Salvation

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Salvation expresses pardon , success , wholeness , health and, in a religious sense, especially redemption .

Variations of the word can be found in very different contexts, e.g. B .: safe , holy , wholesome or curable ; the antonym to this is hopeless , for healing the harm ( "bad luck", "corruption", " bad luck ").

Word history

In linguistic history , words related to the adjective Heil are used in all Germanic languages with the meaning "whole, healthy, intact", e.g. B. English whole "whole", hale "fresh, not weakened" and holy "holy, consecrated". Words with a related sound sequence and meaning can also be found in Celtic and Baltic languages. The noun salvation is similarly important gemeingermanisch used ( old- and Middle High German -healing "lucky fluke", Old English hael "good omen"). The verb to heal means transitive “to make healing” (for example in “He who heals is right”) and intransitive “to be healed” (“the wound heals”). In Old High German there is also the word heilazzen which was used in the sense of greeting.

Religious ideas of salvation

Legitimation of power

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Early medieval kings, especially the Franconian Merovingians , invoked thaumaturgy (also royal salvation ) to legitimize their rule . A lack of success, clearly recognizable for contemporaries, could be seen as a loss of this healing power and lead to a change of power.

Hope for salvation

Many Christians believe that salvation ( salvation of the soul ) will be found in following their Savior Jesus Christ and trusting in what was supposed to be his resurrection after his death . In the New Testament , salvation (or Latin salus ) is the translation of the Greek word σωτηρία ( sotēría "salvation", " redemption "), for example in the hymn of praise Nunc dimittis ("now you discharge") of Simeon in the Gospel of Luke:

My eyes saw the salvation that you prepared before all peoples,
a light to enlighten the Gentiles and glory to your people Israel. ( Lk 2.30–32  EU )

Some communities see this salvation connected with Jesus presently in a certain organization, for example - according to a Catholic understanding of faith - in the Roman Catholic Church .

Heil as a greeting

The salvation greeting was primarily used as a wish for good luck and a blessing, but also as a toast or as a benevolent salutation. The salutation Heil! is grammatically an interjection and etymologically with the similar sounding English term Hail! related, what as much as greet you! or lucky you! means. The two terms are also commonly translated into one another. Example: All hail, Macbeth! as well as you, Macbeth!

In the northern half of Italy , the synonymous greeting is Salve! the most common informal greeting.

In parts of Austria ( Tyrol , Vorarlberg and Upper Carinthia), salvation will also come true! or heal! used as a greeting among friends. The term also occurs in the saying “Heil am Seil!” Or “Berg Heil!”, With which mountaineers wish each other luck.

literature

Even Walther von der Vogelweide spoke to the Staufer King Philipp "... she'll give you everything ...", which corresponded to contemporary wishes for happiness. But similar lines are also known from other minstrels like Konrad von Altstetten . Around the same time as the Minnesang , the Edda was written in Old Icelandic. The salvation greeting can be found both in the original and in its current translations. Also in the Nibelungenlied u. a. written: “ouch trûwe I mînem heile”. Protagonists in historical novels are given greetings like “Heil, Meister Hildebrandt, Hildungs ​​Sohn!”. Richard Wagner leaves Hagen von Tronje with the lines “Heil! Siegfried, dear hero! ”Sing. Corresponding passages can also be found in literature and poetry without historical reference, such as in Heinrich Heine's “Book of Songs” .

Folk song

Corresponding to the common usage of the language, the salvation greeting found its way into the folk song of different epochs. There are songs with a political, folk, religious and youth movement background.

In many songs with a regional reference, for example, it says “ Heil our König, Heil! "( Kingdom of Bavaria )," God bless the king, whom he gave us for salvation "( Kingdom of Saxony ) or also " Heil dir, Helvetia! " All these songs have with the probably most famous song of this kind" Heil dir im wreath "and the melody of the British royal anthem .

Many songs are related to the Christian concept of salvation when it says "God is my light, God is my salvation" or "salvation and blessings everywhere". In the famous nursery rhyme “All the birds are here”, “sheer salvation and blessings” are wished. The oratorio Judas Maccabaeus by George Frideric Handel, in which it says, for example, “Heil, Heil, Heil, Judäa, blig Land”, stands in a similar context . Still other songs are related to gymnastics, skiing, hunting or have a political background.

In Wandervogel songs were written as "salvation, wanderer, salvation" or the "Song Märkische Heide ", which states: "Hail, my Brandenburg countryside" in youth moving song "From Gray Cities Walls" is stated in the third verse, "A Heil the German forest ”.

Hunting and sport

Traditionally, hunters greet each other with the words Waidmannsheil! or Weidmannsheil! With thanksgiving! or Weidmannsank! will only be answered if someone was congratulated on a successful hunt with the greeting or the greeting was addressed to a hunter by a "non-hunter".

Traditionally, anglers greet each other with Petri Heil ! Will Petri Heil! used as a congratulations on the success of the loot, the answer is Petri Dank!

Among mountaineers in the German-speaking Eastern Alps, the formula Berg Heil! common, which is used in particular when mountaineers have scaled a summit; This summit greeting is hardly known in Switzerland. This greeting also occurs occasionally at section events of the Alpine clubs: Berg - Heil! The nature lovers congratulate against it on the mountain tops with mountain free! In the Italian Alps, one congratulates one another with Auguri!

Under Schützen there is the greeting Schützen Heil! , Ski Heil among skiers ! Cyclists greeted each other with All Heil!

Since 1817, gymnasts have wished for good health before they set out on an apparatus . and thereby express that they wish the gymnast an injury-free exercise. In order to differentiate themselves more strongly from the national-conservative German gymnastics club , from 1899 onwards the gymnastics workers used the greeting Frei Heil! The greeting of weightlifters and wrestlers is Kraft Heil!

Before the rise of National Socialism, the greeting was also widespread in the youth movement , for example in the Wandervogel, where it was introduced by Karl Fischer at the turn of the century .

Political battle and greeting formula

The cry of salvation! was before 1918 - instead of the loyal high!  - in certain political groups in Austria-Hungary and the German Reich  - a hallmark of the opposition that saw Austria as part of Germany ( Greater German solution ). After 1918, the German Nationals greeted each other with “Heil Hugenberg !”, While others preferred “Heil Deutschland!” The republic-loyal Reich banner read “Heil dir, Junge Republik!” And “Frei Heil!” (The latter still today). The exclamations "Heil Moscow!" And "Heil Stalin!" Could be heard in communist circles. In Christian circles the greeting "Treu Heil" was in use until the time of National Socialism. In the ranks of the Catholic Center Party , “Heil Brüning !” Was also used in the last years of the Weimar Republic .

During the time of National Socialism , the Hitler salute was Heil Hitler! mandatory. Who in the conventional way with Hello! or hello ! greeted, who was assumed to be an opponent of National Socialism . The closing line “Heil Hitler!” Before the signature has also become common practice for letters. Anyone who did not want to participate in this custom could at best resort to the formula With German greetings if he did not want to risk repression . The conventional greetings ( with kind regards or with your respect ) "exposed" their users - in the eyes of the rulers at the time - as " yesterday ". These strict greetings were also processed in so-called whisper jokes , for example answering the greeting "Heil Hitler!"

Instead of the triple hurray ! in earlier epochs at the end of public rallies came the call for a triple victory Heil! In ordinary dealings, Sieg Heil had to be restricted to very serious occasions if it was not to sound ironic.

With the overthrow of the Third Reich , this greeting suddenly fell out of use in 1945. In the Federal Republic of Germany, the use of the Hitler salute (including the "Sieg Heil") is a criminal offense ( Section 86a of the Criminal Code, Paragraph 2).

Further development

In the 1970s, the feminist Hannelore Mabry tried to reinterpret and positively replace the greeting as Heil Kind! The background here was the focus on children, for whose salvation everyone is responsible. The provocation often felt was intentional, the formula did not catch on.

In the traditional varieties of metal (e.g. heavy metal or true metal ), Hail! , but used less as a greeting, but rather as a glorifying exclamation ( Hail Odin / Wodan; Hail Thor / Donar ), sometimes even as a reinforcing additional word (see Powerwolf - Panic in the Pentagram: Hail, Hail Pentagram ). There is a song by the heavy metal band Lonewolf Hail Victory . Critics see a closeness to right-wing extremism and neo-Nazism , the band itself, like most metal bands, however, distances itself from right-wing extremism and National Socialist ideas and rejects such accusations.

The Anarchist Pogo Party of Germany uses the greeting Pogo Heil and the slogan Fick Heil , which was brought into being as an artistic strategy of the communication guerrilla, as it can easily be confused with the well-known Sieg Heil .

The fans of the Scottish football club Celtic Glasgow use the expression "Hail" in a popular fan song.

See also

literature

  • Cornelia Schmitz-Berning: Vocabulary of National Socialism. Berlin / New York 1998, ISBN 3-11-016888-X , pp. 299-301. - There an outline of the development of the "Heil" greeting as well as its use and meaning under National Socialism
  • Sabine Behrenbeck: Heil. In: German places of remembrance - a selection. Federal Agency for Civic Education, Volume 475, Bonn 2005, ISBN 3-89331-587-X , pp. 291–308.

Web links

Wiktionary: Heil  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Stephan Horn: The baptism . In: Hubert Luthe (Ed.): Christ Encounter in the Sacraments. Kevelaer 1981, ISBN 3-7666-9219-4 , p. 214.
  2. ↑ Entry hail in: http://dict.leo.org
  3. ^ William Shakespeare, Macbeth . Act I, scene III. Translation u. a. with Dorothea Tieck or Friedrich Schiller .
  4. ↑ salve in the online dictionary Italian-German from Pons Verlag (accessed May 2017).
  5. ↑ Word collection Tyrolean for beginners! of a Tyrolean mountain inn (2009); Entry Heil / Heile in the private Austriazismensammlung ostarrichi (2008); both found in May 2017.
  6. ^ Johannes Hunger: Walther von der Vogelweide , Kongress Verlag, Berlin 1955, p. 103
  7. ↑ Editor: Walter Koschorreck : Minnesinger , Insel Taschenbuch 88, Frankfurt / Main 1974, p. 42 "aller frowen heil", p. 99 "aller Frauen Heil"
  8. ↑ Die Edda , Eugen Diederichs Verlag, Munich 1997
  9. ^ Nibelungenlied , verse 2165
  10. ^ Felix Dahn: A fight for Rome , Deutsches Verlagshaus Bong, Munich, p. 5
  11. ^ Richard Wagner: Götterdämmerung , Opera, Act 1, Act 1, Scene 2
  12. ^ Heinrich Heine: Book of Songs , Melzer Verlag, Neu-Isenburg 2006, p. 161 and p. 357
  13. ↑ Words: Unknown, Wise: Henry Carey: Heil our King, Heil! , Bavaria anthem
  14. ↑ Words: Georg Karl Alexander von Richter, sage: Henry Carey: God bless the king
  15. ↑ Words: Johann Rudolf Wyss (1811), sage: Henry Carey: God bless the king
  16. ↑ Publisher: Eckhard John Volkslied - Hymne - political song , Waxmann Verlag, Münster 2003
  17. ↑ Words: Paul Gerhardt, sage: Melchior Vulpius: God is my light
  18. ↑ Words: Antonio Salieri, sage: Fritz Jöde Heil und Blegen allerwegen
  19. ↑ Words: Hoffmann von Fallersleben, Weise: Schlesische Volksweise All birds are already there
  20. ↑ Georg Friedrich Handel: Judas Maccabaeus , 2nd act
  21. ↑ Grunefeld / Lüneberg: revolution and revolutionary songs in Mannheim 1848 - 1849 , Reinhard Welz Verlag
  22. ↑ Words & Wise: Gustav Büchsenschütz: Märkische Heide , 1923
  23. ↑ Words: Hans Riedel / Hermann Löns, sage: Robert Götz: From gray cities walls
  24. ↑ a b Weidmannsheil, especially technical language Waidmannsheil. In: Duden. Retrieved January 17, 2019 .
  25. ↑ a b The hunter and the hunter's language. In: OÖ LJV. Retrieved January 17, 2019 .
  26. ↑ Holy salvation! In: Duden. Retrieved January 17, 2019 .
  27. ↑ Self-presentation in public space: Catholic and social democratic repertoire discussions around 1930 . 2013, ISBN 978-3-8309-7989-0 , pp. 151 ( google.de ).
  28. ↑ Cornelia Schmitz-Berning: Vocabulary of National Socialism , De Gruyter, Berlin 2000, pp. 300–301
  29. ↑ Nikolaus Jackob : Election campaigns in Germany: case studies on campaign communication 1912 - 2005, VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, Wiesbaden 2007, p. 81.
  30. ↑ Hans Jochen Gamm: The whispering joke in the Third Reich , List Verlag, Munich 1963
  31. ^ Panorama report on NS Black Metal on ZDF: YouTube
  32. ↑ Police confuse members of the APPD Marburg with fascists ( memento of the original from September 27, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.appd-berlin.de
  33. ↑ Article in the English language Wikipedia article