Valerians

Valerians
	Real valerian ( Valeriana officinalis )
Systematics
	Asterids
	Euasterids II
Order :	Cardigans (Dipsacales)
Family :	Honeysuckle Family (Caprifoliaceae)
Subfamily :	Valerian family (Valerianoideae)
Genre :	Valerians
Scientific name
	Valeriana
	L.

Valerians ( Valeriana ) are a genus within the subfamily of the valerian plants (Valerianoideae) within the family of the Caprifoliaceae (Caprifoliaceae). The 150 to 300 species are widespread in Eurasia and the New World .

description

Real valerian ( Valeriana officinalis )

Flowering diagram of Valeriana

Vegetative characteristics

Valerian species are perennial, herbaceous plants and sometimes shrubs such as Valeriana microphylla in the Andes. The leaves are simple or divided.

Generative characteristics

The - with the exception of the dioecious Small Valerian - hermaphrodite flowers are three to five-fold with a double flower envelope . The petals are fused. There are only three stamens in each flower . The three pistils have become an under constant ovary grown.

ingredients

All types of valerian contain alkaloids and, above all, essential oils (monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes), which (after drying) have a characteristic and unpleasant smell for some people, as they partially decompose into lower carboxylic acids such as valeric acid . The sesquiterpenes are primarily responsible for the sleep-promoting and calming effect . These effects include a modulation of the transmission and function of GABA receptors . Dry extracts, but also ethanolic or aqueous extracts (valerian tincture) can be produced from the valerian root (Radix valerianae).

Dried valerian root

Medical application

The medicinally used real valerian ( Valeriana officinalis ) has white to pink, umbel-like inflorescences and pinnate leaves and reaches heights of 50 to 100 centimeters.

Site conditions and use as an ornamental plant

Some valerian species and varieties are suitable as ornamental plants for parks and gardens.

Central European valerian species often grow on the edges of paths and forests.

Naming

The botanical name comes from the Latin valere = strong, healthy. The German name is derived from the Latin and is possibly based on folk etymology from the name of the Nordic god of light Balder (Baldur), son of Odin and Frigga .

In the 19th century, Valeriana species were also called nards .

Systematics and distribution

The genus Valeriana was established in 1753 by Carl von Linné in Species Plantarum , Volume 1, Page 31. Synonyms for Valeriana are Aretiastrum ( DC. ) Spach , Astrephia Dufr. , Belonanthus Graebn. , Phuodendron ( Graebn. ) Dalla Torre & Harms , Phyllactis Pers. and Stangea Graebn.

The wide distribution area of the genus Valeriana extends from the temperate areas of Eurasia and the New World to Africa. It thrives mainly in the forest regions of Eurasia , partly also in North America and in the tropics of South America . With Valeriana wallichii there is also a purely Indian species.

Valeriana acutiloba var. Pubicarpa

Valeriana alliariifolia

Habit, leaves and inflorescences of Valeriana apula

Arizona Valerian inflorescences ( Valeriana arizonica )

True Speik ( Valeriana celtica )

Mountain valerian ( valeriana montana )

Pyrenees Valerian ( Valeriana pyrenaica )

Rock Valerian ( Valeriana saxatilis )

Dwarf valerian ( Valeriana supina )

Three-leaved valerian ( Valeriana tripteris )

Tuberous Valerian ( Valeriana tuberosa )

There are 150 to 250 species in the genus Valeriana (selection):

Sharp-leaved Valerian ( Valeriana acutiloba Rydb. ): The two varieties are common in the western states of the USA.
Valeriana alliariifolia Adams (Syn. Valeriana tiliifolia Troitsky ): The distribution area is on the Greek island of Euboea in the Aegean Sea and extends from Turkey through Iraq and Iran to the Caucasus region .
Valeriana amurensis P.A. Smirn. ex Kom. (Syn .: Valeriana officinalis var. incisa Nakai ex Mori ): It occurs in Russia's Far East in Korea and in the Chinese provinces of Heilongjiang and Jilin .
Valeriana apula Pourr. : It occurs in Morocco , Portugal , Spain and France .
Valeriana arborea Killip & Cuatrec. : The home is Colombia .
Arizona Valerian ( Valeriana arizonica A.Gray , Syn .: Valeriana ovata Rydb. ): The home is the southeastern USA.
Hazel-leaf valerian ( Valeriana asarifolia Dufr. ): This endemic occurs only on Crete and Karpathos .
Valeriana barbulata Diels : It occurs in Bhutan , Nepal , southeastern Tibet , Myanmar and in southwestern Sichuan and northwestern Yunnan .
Valeriana bertiscea Pančić : It occurs in Serbia , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Albania , Montenegro and Greece .
Valeriana bolkarica Contandr. & Quézel : It occurs in Turkey.
Valeriana bridgesii Hook. & Arn. (Syn .: Valeriana regularis Clos , Valeriana simplex Clos ): The home is Chile .
Valeriana briquetiana H.Lév. : This endemic thrives at altitudes of 2600 to 2800 meters only in northeastern Yunnan.
Californian valerian ( Valeriana californica A.Heller ): It is native to the western US states of Oregon , Nevada and California .
Headed Valerian ( Valeriana capitata Pall. Ex Link ): The distribution area is Russia's Far East , the US-American Alaska and in Canada the Yukon Territory and the Province of British Columbia .
Valeriana cardamines M.Bieb. : It occurs in Azerbaijan , Armenia and Georgia .
Real Speik ( Valeriana celtica L. ): It occurs with two subspecies only in the Graian Alps , the Valais Alps and in the Eastern Alps .
Valeriana chaerophylloides Sm. (Syn .: Astrephia chaerophylloides ( Sm. ) DC. ): The distribution area is in western South America with Ecuador , Colombia and Peru .
Valeriana clarkei Briq. (Syn .: Valeriana elegans C.B. Clarke ): The home is Pakistan .
Valeriana columbiana Piper : This endemic occurs only in the northwestern US state of Washington .
Valeriana crinii Boiss. : It occurs in Albania and Greece.
Valeriana daghestanica Boiss. : It occurs in Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia.
Valeriana daphniflora Hand.-Mazz. (Syn .: Valeriana delavayi Franch. And Valeriana infundibulum Franch. ): It thrives on grass slopes at altitudes of 2600 to 3000, rarely up to 4500 meters in Tibet and in southwestern Sichuan and northwestern Yunnan (only in Binchuan and Lijiang ).
Valeriana dioica L .: There are two subspecies:
- Small valerian ( Valeriana dioica L. subsp. Dioica ): The distribution area stretches from Europe through western to central Asia and is also located in North American Canada and the western USA.
- Whole-leaved valerian ( Valeriana dioica subsp. Simplicifolia (Rchb.) Nyman , Syn .: Valeriana simplicifolia (Rchb.) Kabath )
Valeriana edulis Nutt. : It is widespread from Canada through the USA to northern Mexico.
Eastern Alpine Valerian ( Valeriana elongata Jacq. ): It occurs only in the Eastern Alps of Italy , Austria and Slovenia .
Valeriana eriophylla (Ledeb.) Utkin : It occurs in Armenia and Georgia.
Valeriana fedtschenkoi Coincy (Syn .: Valeriana caespitosa Rupr. , Valeriana longiflora Regel & Schmalh. ): It occurs from Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan via Afghanistan to northern Pakistan and the Chinese autonomous region of Xinjiang .
Valeriana ficariifolia Boiss. : The homeland extends from the Chinese Xinjiang (only Yecheng ) over Tajikistan , Kazakhstan, Afghanistan, Pakistan to northern Iran .
Valeriana flaccidissima Maxim. (Syn .: Valeriana faberi Graebn. , Valeriana nokozanensis Yamam. , Valeriana tripteroides Hand.-Mazz. Non (Neuman) Kreyer ): It occurs in Taiwan (only Kaohsiung , Nantou , Hsinchu ), Japan and in the Chinese provinces of Anhui (only Shucheng ), Chongqing , southeastern Gansu , Guizhou , southeastern Henan (only Shangcheng ), western Hubei , Hunan (only Xinning ), Sichuan and Yunnan before.
Valeriana flagellifera Batalin (Syn .: Valeriana pseudodioica Pax & K.Hoffm. , Valeriana venusta L.C. Chiu , Valeriana xiaheensis L.C. Chiu ): It thrives on moist slopes at altitudes of 3300 to 4300 meters in the Chinese provinces of southern Gansu (only Xiahe ), Qinghai (only Tongde ), western Sichuan (only Dawu , Sêrtar ) and northwestern Yunnan (only Dêqên ).
Valeriana hardwickii Wall. (Syn .: Valeriana acuminata Royle , Valeriana helictes Graebn. , Valeriana rhodoleuca H.B.Chen & CYCheng , Valeriana rosthornii Graebn. , Valeriana tenera Wall. Ex DC. , Valeriana udicola Briq. ): The distribution area extends from southern to central China across the autonomous region Tibet region through Myanmar , Thailand , northern Vietnam and Indonesia to the Himalayas with Bhutan , Nepal , India and Pakistan .
Valeriana hengduanensis D.Y. Hong : It thrives in forests and gorges at altitudes of 3100 to 3700 meters in the Chinese provinces of southwest Sichuan (only in Muli) and northwest Yunnan (in Dêqên , Weixi , Zhongdian ).
Valeriana hiemalis Graebn. : It thrives in forests at altitudes of 2000 to 3000 meters in the Chinese provinces of Shaanxi (only in Taibai Shan) and in northwestern Sichuan.
Valeriana himalayana Grubov (Syn .: Valeriana dioica C.B. Clarke , Valeriana pusilla Royle ): It occurs in northern West Asia as well as in the Kashmir and Karakoram regions.
Valeriana hirticalyx L.C.Chiu : It thrives on grass hands with bushes and in stony locations at altitudes of 4000 to 5000 meters in northeastern Tibet (in Amdo , Biru , Sogxian ) and in the Chinese province of Qinghai (in Henan , Nangqên , Qilian , Zadoi ).
Valeriana interrupta Ruiz & Pav. (Syn .: Valeriana elatior Graebn. ): The distribution area is in western South America with Ecuador , Peru and Chile .
Valeriana italica Lam. : It occurs in Greece, in Crete in the Aegean and in Jordan .
Valeriana jaeschkei C.B. Clarke (Syn .: Valeriana dubia C.B. Clarke , Valeriana kaschmiriensis Kreyer ex Grubov ): This endemic occurs only in the Kashmir region.
Indian spikenard ( Valeriana jatamansi Jones , Syn .: Valeriana harmsii Graebn. , Valeriana jatamansi var. Frondosa Hand.-Mazz. , Valeriana jatamansi var. Glabra Merr. , Valeriana jatamansi var. Hygrobia (Briq.) Hand.-Mazz. , Valeriana hygrobia Briq. , Valeriana mairei Briq. , Valeriana wallichii DC. , Valeriana wallichii var. violifolia Franch. ): It is from the Himalayan region (eastern to northern India, Bhutan, Nepal) via Tibet (only Zayü ) and the Chinese Provinces of Chongqing (only Kai , Nanchuan ), Gansu, Guizhou (only Leishan , Zunyi ), Henan (only Xixia ), western Hubei, Hunan (only Longshan ), Sichuan (only Emei Shan) and Yunnan as far as northern Thailand and Vietnam .
Valeriana jelenevskyi P.A. Smirn. : It occurs in Georgia and in the Caucasus region.
Valeriana kassarica Karadze & Kapeller : The home is the region of the Greater Caucasus and Georgia.
Valeriana kawakamii Hayata : It thrives in forests only at higher altitudes in Taiwan .
Valeriana kilimandscharica Engl .: The distribution area is tropical East Africa with Kenya , northern Tanzania and southeastern Uganda .
Valeriana lancifolia Hand .-- Mazz. : It thrives on grass slopes at altitudes of 3200 to 4300 meters only in the western part of the Chinese province of Sichuan.
Valeriana longiflora Willk. : It occurs in Spain.
Valeriana microphylla Kunth (Syn .: Valeriana alophis Graebn. , Valeriana amphilophis Graebn. , Valeriana bonplandiana Wedd. , Valeriana gonatolophis Graebn. , Valeriana hieronymii Graebn. , Valeriana origanifolia Turcz. And Valeriana revoluta Diels ): It grows as a shrub in the Andes of Ecuador , Colombia and Peru.
Valeriana minutiflora Hand.-Mazz. : It thrives in forests, grassy or stony slopes at altitudes of 3000 to 4100 meters Tibet and in the Chinese provinces of Qinghai, western Sichuan ( Kangding , Qianning , Xiangcheng ) and northwestern Yunnan.
Mountain Valerian ( Valeriana montana L. ): It occurs only in the high mountains of Central and Southern Europe .
Western valerian ( Valeriana occidentalis A. Heller ): The distribution area are western states of the USA.
Valerian ( Valeriana officinalis L. , Syn .: Valeriana baltica Pleijel , Valeriana alternifolia Bunge , Valeriana chinensis Kreyer ex Kom. , Valeriana coreana Briq. , Valeriana dubia Bunge , Valeriana exaltata J.C.Mikan , Valeriana fauriei Briq. , Valeriana leiocarpa Kitag. , Valeriana nipponica Nakai ex Kitag. , Valeriana palustris Kreyer , Valeriana pseudofficinalis C.Y.Cheng & HBChen , Valeriana stubendorfii Kreyer ex Kom. , Valeriana subbipinnatifolia A.I.Baranov , Valeriana tianschanica Kreyer ex Hand.-Mazz. , Valeriana officinalis subsp. baltica Á.Löve & D .Lion , Valeriana officinalis subsp. Exaltata Soó , Valeriana officinalis var. Latifolia Briq. ): It is widespread in several subspecies from Europe to West Asia and further east to Siberia , in large areas of China and East Asia to Japan .
Valeriana olenaea Boiss. & Hero. : It occurs in Greece.
Valeriana oligantha Boiss. & Hero. : It occurs in Turkey.
Valeriana pauciflora Michx. : It occurs in the northeast to southeastern US states.
Valeriana phu L .: It occurs in Romania and Turkey.
Valeriana procera Kunth : The home is Mexico.
Creeping medicinal valerian ( Valeriana procurrens Wallr. ): It occurs in Germany , Austria and possibly in Liechtenstein and South Tyrol.
Valeriana pseudofficinalis C.Y.Cheng & HBChen : The home is most of China.
Pyrenees Valerian ( Valeriana pyrenaica L. ): It occurs only in the Pyrenees in France , Andorra and Spain .
Valeriana pyrolifolia Decne. : Home is the western Himalayas from the Kashmir to the Indian Kuamon region.
Valeriana rotundifolia Vill. : It occurs only in France including Corsica .
Willow-leaved valerian ( Valeriana saliunca All. ): It occurs in the Alps and the Apennines .
Rock Valerian ( Valeriana saxatilis L. ): The range extends from Eastern Switzerland over the Eastern Limestone Alps over the Limestone Mountains of the former Yugoslavia to Albania. Another area is in the Apuan Alps .

Valeriana saxicola C.A.Mey. : It occurs in Georgia, the Caucasus region and Turkey.

Valeriana scandens L. (Syn .: Valeriana phaseoli A.Braun ): It is distributed from Florida and Mexico to Central and South America.

Valeriana sichuanica D.Y. Hong : Home is the southwest of the Chinese province of Sichuan.

Valeriana sitchensis bong. There are three subspecies:

Valeriana sitchensis subsp. scouleri (Rydb.) FGMey. (Syn .: Valeriana scouleri Rydb. ): The occurrences are in western North America from the Canadian provinces of British Columbia and Alberta south to the US state of California.
Valeriana sitchensis bong. subsp. sitchensis : It occurs in Alaska, Yukon Territory , in British Columbia in western Alberta, in Washington, Oregon, Idaho, Montanan and in northern California.
Valeriana sitchensis subsp. uliginosa (Torr. & A.Gray) FGMey. (Syn .: Valeriana uliginosa (Torr. & A.Gray) Rydb. ): It occurs in the US states Michigan , Maine , Vermont , Ohio and New York .

Valeriana sorbifolia Kunth (Syn .: Valeriana gracilis Benth. , Valeriana tenella Killip ): The range extends from Mexico through Central America to Ecuador in South America.

Valeriana speluncaria Boiss. : It occurs in Turkey.

Valeriana stolonifera Czern. : There are two subspecies:

Valeriana stolonifera Czern. subsp. stolonifera : It occurs in Ukraine .
Narrow-leaved medicinal valerian , hill valerian ( Valeriana stolonifera subsp. Angustifolia Soó , syn .: Valeriana wallrothii Kreyer , Valeriana pratensis subsp. Angustifolia (Soó) Kirschner & al. , Valeriana collina var. Stolonifera Wallr. ): It is widespread in Europe .

Valeriana stenoptera Diels : Home is Tibet, western Sichuan and northwestern Yunnan in China.

Valeriana stracheyi C.B. Clarke : The occurrences are in Afghanistan as well as in the Pakistani and Indian Himalayan regions.

Dwarf Valerian ( Valeriana supina Ard. ): It occurs only in the Eastern Alps and Eastern Western Alps .

Valeriana tangutica Batalin : Home to the Chinese provinces of Gansu, Ningxia, Qinghai, Sichuan and the Autonomous Region of Inner Mongolia .

Valeriana texana Steyerm. : It comes from the southern US states of Texas and New Mexico .

Valeriana trichostoma Hand .-- Mazz. (Syn .: Valeriana muliensis S.K.Wu ): Home are the Chinese provinces of Sichuan and Yunnan.

Three-leaved valerian ( Valeriana tripteris L. ): It occurs from the Vosges to the Carpathian Mountains and the mountains of Europe further south.

Tuberous Valerian ( Valeriana tuberosa L. ): The distribution area is the Mediterranean, Southeast Europe and West Asia.

Valeriana uliginosa ( Torr. & A. Gray ) Rydb. (sometimes referred to as Valeriana sitchensis Bong. subsp. uliginosa ( Torr. & A. Gray ) FGMey. or Valeriana sitchensis Bong. var. uliginosa ( Torr. & A.Gray ) B.Boivin ): home is the north-eastern North America.

literature

David Jeffrey Ockendon: Valeriana L. In: Thomas Gaskell Tutin et al .: Flora Europaea . Volume 4, Cambridge University Press 1976, ISBN 0-521-08717-1 . Pp. 52-55.
David Aeschimann, Konrad Lauber, Daniel Martin Moser, Jean-Paul Theurillat: Flora alpina. An atlas of all 4500 vascular plants in the Alps. Volume 1-3. Haupt Verlag, Bern / Stuttgart / Vienna 2004, ISBN 3-258-06600-0 .

Individual evidence

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r Deyuan Hong, Fred R. Barrie, Charles D. Bell: Valerianaceae. In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Eds.): Flora of China . Volume 19: Cucurbitaceae through Valerianaceae, with Annonaceae and Berberidaceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 2011, ISBN 978-1-935641-04-9 , pp. 666 (English). Valeriana - online with the same text as the printed work . (Sections Description, Distribution and Systematics)

↑ Ortiz et al .: Effects of Valeriana officinalis extracts on [3H] flunitrazepam binding, synaptosomal [3H] GABA uptake, and hippocampal [3H] GABA release. Neurochem Res. 1999; 24 (11): pp. 1373-1378. PMID 10555777

↑ Santos et al .: Synaptosomal GABA release as influenced by valerian root extract - involvement of the GABA carrier. In: Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther. , Volume 327, Issue 2, 1994, PMID 7979830 . Pp. 220-231.

↑ Johann Christoph Adelung: Grammatical-critical dictionary of the high German dialect. Leipzig 1793, Volume 1, pp. 698-699, digitized

↑ Aulus Cornelius Celsus, Eduard Scheller, Walther Frieboes: Aulus Cornelius Celsus on the science of medicine in eight books . 2nd Edition. F. Vieweg & Son, 1906, p. 589 .

↑ Carl von Linné: Species Plantarum . tape 1 . Stockholm 1753, p. 31 ( First online publication of Valeriana digitized at Biodiversity Heritage Library ).

↑ Valeriana at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed April 26, 2018.

^ ^A ^b ^c ^d ^e Valeriana in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ USDA data sheet: Distribution of the genus Valeriana in the USA

↑ ^a ^b Tatyana Shulkina: Valerianaceae . In: Botanical Institute im. VL Komarova (Ed.): Ornamental Plants From Russia And Adjacent States Of The Former Soviet Union . Rostok, St.Petersburg 2004, ISBN 978-5-94668-032-5 , Valeriana ( online section description, text identical to the printed work).

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z E. von Raab-Straube, T. Henning: Valerianaceae . Data sheet Valeriana . In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity .

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e DJ Ockendon: Valeriana. In: TG Tutin, VH Heywood, NA Burges, DM Moore, DH Valentine, SM Walters, DA Webb (eds.): Flora Europaea . Volume 4: Plantaginaceae to Compositae (and Rubiaceae) . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1976, ISBN 0-521-08717-1 , pp. 52–55 (English, limited preview in Google Book Search). (from the unchanged reprint from 2010, ISBN 978-0-521-15367-6 )

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Yasin Nasir: Valerianaceae . In: Eugene Nasir (ed.): Flora of Pakistan . tape 101 . Islamabad, 1976, OCLC 632358004 , Valeriana , p. 2 ( online at efloras.org - section description, text identical to the printed work).

↑ Valerians. In: FloraWeb.de. Retrieved April 15, 2012

^ Manfred A. Fischer, Karl Oswald, Wolfgang Adler: Excursion flora for Austria, Liechtenstein and South Tyrol . 3rd, improved edition. Province of Upper Austria, Biology Center of the Upper Austrian State Museums, Linz 2008, ISBN 978-3-85474-187-9 , p. 808 .

Web links

Wiktionary: Valerian - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

Commons : Valerian ( Valeriana ) - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Map with all linked sites: OSM | WikiMap

[FoC-1] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r Deyuan Hong, Fred R. Barrie, Charles D. Bell: Valerianaceae. In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Eds.): Flora of China . Volume 19: Cucurbitaceae through Valerianaceae, with Annonaceae and Berberidaceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 2011, ISBN 978-1-935641-04-9 , pp. 666 (English). Valeriana - online with the same text as the printed work . (Sections Description, Distribution and Systematics)

[Ortiz-2] Ortiz et al .: Effects of Valeriana officinalis extracts on [3H] flunitrazepam binding, synaptosomal [3H] GABA uptake, and hippocampal [3H] GABA release. Neurochem Res. 1999; 24 (11): pp. 1373-1378. PMID 10555777

[Santos-3] Santos et al .: Synaptosomal GABA release as influenced by valerian root extract - involvement of the GABA carrier. In: Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther. , Volume 327, Issue 2, 1994, PMID 7979830 . Pp. 220-231.

[Adelung-4] Johann Christoph Adelung: Grammatical-critical dictionary of the high German dialect. Leipzig 1793, Volume 1, pp. 698-699, digitized

[Celsus-5] Aulus Cornelius Celsus, Eduard Scheller, Walther Frieboes: Aulus Cornelius Celsus on the science of medicine in eight books . 2nd Edition. F. Vieweg & Son, 1906, p. 589 .

[SpPla-6] Carl von Linné: Species Plantarum . tape 1 . Stockholm 1753, p. 31 ( First online publication of Valeriana digitized at Biodiversity Heritage Library ).

[Tropicos-7] Valeriana at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed April 26, 2018.

[GRIN-8] A ^b ^c ^d ^e Valeriana in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.

[USDA-9] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ USDA data sheet: Distribution of the genus Valeriana in the USA

[OrnPlRRuss-10] Tatyana Shulkina: Valerianaceae . In: Botanical Institute im. VL Komarova (Ed.): Ornamental Plants From Russia And Adjacent States Of The Former Soviet Union . Rostok, St.Petersburg 2004, ISBN 978-5-94668-032-5 , Valeriana ( online section description, text identical to the printed work).

[Euro+Med-11] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z E. von Raab-Straube, T. Henning: Valerianaceae . Data sheet Valeriana . In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity .

[FlEur-12] DJ Ockendon: Valeriana. In: TG Tutin, VH Heywood, NA Burges, DM Moore, DH Valentine, SM Walters, DA Webb (eds.): Flora Europaea . Volume 4: Plantaginaceae to Compositae (and Rubiaceae) . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1976, ISBN 0-521-08717-1 , pp. 52–55 (English, limited preview in Google Book Search). (from the unchanged reprint from 2010, ISBN 978-0-521-15367-6 )

[FloPa-13] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Yasin Nasir: Valerianaceae . In: Eugene Nasir (ed.): Flora of Pakistan . tape 101 . Islamabad, 1976, OCLC 632358004 , Valeriana , p. 2 ( online at efloras.org - section description, text identical to the printed work).

[FloraWeb-14] Valerians. In: FloraWeb.de. Retrieved April 15, 2012

[ExkursionsfloraA2008-15] Manfred A. Fischer, Karl Oswald, Wolfgang Adler: Excursion flora for Austria, Liechtenstein and South Tyrol . 3rd, improved edition. Province of Upper Austria, Biology Center of the Upper Austrian State Museums, Linz 2008, ISBN 978-3-85474-187-9 , p. 808 .