, which is called the inner curtain wall. It originally came from the first building phase of the castle in the 12th century, but was rebuilt between 1888 and 1902, so that only small remnants of the original substance remain in the current foundations. During the reconstruction, the Schlossbauverein had it equipped with a circumferential battlement that protruded to the west and north-east . In the north, the inner ring wall is 1.65 meters thick, and on the southeast side it is 1.8 meters thick. To the east, a place outside garderobe , who as Heymlich chamber is called. The north-west corner of the inner curtain wall is marked by the octagonal thief tower. It bears his name because it is said to have served as a prison for thieves and other convicts until the 19th century. The tower has a dome vault on the medieval ground floor , while its two upper floors from the 15th century are equipped with flat beamed ceilings . As a roof it has an eight-sided helmet . The castle courtyard, formed by the inner ring wall and peripheral buildings, is separated into a northern and a southern part by a wall with a lattice gate. In the northern part there is the castle fountain , which is over 30 meters deep .

The so-called Palas stands in the south-western corner of the main castle and consists of three parts: a six-axis hall building in the west, the chapel wing at right angles to the Palas in the south and the Kemenatenbau (Kemenate for short), which connects the two building wings. The two-storey building is also called Engelbertsbau and has a floor area of ​​700 m². On the ground floor it has cross-frame windows with a tuff frame , the flat segmental arches of which have been reconstructed in late Gothic forms according to the original findings. On the upper floor there are pointed arched windows that imitate the shapes of the 13th century. The chapel wing is also two-story and was built at the end of the 19th century without a historical model. Its ground floor is occupied by the kitchen of the castle restaurant and has biforias (twin windows). The pointed arch windows on the upper floor point to the eponymous chapel of the castle behind . A flight of stairs with open arcades in late Romanesque shapes leads up to the main entrance, which is at the corner of the chapel wing and the hall . On the left is a statue of Count Adolf I von Berg, which is the work of the sculptor Frédéric Coubillier . The year 1902 can be found in its base . The three-storey inner gate is attached to the north side of the palace . According to a year in its archway, it originally dates from 1528. The caretaker's apartment was set up in its attic during the reconstruction. The upper floors of the gate building can be reached through a slim stair tower with a spiral staircase .

The foundations of about 14 m × 11 m measured the keep date from the first phase of the castle in the 12th century. The six-storey residential and defense tower was rebuilt at the beginning of the 20th century based on Romanesque models from around 1130. This is where his romanized twin windows come from. Including the flat hipped roof , it is now around 32 meters high. From the top floor with its three wooden weir cores , the visitor has a good view that extends as far as Remscheid. The weir keep are today's replacement for the once probably existing, surrounding wooden balustrade . The tower is connected to the shield wall and the battlements there by a covered wooden bridge . In the Middle Ages it was the only entrance to the tower. Today there is an additional entrance to the ground floor on its west side. Above its arched gate there is a sandstone inscription with data on the history of the keep. In the past, the ground floor, now known as the dungeon , could only be reached through a hole on the floor above and served as a warehouse for stone balls, which were thrown from the upper floors by the defenders at the attackers in the event of an attack. Up to 12,000 tons of stones could be stored on the ground floor. Stairs lead from the first floor in the up to four meter thick outer walls to the upper floors.

  • Shield wall, view from the courtyard

  • Engelbertsturm and subsequent battlements

  • Inner gate construction

  • Palas, northwest view

  • Palas, view from the northeast

  • Keep

inside rooms

When dividing up and designing the historical interiors in the Palas, Gerhard August Fischer was unable to fall back on traditional images or excavated findings. Since the hall on the ground floor was still partially preserved, he transferred its room layout to the upper floor, which he defined as the main floor with the knight's hall , bower and castle chapel. He planned the interior of the rooms according to comparative objects.

From the outside staircase in the courtyard, the visitor reaches the ancestral hall. This room serves as a vestibule for the knight's hall as well as the kemenate and got its name after its wall painting . It comes from Adolf Schill , who teaches at the Düsseldorf Art Academy with the assistance of J. Osten, and was installed between 1906 and 1908. It shows the family tree of the Counts and Dukes of Jülich, Kleve and Berg; from Adam and Eve to Kaiser Wilhelm II. The floor of the ancestral hall is covered with slabs of stoneware , its pointed arch windows have leaded glazing .

The 22 m × 13 m large knight's hall can be reached from the ancestral hall. It has a series of four central columns that stand on octagonal bases and support the long central beam of the ceiling. Its decoration consists of bulging shaft rings and capitals with leaf motifs. The ogival window niches of the room are designed as seating niches, each flanked by two narrow columns. The niche walls are decorated with ornaments in the Gothic style. The lead glazing of the windows shows the coats of arms of the towns belonging to the Bergisch dominion. The massive chimney on the east wall of the hall has a cast-iron coat of arms of the von Berg family on its hood . Historicizing wall paintings can be found above the wood paneling on the walls, which were attached using the fresco technique between 1898 and 1904 . They show scenes from Bergisch history, such as the Battle of Worringen in 1288 or the child engagement in 1496, and are the work of Claus Meyer , who belongs to the Düsseldorf School of Painting, and was supported by Hermann Huisken .

A door in the south wall of the ancestral gallery leads into the bower, which is also called the Count's Hall. Your floor is covered with oak parquet . A bundle of four pillars carries an arch running across the room, the position of which marks the medieval outer wall of the building. Like the knight's hall, the bower also has wall paneling over which historicizing wall paintings are attached. They come from Johann Peter Theodor Janssen and show scenes from court life, especially of female members of the court. In the window reveals there are medallions in casein - grisaille technique with depictions of a knight and his partner.

The design of the neo-Gothic castle chapel has no historically proven model, but the patronage of St. Pankratius of the medieval chapel, which cannot be located, was transferred to the new building. This is a three-bay hall building with groined vaults and a small, recessed apse with a three-eighth end. Its flooring consists of slabs made of bluestone and limestone. The glass of the three windows with tracery shows rose motifs. The cycle of pictures painted in Art Nouveau style on the walls dates from 1898 to 1902 and is the work of Willy Spatz . It shows the expansion of Christianity . The furnishings include baroque choir stalls from the second half of the 17th century and a chandelier from 1787. Both come from the Protestant town church of Lennep . The most striking piece of equipment in the chapel is a wooden statue of the Archangel Michael , over two meters high , which is a copy of the figure by Master Tilman in the St. Andreas Church in Cologne . It was donated in 1902 by August von der Heydt.

The storeys of the keep are each occupied by a single large room with a fireplace. The one on the ground floor was designed as a dungeon until 2016 and is 8.10 m × 7.6 m in size. The ceilings of the rooms are supported by large central supports, the design of which varies on the different floors. There are square pillars as well as romanized and coupled columns.

  • Ancestral Gallery

  • Knight hall

  • Bower

  • Michael
    statue

Todays use

Burg Castle is one of the most popular and most visited cultural sites in the Rhineland . With around 250,000 people who visit the facility annually, it is a tourist attraction in the Bergisches Land and at the same time an important economic factor for the region. The historical rooms can be rented for private events or for lectures and readings. Kemenate and castle chapel are available for weddings. Around 100 weddings are held in the chapel each year. With a few exceptions, the facility is open all year round. You can visit it on your own or as part of a guided tour.

Bergisches Museum

Weapons in the armory

The Bergisches Museum is primarily a regional museum whose exhibition focuses are related to the Bergisches Land and Burg Castle. The so-called historical rooms on the first floor of the hall not only convey a piece of the reconstruction history of the castle complex, but also important stations in the history of the Bergisches Land and the Bergisch ruling house through the history paintings on the walls by members of the Düsseldorf School of Painting.

In the museum rooms on the top floor there is the armory with weapons, armor , shields and chain mail from the 11th to 13th centuries. Another room deals with courtly hunting and shows, in addition to animal exhibits, rifles and weapons that were used for hunting. There are also various models on display, including a model of the entire castle complex, a model of the first castle under construction and the Battle of Worringen, recreated in miniature.

Dröppelminnas in the exhibition

Other rooms deal with the Bergisch living culture of the 17th to 19th centuries and show furniture and furnishings from the Bergisches Land. Among other things, many different models of the typical Bergisch Dröppelminna can be seen, a baroque coffee pot that was mostly made of pewter as a substitute for the expensive silver . The museum's special exhibits include the following three pieces:

In addition to the hall, the keep is also used by the Bergisches Museum. After two years of renovation and renovation work, it was officially reopened on July 7, 2018. The former dungeon on the ground floor serves as the first stop for visitors to the palace who want to explore the complex on a tour. The remaining five floors provide information about important events in the history of the castle and the Counts of Berg, as well as secular rule in the Middle Ages.

Memorial of the German East

Memorial of the German East

The memorial of the German East has been housed in the battery tower since 1951. A bronze plaque at the entrance points out the history and importance of the memorial. It is open 24/7 and entry is free. In the 18-meter-high interior of the tower is the Memorial of the Expulsion , a stone group sculpture by Kurt Schwerdtfeger, inaugurated on June 2, 1962 . It shows a life-size group of refugees. Memorabilia on the topics of the German East and expulsion are displayed in showcases. Two bronze busts made by Robert Bednorz show Immanuel Kant and Joseph von Eichendorff , who exemplarily represent the spiritual world of the German East. They are completed by a third bust depicting Ernst Moritz Arndt . It only came to the memorial in September 1996 and is the replacement for a predecessor that was erected in January 1995 and stolen by strangers in May of the same year. Stairs as thick as the wall lead to a corridor from which the neighboring bell tower can be reached. He carries three bells from the Hamburg bell cemetery . Two of them originally come from the Jakobuskirche in Breslau , while the third, silver bell used to hang in the Königsberg Cathedral . It bears the inscription "Anno Domini 1736". The bells ring daily at 11:30 a.m. and commemorate the fate of war displaced people around the world.

Gastronomy and artisans

One of the numerous cafés in the former freedom

Numerous cafés and restaurants have set up shop on the site of the former Freiheit. There you can - as well as in the nearby local gastronomy - buy the burger pretzel or enjoy a Bergische coffee table . There is also a castle tavern and a wine bar in the Zwingerhof. The oldest restaurant on the castle grounds is the castle restaurant on the ground floor of the Palas. This already existed at the end of the 19th century.

Numerous craftsmen have also found a home in the buildings of the outer bailey and Freiheit. They offer arts and crafts items such as silver jewelry, ceramics or porcelain for sale. In addition, visitors can purchase brushes, brooms, wooden toys, books and junk.

Events

Numerous events take place at Schloss Burg; many of them annually and for a long time. These include the Easter market, the knight games, the historic medieval market and the Advent bazaar. A special highlight every year is the international handicrafts market with over 150 exhibitors from all over Europe, which each time attract around 30,000 visitors. The events take place in the interior as well as in the courtyard and the outer bailey. Every year Schloss Burg is also a venue for cultural events such as readings, concerts and theater performances. Until 2013, the Burger Papiertheater had its own screening room in the former schoolhouse, which now houses the visitor center, and the breeders of the Bergischen crows organized the centuries-old crowing competition on the castle grounds several times . In addition, there are events of the Pomeranian and East Prussian country teams in favor of the memorial in the battery tower.

Schloss Burg in art and culture

Within the castle renaissance, the reconstruction of Schloss Burg is one of the late reconstruction projects and is thus at the same time a child of the mentality of the time when the reconstruction of castles in the late 19th and early 20th centuries also provided objects of identification for a strengthened or strengthening regional awareness. It was not without reason that the complex was also referred to as the “Bergisches Nationaldenkmal” and “Rheinische Wartburg ”. It thus seamlessly joined the Wilhelmine family of patriotic buildings. Gerhard August Fischer's first request to be allowed to carry out maintenance measures on the complex was initially rejected by the responsible royal Prussian building council, because an older report dated the complex to the 16th century and therefore considered too young or not worth preserving in the patriotic sense classified. After the work was completed, Burg Castle was one of the most complex reconstructions in what was then the Rhine Province and was the model and impetus for similar follow-up projects such as the reconstruction of Altena Castle . The result was a mixture of pure fiction and the restoration of what was handed down, which was secured by the existing original building fabric, excavations and the Ploennies depiction. It should be noted that the drawing by the cartographer Ploennies as a template is not without controversy, because at the time the depiction was created, the castle was already largely in ruins, which Ploennies' work does not reveal. Fischer's plans thus combined monument preservation approaches with imaginative own creations and stood in the tradition of rebuilding, such as Bodo Ebhardt carried out. As a mixture of historical fidelity with scientific claim and romantic and historicizing new ingredients, Schloss Burg is an example of the then still very young discipline of monument preservation. At the time, it worked on the principle that reconstruction - and the associated “sheltering” - was the best protection for a monument at risk.

The concept of presenting the facility as a "Bergisches National Monument" was successful. From the beginning she had a lot of visitors. In the first six weeks after the inauguration of the inner gate in August 1890 alone, 7,500 visitors came to see Burg Castle , despite the entry price of 20  pfennigs at the time. In 1908/1909 there were already 100,000 visitors. Songs and, above all, numerous poems were created on the occasion of the reconstruction and as a tribute to the historic place. The paintings, drawings and postcards depicting Burg Castle are even more numerous. Starting with the oldest surviving illustration of Johann Pauls from 1689, the Ploennies template for the reconstruction in 1715 and the reconstruction drawings by the architect Gerhard August Fischer up to Walter Wohlfeld's watercolors from 1987, the last 300 years of castle history are shown in the picture. They show the complex as half and complete ruins, the individual phases of the reconstruction and the reconstructed state afterwards. The works are so numerous that the Bergisches Museum dedicated its own exhibition to this topic. For Schloss Burg in der Kunst , the Schlossbauverein compiled a selection of around 60 artistic representations of the complex using a wide variety of techniques, including oil paintings , etchings , lithographs , watercolors and drawings.

Film set

Castle Castle is also used as a backdrop for feature films. Herbert B. Fredersdorf staged his two Grimm fairy tale films in 1955, Puss in Boots and Rumpelstiltskin , in which the castle functioned as a royal and magician's castle. In 2019 Elmar Fischer filmed the scenes of the British military tribunal at the castle for the ARD three-part series Our wonderful years .

literature

Main literature

  • Georg Dehio : Rhineland (= Handbook of German Art Monuments . North Rhine-Westphalia, Part 1). Deutscher Kunstverlag , Munich / Berlin 2005, ISBN 978-3-422-03093-0 , pp. 1107-1109.
  • Gerhard August Fischer : Castle Castle on the Wupper. The castles of the Middle Ages and life on them. Reprint of the edition from 1892. Kierdorf, Remscheid 1980, ISBN 3-922055-30-3 .
  • Jens Friedhoff : Burg Castle. In: Kai Niederhöfer (Red.): Burgen AufRuhr. On the way to 100 castles, palaces and mansions in the Ruhr region. Klartext, Essen 2010, ISBN 978-3-8375-0234-3 , pp. 352-356.
  • Julia Krumpen (Red.): Myth Castle Burg: from the beginnings to the present. Bergischer Verlag, Remscheid 2014, ISBN 978-3-943886-62-7 .
  • Norbert Kühn (Ed.): Castle Castle on the Wupper. Rhenish Association for Monument Preservation and Landscape Protection , Cologne 2015, ISBN 978-3-86526-108-3 .
  • Elke Lutterbach: Castle Burg an der Wupper (= knight castles. Guide, reference work and picture book. Volume 1). 1st edition. JP Bachem, Cologne 2003, ISBN 3-7616-1699-6 .
  • Lore Reinmöller: History of the castle building association Burg an der Wupper 1887–1962. Schmidt, Neustadt / Aisch 1962.
  • Rudolf Roth: Castle Castle on the Wupper. Its history and development are presented chronologically. 2nd Edition. Nieder-Rheinischer Verlag, Burg an der Wupper 1922.
  • Angelika Schyma : Castle Castle on the Wupper. The "Rhenish Wartburg". In: Landschaftsverband Rheinland (Hrsg.): Yearbook of the Rheinische Denkmalpflege. Volume 44.Wernersche Verlagsgesellschaft, Worms 2014, ISBN 978-3-88462-354-1 , pp. 307-319.
  • Dirk Soechting: Nobility Castle and Knight Castle. Tour through Burg Castle and its fascinating history. 3. Edition. Thales, Essen 1991, ISBN 3-88908-501-6 .
  • Dirk Soechting, Hartmut Gaul (Red.): "For emperors, people and fatherland". The late romantic reconstruction of Castle Castle since 1887. Commemorative publication for the 100th anniversary of the Castle Building Association Burg an der Wupper. Rheinland-Verlag, Cologne 1987, ISBN 3-7927-0994-5 .
  • Dirk Soechting: Castle Castle on the Wupper. Sutton, Erfurt 2004, ISBN 3-89702-761-5 .
  • Dirk Soechting: Castle Burg an der Wupper (= Rheinische Kunststätten. Issue No. 494). 1st edition, Rheinischer Verein für Monumentpflege und Landschaftsschutz, Cologne 2005, ISBN 3-88094-817-8 .

Special literature

  • Bergische Entwicklungsagentur GmbH (Ed.): Castle Talks 2013. Documents, quotations & manuscripts. Bergische Development Agency, Solingen 2013 ( PDF ; 9.8 MB).
  • Nicolaus J. Breidenbach: New "Old Views" of Castle Castle or the Johanniter Hof donkey ride at the Upper Castle. In: Romerike Berge. Vol. 58, No. 1, 2008, ISSN  0485-4306 , pp. 2-8.
  • Nicolaus J. Breidenbach: Old views - new knowledge, castle castle . In: Rheinisch-Bergischer Calendar. Yearbook for the Bergisches Land. Volume 83. Heider, Bergisch Gladbach 2013, ISBN 978-3-87314-468-2 , pp. 42-46.
  • Albert Distelrath: Castle Castle on the Wupper. Archaeological planning for the historical castle complex. In: Castles and Palaces . Vol. 57, No. 1, 2016, ISSN  0007-6201 , pp. 46-59.
  • Uwe Eckardt: "Greetings in the morning shine, pride of home, you castle castle". Schloss Burg in the poem. In: Romerike Berge. Vol. 62, No. 3, 2012, ISSN  0485-4306 , pp. 2-13.
  • Wilhelmine Hagen, Adolf Herrnbrodt: Denarfund from Schloss Burg ad Wupper: hidden around 1200. In: Romerike Berge. Vol. 4, No. 3, 1954, ISSN  0485-4306 , pp. 151-169.
  • F. Hinrichs: Castle Castle in the Thirty Years War. In: Romerike Berge. Vol. 11, No. 1, 1961/62, ISSN  0485-4306 , pp. 163-168.
  • Claudia G. Holtschneider: Archaeological investigations at Burg Castle . In: Romerike Berge. Vol. 56, No. 1, 2006, ISSN  0485-4306 , pp. 3-6.
  • Wilhelm Rees : Castle Castle. A reconstruction from the spirit of Rhenish-Bergisch late romanticism. Bergischer Geschichtsverein, Remscheid 1956.
  • Andreas and Claudia Sassen: The creation of the history pictures in the knight's hall of Castle Burg an der Wupper (= contributions to local history . Volume 6). Sassen, Solingen 2009, ISSN  2192-6840 .
  • Andreas and Claudia Sassen: From the Kuxthurm to the battery tower. On the creation of Ludwig Arntz's battery tower in Burg Castle on the Wupper. In: Romerike Berge. Vol. 62, No. 2, 2012, ISSN  0485-4306 , pp. 26-33.
  • Dirk Soechting: The wall paintings in the historic rooms at Castle Castle. In: Romerike Berge. Vol. 33, No. 2, 1983, ISSN  0485-4306 , pp. 27-34.
  • Bernhard Vollmer: Selected sources on the history of the castle, office and freedom Castle on the Wupper. Friedrich Middelhauve, Opladen 1958.
  • Joachim Zeune : The Schlossbauverein Schloss Burg an der Wupper. In: Joachim Zeune: Castles - symbols of power. A new image of the medieval castle. 2nd Edition. Pustet, Regensburg 1997, ISBN 3-7917-1501-1 , pp. 218-219.

Web links

Commons : Schloss Burg  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Footnotes

  1. ↑ Barbara Schock-Werner : One castle among many. What can be a unique selling point for a castle? In: Bergische Entwicklungsagentur GmbH (Ed.): Castle Talks 2013. Documents, quotations & manuscripts. Bergische Development Agency, Solingen 2013, p. 13.
  2. ↑ Solingen Monument List. Status: July 1, 2015, p. 22 ( PDF ; 126 kB).
  3. ↑ a b c d e Angelika Schyma: Castle Castle on the Wupper. The "Rhenish Wartburg" . 2014, p. 307.
  4. ^ A b Elke Janßen-Schnabel: Solingen Castle. Two monument areas around Burg Castle. In: Norbert Kühn (ed.): Castle Burg on the Wupper. 2015, p. 39.
  5. ↑ a b Dirk Soechting: Castle Burg an der Wupper (Solingen) 2005, p. 2.
  6. ↑ Dirk Soechting: Castle Burg an der Wupper (Solingen) 2005, p. 4.
  7. ^ Elke Lutterbach: Castle Castle on the Wupper. 2003, p. 10.
  8. ↑ Paul Clemen (ed.): The art monuments of the cities of Barmen, Elberfeld, Remscheid and the districts of Lennep, Mettmann, Solingen (= the art monuments of the Rhine province . Volume 3, section 2). L. Schwann, Düsseldorf 1894, p. 35 ( digitized version ).
  9. ↑ Dirk Soechting: Castle Burg an der Wupper (Solingen) 2005, p. 3.
  10. ^ Theodor Joseph Lacomblet: Document book for the history of the Lower Rhine. Volume 1. Wolf, Düsseldorf 1840, No. 401 ( digitized version ).
  11. ↑ a b Elke Lutterbach: Castle Burg on the Wupper. 2003, p. 81.
  12. ↑ Dirk Soechting: Nobility's castle and knight's castle. 1991, p. 56.
  13. ↑ a b c d Stefanie Schild: Burg Castle on the Wupper. In: Norbert Kühn (ed.): Castle Burg on the Wupper. 2015, p. 6.
  14. ↑ Christian FranzPaullini : In off lingering All sorts of graceful, rare, curieuse so Nütz as ergetzliche, giving rise also to all sorts of night resort handy disc Ursen realities and merck worthy events, In Agony and Freud. Well-meaning communicated for a fun and edifying pastime. Frankfurt am Main 1700, p. 369-370 .
  15. ↑ Adolf Werth : The old Bergische Residenzschloss to Burg an der Wupper. In: Düsseldorfer Geschichtsverein (Ed.): Contributions to the history of the Lower Rhine. Yearbook of the Düsseldorf History Association. Volume 8. Lintz, Düsseldorf 1894, p. 48 ( digitized version ).
  16. ↑ Stefanie Schild: Castle Burg on the Wupper. In: Norbert Kühn (ed.): Castle Burg on the Wupper. 2015, p. 4.
  17. ^ Renate Gerling: The freedom castle on the Wupper and the castle of the Bergischen sovereigns. In: Dirk Soechting, Hartmut Gaul (Red.): “For Emperor, People and Fatherland”. The late romantic reconstruction of Burg Castle since 1887. 1987, p. 15.
  18. ^ Renate Gerling: The freedom castle on the Wupper and the castle of the Bergischen sovereigns. In: Dirk Soechting, Hartmut Gaul (Red.): “For Emperor, People and Fatherland”. The late romantic reconstruction of Burg Castle since 1887. 1987, p. 20.
  19. ↑ According to Stefanie Schild: Castle Burg an der Wupper. In: Norbert Kühn (ed.): Castle Burg on the Wupper. 2015, p. 5. In the publications, the information varies between “around 1485” to “around 1530”.
  20. ^ A b Paul Clemen (ed.): The art monuments of the cities of Barmen, Elberfeld, Remscheid and the districts of Lennep, Mettmann, Solingen (= the art monuments of the Rhine province. Volume 3, section 2). L. Schwann, Düsseldorf 1894, p. 36 ( digitized version ).
  21. ^ Gerhard August Fischer: Castle Castle on the Wupper. The castles of the Middle Ages and life on them. 1980, p. 13.
  22. ↑ Dirk Soechting: Nobility's castle and knight's castle. 1991, pp. 27-29.
  23. ↑ Axel Kolodziej : The engagement of children on November 25, 1496. On the dynastic prehistory of the United Duchies of Jülich-Kleve-Berg. In: Romerike Berge. Vol. 58, No. 3, 2008, ISSN  0485-4306 , pp. 2-19.
  24. ↑ Jennifer Striewski: Anna von Kleve (1515–1557), Queen of England in the portal Rheinische Geschichte, accessed on March 29, 2016.
  25. ^ A b Adolf Werth: On the history of Castle Burg an der Wupper at the event of the bazaar in Lennep on April 23 and 24, 1892. Schumacher, Lennep 1892, p. 7 ( digitized version ).
  26. ^ Friedrich Everhard von Mering : History of the castles, manors, abbeys and monasteries in the Rhineland and the provinces of Jülich, Cleve, Berg and Westphalen. Volume 9. Heberle, Cologne 1853, p. 67.
  27. ^ Elke Lutterbach: Castle Castle on the Wupper. 2003, p. 4.
  28. ↑ Bernd Warlich: Sparr, Otto Christoph Freiherr von. In: The Thirty Years' War in personal testimonies, chronicles and reports , accessed on March 29, 2016.
  29. ^ Elke Lutterbach: Castle Castle on the Wupper. 2003, p. 17.
  30. ^ Woldemar Harleß: On the history of the castle Burg on the Wupper. In: Journal of the Bergisches Geschichtsverein (ZBGV). Volume 23, 1887, p. 258.
  31. ^ Elke Lutterbach: Castle Castle on the Wupper. 2003, p. 80.
  32. ↑ a b Angelika Schyma: The reconstruction of Castle Castle as a document on the history of the Rhenish preservation of monuments. In: Dirk Soechting, Hartmut Gaul (Red.): “For Emperor, People and Fatherland”. The late romantic reconstruction of Burg Castle since 1887. 1987, p. 42.
  33. ↑ a b History of Burg Castle on schlossburg.de , accessed on March 29, 2016.
  34. ↑ a b c Dirk Soechting: Castle Castle on the Wupper. 2004, p. 7.
  35. ↑ Elke Janßen-Schnabel: Solingen Castle. Two monument areas around Burg Castle. In: Norbert Kühn (ed.): Castle Burg on the Wupper. 2015, p. 40.
  36. ^ Friedrich Everhard von Mering: History of the castles, manors, abbeys and monasteries in the Rhineland and the provinces of Jülich, Cleve, Berg and Westphalen. Volume 9. Heberle, Cologne 1853, p. 47.
  37. ^ Friedrich Everhard von Mering: History of the castles, manors, abbeys and monasteries in the Rhineland and the provinces of Jülich, Cleve, Berg and Westphalen. Volume 9. Heberle, Cologne 1853, p. 46.
  38. ^ Elke Lutterbach: Castle Castle on the Wupper. 2003, p. 18.
  39. ↑ Dirk Soechting: Castle Burg an der Wupper (Solingen) 2005, p. 5.
  40. ↑ Hartmut Gaul: "For Emperor, People and Fatherland". The late romantic reconstruction of Burg Castle and its architect Gerhard August Fischer. In: Dirk Soechting, Hartmut Gaul (Red.): “For Emperor, People and Fatherland”. The late romantic reconstruction of Castle Castle since 1887. 1987, p. 27.
  41. ↑ a b Hartmut Gaul: "For Emperor, People and Fatherland". The late romantic reconstruction of Burg Castle and its architect Gerhard August Fischer. In: Dirk Soechting, Hartmut Gaul (Red.): “For Emperor, People and Fatherland”. The late romantic reconstruction of Burg Castle since 1887. 1987, p. 28.
  42. ↑ Hartmut Gaul: "For Emperor, People and Fatherland". The late romantic reconstruction of Burg Castle and its architect Gerhard August Fischer. In: Dirk Soechting, Hartmut Gaul (Red.): “For Emperor, People and Fatherland”. The late romantic reconstruction of Burg Castle since 1887. 1987, p. 37, note 16.
  43. ↑ Dirk Soechting: Castle Castle on the Wupper. 2004, p. 27.
  44. ^ Gerhard August Fischer: Castle Castle on the Wupper. The castles of the Middle Ages and life on them. 1980, p. 9.
  45. ↑ Stefanie Schild: Castle Burg on the Wupper. In: N. Kühn (Ed.): Castle Burg an der Wupper. 2015, p. 8.
  46. ↑ Hartmut Gaul: "For Emperor, People and Fatherland". The late romantic reconstruction of Burg Castle and its architect Gerhard August Fischer. In: Dirk Soechting, Hartmut Gaul (Red.): “For Emperor, People and Fatherland”. The late romantic reconstruction of Burg Castle since 1887. 1987, p. 30.
  47. ↑ Paul Clemen (ed.): The art monuments of the cities of Barmen, Elberfeld, Remscheid and the districts of Lennep, Mettmann, Solingen (= the art monuments of the Rhine province. Volume 3, section 2). L. Schwann, Düsseldorf 1894, p. 38 ( digitized version ).
  48. ↑ a b Chronicle of the reconstruction of Burg Castle 1887–1909 / 10 by the architects Fischer, Blaue, Lauterjung and Meier. In: Dirk Soechting, Hartmut Gaul (Red.): “For Emperor, People and Fatherland”. The late romantic reconstruction of Castle Castle since 1887. 1987, p. 94.
  49. ↑ Chronicle of the reconstruction of Burg Castle 1887–1909 / 10 by the architects Fischer, Blaue, Lauterjung and Meier. In: Dirk Soechting, Hartmut Gaul (Red.): “For Emperor, People and Fatherland”. The late romantic reconstruction of Burg Castle since 1887. 1987, p. 95.
  50. ↑ a b c d Chronicle of the reconstruction of Burg Castle 1887–1909 / 10 by the architects Fischer, Blaue, Lauterjung and Meier. In: Dirk Soechting, Hartmut Gaul (Red.): “For Emperor, People and Fatherland”. The late romantic reconstruction of Burg Castle since 1887. 1987, p. 97.
  51. ↑ a b c d e f Information on the reconstruction by Michael Tettinger , accessed on March 30, 2016.
  52. ↑ a b c Angelika Schyma: Castle Castle on the Wupper. The "Rhenish Wartburg" . 2014, p. 313.
  53. ↑ Dirk Soechting: Castle Castle on the Wupper. 2004, p. 76.
  54. ^ Elke Lutterbach: Castle Castle on the Wupper. 2003, p. 19.
  55. ↑ Chronicle of the reconstruction of Burg Castle 1887–1909 / 10 by the architects Fischer, Blaue, Lauterjung and Meier. In: Dirk Soechting, Hartmut Gaul (Red.): “For Emperor, People and Fatherland”. The late romantic reconstruction of Burg Castle since 1887. 1987, p. 100.
  56. ↑ Dirk Soechting: Castle Castle on the Wupper. 2004, p. 49.
  57. ^ Joachim Zeune: The Schlossbauverein Schloß Burg on the Wupper. 1997, p. 219.
  58. ↑ Dirk Soechting: Castle Castle on the Wupper. 2004, p. 52.
  59. ↑ Dirk Soechting: Castle Castle on the Wupper. 2004, p. 58.
  60. ↑ a b Renate and Karl Morsbach: The changing architecture of Castle Castle on the Wupper. Attempt of a chronicle about the handling of a monument - planning and practical work on site - In: Dirk Soechting, Hartmut Gaul (Red.): "For Emperor, People and Fatherland". The late romantic reconstruction of Burg Castle since 1887. 1987, p. 67.
  61. ↑ Dirk Soechting: Castle Castle on the Wupper. 2004, p. 61.
  62. ^ Renate and Karl Morsbach: The changing architecture of Castle Castle on the Wupper. Attempt of a chronicle about the handling of a monument - planning and practical work on site - In: Dirk Soechting, Hartmut Gaul (Red.): "For Emperor, People and Fatherland". The late romantic reconstruction of Burg Castle since 1887. 1987, p. 72.
  63. ↑ a b c Lore Reinmöller: History of the castle building association Burg an der Wupper 1887–1962. 1962.
  64. ^ Elke Lutterbach: Castle Castle on the Wupper. 2003, p. 25.
  65. ↑ a b Elke Lutterbach: Castle Burg on the Wupper. 2003, p. 103.
  66. ^ Elke Lutterbach: Castle Castle on the Wupper. 2003, p. 26.
  67. ↑ Hartmut Gaul: "For Emperor, People and Fatherland". The late romantic reconstruction of Burg Castle and its architect Gerhard August Fischer. In: Dirk Soechting, Hartmut Gaul (Red.): “For Emperor, People and Fatherland”. The late romantic reconstruction of Burg Castle since 1887. 1987, p. 35.
  68. ↑ a b Data on the history of the castle building association Burg an der Wupper. In: Dirk Soechting, Hartmut Gaul (Red.): “For Emperor, People and Fatherland”. The late romantic reconstruction of Burg Castle since 1887. 1987, p. 139.
  69. ↑ a b c Information on the memorial at plm-wermelskirchen.de ( Memento from November 21, 2007 in the Internet Archive )
  70. ^ Wilhelmine Hagen , Adolf Herrnbrodt: Denarfund von Schloß Burg ad Wupper: hidden around 1200. 1954, p. 151.
  71. ↑ Dirk Soechting: Nobility's castle and knight's castle. 1991, p. 11.
  72. ↑ Claudia G. Holt Schneider: Archaeological Investigations at Schloss castle. In: Romerike Berge. Vol. 56, No. 1, 2006, ISSN  0485-4306 pp. 3-6.
  73. ↑ Martin Vollmer-König: Burg Castle - archaeological heritage and importance in terms of monument preservation. In: Norbert Kühn (ed.): Castle Burg on the Wupper. 2015, p. 33.
  74. ↑ Philipp Müller: Ailing masonry. Burg Castle: Financing is still unclear. In: Solinger Tageblatt . Edition of January 5, 2016 ( online ).
  75. ↑ Uwe Vetter: “We are perceived more strongly”. In: Rheinische Post . Edition of March 21, 2016 ( online ).
  76. ↑ Sabine Naber: Thank the country: The battery tower is accessible. In: Remscheider Generalanzeiger. Issued May 10, 2010.
  77. ^ Chronicle of the Burg Cable Car , accessed on April 13, 2016.
  78. ↑ Dirk Soechting: Nobility's castle and knight's castle. 1991.9S. 9.
  79. ↑ Stefanie Schild: Castle Burg on the Wupper. In: Norbert Kühn (ed.): Castle Burg on the Wupper. 2015, p. 3.
  80. ↑ Jens-Peter Foitzik: Castle Castle and the historic district of Burg. The monument area statute. In: Bergische Entwicklungsagentur GmbH (Ed.): Castle Talks 2013. Documents, quotations & manuscripts. Bergische Development Agency, Solingen 2013, p. 24.
  81. ↑ Angelika Schyma: Castle Castle on the Wupper. The "Rhenish Wartburg" . 2014, p. 309.
  82. ↑ Dirk Soechting: Castle Castle on the Wupper. 2004, p. 63.
  83. ↑ Dirk Soechting: Nobility's castle and knight's castle. 1991, p. 57.
  84. ↑ Paul Clemen (ed.): The art monuments of the cities of Barmen, Elberfeld, Remscheid and the districts of Lennep, Mettmann, Solingen (= the art monuments of the Rhine province . Volume 3, section 2). L. Schwann, Düsseldorf 1894, p. 43 ( digitized version ).
  85. ↑ Information according to the information board on site.
  86. ↑ List of natural monuments in Solingen, as of July 2007 ( Memento from July 26, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 25 kB)
  87. ^ Gerhard August Fischer: Castle Castle on the Wupper. The castles of the Middle Ages and life on them. 1980, p. 14.
  88. ↑ a b c d Paul Clemen (ed.): The art monuments of the cities of Barmen, Elberfeld, Remscheid and the districts of Lennep, Mettmann, Solingen (= The art monuments of the Rhine province. Volume 3, section 2). L. Schwann, Düsseldorf 1894, p. 44 ( digitized version ).
  89. ^ Friedrich Everhard von Mering: History of the castles, manors, abbeys and monasteries in the Rhineland and the provinces of Jülich, Cleve, Berg and Westphalen. Volume 9. Heberle, Cologne 1853, p. 48.
  90. ↑ According to Paul Clemen (ed.): The art monuments of the cities of Barmen, Elberfeld, Remscheid and the districts of Lennep, Mettmann, Solingen. 1894, p. 44. In other publications slate is given as a column material.
  91. ↑ History of the Church on the parish website , accessed April 6, 2016.
  92. ↑ Stefanie Schild: Castle Burg on the Wupper. In: N. Kühn (Ed.): Castle Burg an der Wupper. 2015, p. 9.
  93. ^ Elke Lutterbach: Castle Castle on the Wupper. 2003, p. 82.
  94. ↑ a b c d Angelika Schyma: Castle Castle on the Wupper. The "Rhenish Wartburg" . 2014, p. 310.
  95. ^ Albert Distelrath: Castle Castle through the centuries. Archaeological planning for the historical castle complex. In: Bergische Entwicklungsagentur GmbH (Ed.): Castle Talks 2013. Documents, quotations & manuscripts. Bergische Development Agency, Solingen 2013, p. 23.
  96. ↑ Stefanie Schild: Castle Burg on the Wupper. In: N. Kühn (Ed.): Castle Burg an der Wupper. 2015, p. 17.
  97. ^ A b Paul Clemen (ed.): The art monuments of the cities of Barmen, Elberfeld, Remscheid and the districts of Lennep, Mettmann, Solingen (= the art monuments of the Rhine province. Volume 3, section 2). L. Schwann, Düsseldorf 1894, p. 42 ( digitized version ).
  98. ↑ Information from P. Clemen: The art monuments of the cities of Barmen, Elberfeld, Remscheid and the districts of Lennep, Mettmann, Solingen (= The art monuments of the Rhine province. Volume 3, Section 2). L. Schwann, Düsseldorf 1894, p. 39. The height was measured from the courtyard.
  99. ↑ a b c Paul Clemen (ed.): The art monuments of the cities of Barmen, Elberfeld, Remscheid and the districts of Lennep, Mettmann, Solingen (= the art monuments of the Rhine province. Volume 3, section 2). L. Schwann, Düsseldorf 1894, p. 39 ( digitized version ).
  100. ^ Elke Lutterbach: Castle Castle on the Wupper. 2003, p. 75.
  101. ^ Elke Lutterbach: Castle Castle on the Wupper. 2003, p. 70.
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  103. ↑ Angelika Schyma: Castle Castle on the Wupper. The "Rhenish Wartburg" . 2014, p. 312.
  104. ^ Renate and Karl Morsbach: The changing architecture of Castle Castle on the Wupper. Attempt of a chronicle about the handling of a monument - planning and practical work on site - In: Dirk Soechting, Hartmut Gaul (Red.): "For Emperor, People and Fatherland". The late romantic reconstruction of Burg Castle since 1887. 1987, p. 74.
  105. ↑ a b Dirk Soechting: Castle Burg an der Wupper (Solingen) 2005, p. 7.
  106. ↑ Dirk Soechting: Castle Burg an der Wupper (Solingen) 2005, p. 10.
  107. ^ Elke Lutterbach: Castle Castle on the Wupper. 2003, p. 65.
  108. ^ Elke Lutterbach: Castle Castle on the Wupper. 2003, p. 74.
  109. ↑ a b c d Angelika Schyma: Castle Castle on the Wupper. The "Rhenish Wartburg" . 2014, p. 315.
  110. ↑ a b c d Data on the history of the castle building association Burg an der Wupper. In: Dirk Soechting, Hartmut Gaul (Red.): “For Emperor, People and Fatherland”. The late romantic reconstruction of Castle Castle since 1887. 1987, p. 138.
  111. ↑ Dirk Soechting: Castle Burg an der Wupper (Solingen) 2005, p. 12.
  112. ^ Elke Lutterbach: Castle Castle on the Wupper. 2003, p. 91.
  113. ↑ Angelika Schyma: Castle Castle on the Wupper. The "Rhenish Wartburg" . 2014, p. 314.
  114. ↑ Chronicle of the reconstruction of Burg Castle 1887–1909 / 10 by the architects Fischer, Blaue, Lauterjung and Meier. In: Dirk Soechting, Hartmut Gaul (Red.): “For Emperor, People and Fatherland”. The late romantic reconstruction of Castle Castle since 1887. 1987, p. 104.
  115. ^ Elke Lutterbach: Castle Castle on the Wupper. 2003, p. 101.
  116. ^ Jürgen Wilhelm: Castle Castle in the 21st Century. The Bergisch in the Rhineland. In: Bergische Entwicklungsagentur GmbH (Ed.): Castle Talks 2013. Documents, quotations & manuscripts. Bergische Development Agency, Solingen 2013, p. 9.
  117. ↑ Dirk Soechting: Castle Burg an der Wupper (Solingen) 2005, p. 22.
  118. ↑ Dirk Soechting: Nobility's castle and knight's castle. 1991.9S. 42.
  119. ^ Elke Lutterbach: Castle Castle on the Wupper. 2003, p. 111.
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  121. ↑ Dirk Soechting: Castle Burg an der Wupper (Solingen) 2005, p. 17.
  122. ^ Elke Lutterbach: Castle Castle on the Wupper. 2003, p. 102.
  123. ↑ Dirk Soechting: Castle Burg an der Wupper (Solingen) 2005, p. 19.
  124. ↑ Schlossbauverein Burg ad Wupper (ed.): Members' newspaper. No. 2, 2019, o. P.
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  126. ↑ a b Elke Lutterbach: Castle Burg on the Wupper. 2003, p. 27.
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  128. ↑ The last curtain fell in the Burger Paper Theater. In: Rheinische Post. Edition of June 24, 2013 ( online ).
  129. ↑ Ludger Fischer : The reasons for the reconstruction and new building of castles in the 19th and 20th centuries. Can monument preservation "correctly" reconstruct? In: Bergische Entwicklungsagentur GmbH (Ed.): Castle Talks 2013. Documents, quotations & manuscripts. Bergische Development Agency, Solingen 2013, p. 33.
  130. ↑ a b Angelika Schyma: The reconstruction of Castle Castle as a document on the history of the Rhenish preservation of monuments. In: Dirk Soechting, Hartmut Gaul (Red.): “For Emperor, People and Fatherland”. The late romantic reconstruction of Burg Castle since 1887. 1987, p. 50.
  131. ↑ a b Georg Ahlmann: The monument assessment of Burg Castle in the 19th century. Neither castle nor castle? In: Bergische Entwicklungsagentur GmbH (Ed.): Castle Talks 2013. Documents, quotations & manuscripts. Bergische Development Agency, Solingen 2013, p. 19.
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  133. ^ Elke Lutterbach: Castle Castle on the Wupper. 2003, p. 23.
  134. ↑ Angelika Schyma: Castle Castle on the Wupper. The "Rhenish Wartburg" . 2014, p. 318.
  135. ^ Joachim Zeune: The Schlossbauverein Schloß Burg on the Wupper. 1997, p. 218.
  136. ↑ Jens-Peter Foitzik: Castle Castle and the historic district of Burg. The monument area statute. In: Bergische Entwicklungsagentur GmbH (Ed.): Castle Talks 2013. Documents, quotations & manuscripts. Bergische Development Agency, Solingen 2013, p. 27.
  137. ^ Uwe Eckardt: History of the reconstruction of Burg Castle. A monument made by the citizens for the nation. In: Bergische Entwicklungsagentur GmbH (Ed.): Castle Talks 2013. Documents, quotations & manuscripts. Bergische Development Agency, Solingen 2013, p. 36.
  138. ↑ Uwe Eckardt: "Greetings in the morning shine, pride of home, you castle castle". Schloss Burg in the poem. 2012, pp. 2–13.
  139. ↑ Dirk Soechting: Castle Castle in Art. In: Dirk Soechting, Hartmut Gaul (Red.): “For Emperor, People and Fatherland”. The late romantic reconstruction of Castle Castle since 1887. 1987, p. 109.
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  142. ↑ Guido Radtke: Solingen locations provide flair of the 50s for ARD three-part films. RP-online, March 18, 2020, accessed August 15, 2020.

Coordinates: 51 ° 8 ′ 15.4 ″  N , 7 ° 9 ′ 10 ″  E

This article was added to the list of excellent articles on December 12, 2016 in this version .