Sola basilica

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The Sola basilica

The Sola basilica (also spelled Solabasilika ) in Solnhofen in the central Franconian district of Weißenburg-Gunzenhausen was one of the most important church buildings of the early 11th century with its extremely high-quality furnishings with stucco and vegetable capitals . The now ruinous basilica was once the church of a provost of the Fulda monastery and the church of the Holy Sola . The decoration of the basilica is one of the earliest examples of the use of stucco material in the region, and the Sola tomb is one of the greatest art-historical sights in Middle Franconia.

history

Previous buildings

Floor plan of the Sola basilica with the previous buildings.

A Mesolithic open-air station and a smelting site from the late Hallstatt and early La Tène periods and the early Middle Ages were discovered on the site of the Sola basilica . These traces of settlement go back to approx. 8000 BC. The Sola basilica was built on the foundations of several previous churches. The two oldest churches were probably built in the 7th century as the own churches of a manorial court. First, a small church building was built with an almost square nave, 9.5 meters long and 7 meters wide, as well as two adjacent apses . This first church is the northernmost representative of an early building type with two or three apses. This was followed by a larger hall church built around 700 with a narrow entrance to the choir. This second church probably fell victim to the campaigns of Karl Martell in 725 and 728 against the Bavarians . A third church was probably built for St. Sola von Husen built as a house of prayer with the support of Willibald and Wunibald .

Sola basilica

The fifth and final church is known as the actual Sola basilica. The dating to the first half of the 9th century, which is common in older research, has now been refuted. 838/39 was the former imperial court chaplain Gundhram as provost of the corpse Solas in a high grave , one from limestone brick Tumba , newly buried. An early Romanesque bell tower integrated into the neighboring St. Vitus Church after large parts of the basilica were demolished was built on the south wall in the 11th century. For 1720 there is a winged altar with representations of miracles of St. Sola, which was removed in 1734 when the Sola basilica was renovated. The structure was partially demolished in 1782/1783. The Protestant St. Vitus Church was built in the immediate vicinity and partly on the remains of the basilica in margrave style and was consecrated in 1785. The tomb was opened on September 14, 1828, but no body was found. Archaeological excavations at Heidelberg University took place from 1961 to 1966 and from 1974 to 1979 . In 1977 a second copy of the row of columns was erected; the original round columns with capitals have been moved to the Archaeological Museum in Munich . There is the so-called "Solamedaillon", which is probably part of the Sola basilica, a round relief depicting a torchbearer, the meaning of which is still unclear. The basilica was roofed for the first time in the 1970s. This canopy was replaced by a new one in 1997. Since 1997, the broken off east wing of the monastery complex has also been visibly marked in the garden by a floor plan made of Jura paving. From 1991 to 1996 the basilica was restored.

Building description

View into the former central nave towards the northwest, in the background on the right: Sola-Tumba. All columns and capitals are casts, the originals are in Munich.

Of the three-aisled , transept-free basilica of Carolingian origin , only the western part of the north aisle, which houses the empty tumba of St. Sola, is preserved after it was partially demolished in 1782/1783 . The church was 28.80 meters long and 13.30 meters wide. The three-part choir was originally raised, under it was a tunnel crypt for the veneration of the bones of St. Sola. The central nave was separated by columned arcades . The three capitals that have been preserved are without comparative examples in terms of their quality and originality. Today's Tumba, the fourth in total in the church, dates from the 15th century. The tomb shows a multicolored, Gothic painting. The basilica has been preserved and prepared as a museum.

Monument protection

The building is registered under the monument number D-5-77-168-28 as a monument in the Bavarian list of monuments. It is also registered under the number D-5-7131-0010 as a ground monument.

literature

  • Gotthard Kießling: Weissenburg-Gunzenhausen district (= Bavarian State Office for Monument Preservation [Hrsg.]: Monuments in Bavaria . Volume V.70 / 1 ). Karl M. Lipp Verlag, Munich 2000, ISBN 3-87490-581-0 .
  • T. Breuer, Fr. Oswald, Fr. Piel, W. Schwemmer et al. (Ed.): Dehio-Handbuch der Deutschen Kunstdenkmäler, Bavaria I: Franconia. The administrative districts of Upper Franconia, Middle Franconia and Lower Franconia. Deutscher Kunstverlag, Munich 1979, pp. 776–778.
  • Peter Marzolff: Sola basilica . In: Konrad Spindler (edit.): Guide to archaeological monuments in Germany, Volume 15: Weissenburg-Gunzenhausen district - monuments and sites . Theiss, Stuttgart 1987, ISBN 3-8062-0504-3 , pp. 152-165.
  • Christian Later: The Solnhofen Propstei in the Altmühltal. Investigations into the architectural history of the church, the staging of an early and high medieval cult of saints and material culture. Lassleben, Kallmünz / Opf. 2011. ISBN 978-3-7847-5095-8 ( material booklets for Bavarian archeology 95)

Web links

Commons : Sola Basilica  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Christian Later: The Solnhofen Propstei in the Altmühltal. Investigations into the architectural history of the church, the staging of an early and high medieval cult of saints and material culture . Lassleben, Kallmünz / Opf 2011, ISBN 978-3-7847-5095-8 , p. 355 .
  2. ^ Christian Later: The Solnhofen Propstei in the Altmühltal. Investigations into the architectural history of the church, the staging of an early and high medieval cult of saints and material culture . Lassleben, Kallmünz / Opf. 2011, ISBN 978-3-7847-5095-8 , pp. 25 .
  3. ↑ a b c Solnhofen - place of activity of the Frankish saint Sola by Christine Riedl-Valder, in: Monasteries in Bavaria, House of Bavarian History .
  4. ↑ Sola Basilica , www.altmuehlfranken.de, regional initiative of the district Weißenburg-Gunzenhausen
  5. ↑ Christian Later: Reactions of a local center to the change in economic factors using the example of curtis, cella and Propstei Solnhofen in the Altmühltal . In: Peter Ettel, Lukas Werther (Hrsg.): Central places and central spaces of the early Middle Ages in southern Germany. Conference Bad Neustadt an der Saale 2011 . Mainz 2013, p. 316 .
  6. ↑ a b c d e Solabasilika and Propstei , www.solnhofen.de, Municipality of Solnhofen
  7. ^ Evangelical Lutheran. Parish Church of St. Vitus ( Memento from January 18, 2016 in the Internet Archive ), www.geodaten.bayern.de, Bavarian State Office for Monument Preservation
  8. ↑ The Holy Sola , www.solnhofen.de
  9. ^ Diezinger & Architekten ( Memento from March 4, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) on the roofing of the basilica
  10. ^ Sola-Basilika ( Memento from December 20, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) in the Bavarian State Office for Monument Preservation
  11. ↑ Bavarian State Office ( memento from March 4, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) about the ground monument

Coordinates: 48 ° 53 ′ 35.3 "  N , 10 ° 59 ′ 21.8"  E