Sidetic language

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Side table
Period until the 2nd century BC Chr.

Formerly spoken in

formerly in Anatolia
Linguistic
classification
Language codes
ISO 639 -1

-

ISO 639 -2

ine (other Indo-European languages)

ISO 639-3

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The sidetic was a language in ancient southern Anatolia . It was used at least until the 2nd century BC. Spoken in the city and probably also in the area around Side in eastern Pamphylia . The Sidetic language belongs to the Anatolian branch of the Indo-European languages and is relatively closely related to Luwian .

Arrian reports about the sidetable in his Anabasis (I 26.4) that people used to speak a language in Side that had nothing in common with either Greek or the languages ​​of the surrounding area. From coins of the 4th and 3rd centuries BC. It is also known that the city had its own script derived from the Greek alphabet . Important evidence of the language is a Greek-sidetic bilingual from the 2nd century BC. Chr. (A dedicatory inscription ) as well as a bilingual from the 3rd century BC. Chr.

Lore

Inscriptions and coins

Since the 19th century, coins from Side were known that show characters that were unknown at the time. Even when an altar with a Greek and a sidetic inscription came to light in Side in 1914, the sidetic inscription could not be interpreted. Only after a second Greek-sidetic bilingual had been excavated in 1949 did Helmuth Theodor Bossert manage to determine 14 characters of the sidetic script using the two bilinguals in 1950 . In 1964, a large block of stone was unearthed at the east gate of Side, the two longer side tables inscriptions bears the Greek loanwords istratag ( ancient Greek στρατηγός , commander ' ) and ἀνάθεμα anaθema- (, votive offering') included. In 1972 the first sidetic inscription was found in neighboring Lyrbe- Seleukia. Today eleven sidetic inscriptions and several coins with sidetic characters are known.

Glosses

In addition to the inscriptions, two side tables glosses are known, namely ζειγάρη for the rock partridge in ancient lexicographer Hesychius and λαέρκινον for valerian ( Valeriana dioscoridis ) at Galen . In addition, it is assumed that the mysterious characters no longer preserved in the third book of the epidemics of Hippocrates were glosses by the doctor Mnemon von Side , which the doctor could have put in sidetic script.

Catalog of Sidetic Language Certificates

The symbols and the year of discovery are given.

  • S1 Artemon-Bilingue from Side (1914).
  • S2 Apollonios-Bilingue from Side (1949).
  • S3 & S4 strategic dedications from Side (1964).
  • S5 voting board (1969).
  • S6 Euempolos-Bilingual from Lyrbe-Seleukia (1972).
  • S7 vessel inscription (1982).
  • S8 stone inscription (1982).
  • S9 list of names, with eight lines the longest sidetic inscription (1995).
  • S10 coins from the 5th century BC With around 20 different coin legends. (from 19th century)
  • S11 assumed glosses of the Mnemon from Side (1983).
  • S12 Scarab (2005)
  • S13 Graffito from Lyrbe-Seleukia (2014; Newfound)

Sidetic script

The sidetic script consists of 26 characters, with the coins also showing ligatures. It belongs to the epichoric alphabets in western Anatolia, especially the Lycian and Carian scripts show similar forms. The origin of these alphabets is not clear, the derivation from an ancient Greek cursive script is conceivable. All sidetic inscriptions are left-handed.

Features of the sidetable

The inscriptions make it clear that the sidetable was already heavily Hellenized at the time of its tradition. Like Lycian and Carian, it is part of the Luwian language family. However, only a few words from Luwian can be explained, such as malwadas ' consecration gift '( luw.malwa- ), which corresponds to the ancient Greek χαριστηρία ' gift of thanks ', and maśara 'to the gods' ( luw.masan (i) - ' God ',' Deity '), which θεοῖς should correspond to' the gods' in the Greek text. Anatolian pronouns ( from 'he', 'she', 'es') and adverbs ( osod 'there') are also discussed.

The nominative singular is endless, while the genitive ends in - (a) s and the dative singular in -o , but the dative plural in -a . Verbs have not yet been identified with certainty.

The sidetable, like the neighboring Pamphylian, often shows apocope ( Poloniw for Apollonios, Θandor for Athenodoros) and syncope ( Artmon for Artemon).

literature

  • Wilhelm Brandenstein : Language and writing from Side. In: Minoica. Festschrift J. Sundwall. 1958, pp. 80-91.
  • Heiner Eichner: os-, a sidetic-Lydian word equation? In: Kadmos. 27, 1988, ISSN  0022-7498 , pp. 44-56.
  • Karl Count Lanckoronski : Cities of Pamphylia and Pisidia . 2 volumes. Tempsky et al. a., Vienna a. a. 1890-1892.
  • Günter Neumann : To decipher the sidetic inscriptions. In: Kadmos. 7, 1968, ISSN  0022-7498 , pp. 75-93.
  • Günter Neumann: The sidetic script. In: Annali della Scuola Normale di Pisa. Classe di Lettere e Filosofia, Series 3, Volume 8, 1978, ISSN  0392-095X , pp. 869-886.
  • Johannes Nollé : Side in antiquity. History and testimonials. (= Inscriptions of Greek cities from Asia Minor. 43–44). 2 volumes. Habelt, Bonn 1993-2001, Volume 1: ISBN 3-7749-1932-1 , Volume 2: ISBN 3-7749-2964-5 .

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ^ HT Bossert: Scrittura e lingua di Side in Pamfilia . In: PdP . tape 13 , 1950, pp. 32-46 .
  2. ↑ Johannes Nolle: The "characters" in the 3rd epidemic book of Hippocrates and Mnemon from Side . In: Epigraphica Anatolica . tape 2 , 1983, p. 8.85-98 .
  3. ^ Alfredo Rizza: A new epigraphic Document with Sidetic (?) Signs . In: Kadmos . tape 44 , 2005, pp. 60-74 .
  4. ^ Günther Neumann : The Sidetic Script . In: ASNSP . Series III, Vol. 8, No. 3 , 1978, p. 869-886 .