St. Stephan (Cologne)

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St. Stephan, Cologne-Lindenthal
Church tower of St. Stefan
place Cologne-Lindenthal , North Rhine-Westphalia
religion Roman Catholic
diocese Diocese of Cologne
Parish
Surname Catholic parish of St. Stephan
founding October 23, 1887
address Bachemer
Str.104a 50931 Cologne
Website Website of the parish of St. Stephan
Church building
Type neo-Gothic brick church (in parts)
Built 1884–1887 by August Carl Lange and Robert Mohr, partly rebuilt between 1960 and 1961 by Joachim Schürmann
location 50 ° 55 '37.2 "  N , 6 ° 54' 49"  O coordinates: 50 ° 55 '37.2 "  N , 6 ° 54' 49"  O Bachemer Str 104a.50931 Köln

map
St. Stephan (Cologne) (North Rhine-Westphalia)
Set01-church.svg

The Catholic Church of St. Stephan was built in today's Cologne-Lindenthal district according to plans by August Carl Lange and Robert Mohr from 1884 to 1887. The church was one of the first churches in Germany. May 1941 was destroyed. Only the church tower was restored in a modified form after the Second World War . The church tower and some of the church's furnishings were placed under monument protection on July 24, 1985 and June 19, 2001 and entered in the list of monuments of the city of Cologne .

history

Until the construction of the St. Stephan church on Bachemer Strasse, the Catholic population of Lindenthal was looked after by the parish of St. Stephanus des Krieler Dömchens . With the building activity and the growing population in Lindenthal from 1869, the need for a larger church grew. In 1882 a piece of land on Bachemer Strasse was purchased from the property of Fritz von Wittgenstein for 15,000 marks with the approval of the Kriel church council . On July 15, 1882, the Prussian state government granted permission to purchase land for the purpose of building a church. The purchase of the property was partly financed from a building fund for the construction of a new parish church , which had collected a total of 6,645 marks since 1872. In addition, generous private donations made it possible to purchase the property.

The Cologne architect August Carl Lange was commissioned to plan the new construction of the parish church, who presented his designs and the cost estimate for 115,119 marks to the church council on December 19, 1883. After the building project had been approved by the responsible church committees, state approval from the Cologne building officer van den Bruck was necessary during the Kulturkampf . Van den Bruck tried to delay the construction project in which the congregation first had to prove the necessity of a new church building. In addition, he criticized the building design and criticized the fact that information on the tower clock, organ, paving and church utensils was missing and, finally, a church building without a church tower and extensive enclosures was required. At this point in time, the financing was still largely unclear, since no more than 90,000 Mark loans could be taken out. The financing gap was closed by an unknown donor from Aachen , who donated 22,000 marks through the cloth manufacturer Robert Pfennings with the following conditions:

  • The donation was to be used exclusively for building the church according to the plans of August Carl Lange.
  • Construction should start that same year.
  • The church was to be built on the property on Bachemer Strasse.
  • At the same time a suitable parish and vicarage building is to be built.

After acceptance of the donation by the church council, the sovereign approval of the donation, which was granted on December 12, 1884, was requested.

Building history

Neo-Gothic church of Sankt Stephan (state 1904)

Neo-Gothic St. Stephan Church (1887 to 1944)

After the building permit was granted on October 4, 1884, the foundation stone was laid on October 12, 1884. As early as November 3, 1884, the company Gebr. Odenthal began with the masonry work, which was coordinated by the Cologne architect Robert Mohr after the death of August Carl Lange. On October 23, 1887 the consecration of the newly built church took place. The consecration could only take place after the end of the Kulturkampf on May 2, 1889 by the later Archbishop Antonius Fischer .

A characteristic feature of the Church of St. Stephan is a cornered, 56.80 m high square church tower with a neo-Gothic brick and stone structure, which was crowned by a high spire that was destroyed by air raids in the Second World War.

The church was built in the style of a cruciform church with an octagonal dome over the crossing . To the west of the dome was the 12.35 m long and 7.27 m wide central nave . The choir in the east was 8.48 m long and 6.60 m wide. The two side aisles were each 14.65 m long and, like the choir and central nave, 17 m high. The tracery of the windows as well as the round columns inside the church, the belt arches and vaults were made of red sandstone .

St. Stephan was the first of the Cologne churches in the night of 27./28. May 1941 destroyed by an air raid. Only the church tower initially remained undamaged. On June 3, 1941, the last service took place in the destroyed church. After a heavy air attack by the Royal Air Force in the night of 20 to 21 April 1944, the burning finally collapsed spire of the church tower in the already ruined nave of the church. The steeple burned down completely and the walls of the central and side aisles were completely destroyed. Only the choir apse and the yokes on the tower were still preserved. Due to the extent of the damage, it was not planned to rebuild the church after the war. In 1948/49 180,000 field fire bricks were bought by the city conservator for 8100 marks. 2000 stones were used for the restoration of the Ulrepforte and 10,000 stones for the reconstruction of the Overstolzenhaus .

Emergency church in the post-war period

Gable of the rectory with the choir cross of the old church

During the air raid on the night of April 20-21, 1944, the rectory and the clubhouse, which served as an emergency church from 1941 to 1944, were also destroyed . The clubhouse, which was destroyed in April 1944, was repaired in 1946/1947. The topping-out ceremony for the emergency church is celebrated in the parish hall on August 6, 1948. Two days later, the ruins of the choirs of St. Stephen's Church collapse after a heavy storm. On December 25, 1948, the choir cross of the fallen church of St. Stephan was re-erected as a gable cross in the parish hall. The parish library was reopened on August 27, 1945 with book donations after the St. Stephan library burned down in April 1944.

After 1945 the parish initially found makeshift accommodation in Lindenthal's St. Anna House and in the emergency church in the parish hall, where Christmas was celebrated again for the first time in 1949 after the war. The emergency church, the sanctuary of which was redesigned again in 1954, was the focus of community life until the inauguration of the new church in 1961.

New construction of the St. Stephan church

New building of St. Stephan (1960/1961)

In 1957, considerations were made to rebuild the church. The cause was supported by the then church council and Cologne city ​​director Max Adenauer . The Archbishop's General Vicariate approved the new building subject to the inclusion of the ruins of the church tower without a spire as a campanile in front of the structure . The church council announced a competition limited to three Lindenthal architects. On February 24, 1958, the building permit for a building design by the architect Joachim Schürmann was granted. First of all, the property had to be cleared of rubble.

It wasn't until 18 years after the nave was destroyed in 1941 that reconstruction began on September 21, 1959 according to plans by Joachim Schürmann , which was completed in 1961. On January 17, 1960, the foundation stone was laid for the new church building in the presence of the city dean Robert Grosche . A marble from St. Stephen's Church in Jerusalem has been embedded in the foundation stone . Schürmann pursued the simple construction concept of transparent light construction, based on the architecture of Mies van der Rohe . The design of the surrounding window front follows Schürmann's architectural concept. The windows consist alternately of a row of double glass panes with a translucent intermediate layer of glass fabric and translucent double glass panes with an intervening mineral fiber board (Sillan). The construction costs for the new building amounted to 900,000 DM.

The shell of the church was completed on July 20, 1960. In the following months the interior of the church was completed. On March 12, 1961, the new church was consecrated by the Archbishop of Cologne, Joseph Cardinal Frings . The almost 100 year old church tower had to be restored in 1986 and was equipped with a narrow tower cross . In February 2014, the financial commitment was made to restore the glass cube.

Furnishing

The simple steel frame construction is supported by 12 slender columns in the interior of the church, which are supposed to remind of the 12 apostles. A natural stone paving made of basalt , greywacke , granite and limestone was laid on the floor of the church . The chancel was optically set apart and made of light green Alta quartzite . The entrance area, on the other hand, was laid out with a robust granite pavement.

Most of the original interiors were destroyed in the war. Only the reliquary statue of St. Stephen and a figure of St. Anthony and four gospel tablets could be recovered from the rubble of the destroyed church.

Altar, altar cross and altar candlesticks

The simple altar was made in 1961 by Rudolf Peer in white Carrara marble . The altar relief shows the Emmaus scene created by the Cologne artist Jutta Osten . The bronze relief was moved to the parish office during the redesign of the chancel in 2011. The altar was rotated according to the liturgical reform of 1964 . Cologne artist Hildegard Domizlaff created the candlesticks on the altar as early as 1955.

The slim hanging cross made of bronze is the work of Werner Schürmann , the architect's brother. Schürmann designed the cross in Dublin, the bronze casting took place in Düsseldorf . The controversially discussed image of Christ takes up the image of an emaciated concentration camp prisoner . The background painting of the redwood altar cross with crimson paint splashes was done by the American artist Morris Graves in early 1964.

The four bronze candlesticks that frame the altar were also created by Werner Schürmann. They symbolize the four church patrons of the parishes in Kriel and Lindenthal : St. Stephan , St. Thomas More , St. Laurentius and St. Albertus Magnus . The candlesticks bear the following inscriptions:

  • St. Stephan: I see the sky open. Lord Jesus receive my spirit. Domine ne statuas illis hoc peccatum.
  • St. Thomas More: I die faithfully to God and King. A friend to everyone at all times. Domine Jesu suscipe spiritum meum.
  • St. Laurentius: You tried me in the fire, but you found no wrong in me. Lord you haunted me at night .
  • On the opposite side of St. Albertus Magnus there are some pictorial representations.

Baptismal font and ambo

A bronze basin is embedded in the font made of Anröchter green sandstone , which Rudolf Peer also made in 1961. The outside shows a fishing net and the lid is decorated with a symbol of Christ, the fish . The ambo , the holy water basin and the sediles , which are also made from Anröchter green sandstone, also come from the same artist .

Side altar, tabernacle

The canteen of the side altar was made from the altar of the former emergency church. The family of the architect Schürmann donated the eternal light to the church , which the artist Rudolf Peer created and which is set up next to the side altar. Hildegard Domizlaff designed the tabernacle for the emergency church of St. Stephan as early as 1954. Bronze-driven doors are decorated with applied gemstones . Thematically, she takes up the praise of the four elements. For the new church she redesigned the side walls and the back wall of the tabernacle with motifs of the flora and fauna of the Holy Land .

Wooden crucifix of the confessional chapel

The wooden crucifix made of walnut wood, which is now on the back wall of the confessional chapel, was made by an unknown artist around 1400. Originally it was placed in the triumphal arch of the Church of St. Cecilia . During the restoration of the Cross in the years 1987 to 1989 the crucifix from the cross with one was after separation relics filled Sepulcrum discovered that clearly to the year 1579 date made. The relics were wrapped in a linen cloth that, according to research by the Cologne textile restorer Ulrike Reichert, was probably made in the 13th century on the Lower Rhine . A note was attached to the reliquary box, which was translated from Latin by the Archdiocese of Cologne: "Relics of unnamed saints who were buried in this cross in the year of the Lord 1579, in 1861 occasionally on the feast of the Holy Cross by the rector of the latter Basilica of St. Cecilia, virgin and martyr and pastoral minister of the St. Joseph Friedrich Stein Hospital and were re-enclosed by his successor Ludwig Fussbahn. "

Before the wooden cross was erected in the new church of St. Stephen, it was demonstrably hanging in St. Cäcilien until 1894. During the Second World War it was stored in the basement of the community hospital before it was stored outside Cologne from 1943. In 1954 it was given a new wooden cross and placed in the emergency church of St. Stephen. In the new church it adorned the wall behind the font until 1987.

Processional cross

The lecture cross of the Church of St. Stephan was created around 1880 in the workshop of Alois Kreiten . Presumably it came into the possession of the parish through a foundation. The cross consists of an oak core, covered with partially gold-plated silver . In 2005 the cross was completely restored in the Cologne silversmith Martin von Bongard.

Way of the Cross and Foundation Stone

The Way of the Cross , which is attached to the left side wall in the interior of the church, consists of 14 bronze plaques donated to the church in 1973 by the Cologne gallery owner Aenne Abels. The bronze tablets are the work of the controversial artist Hanns Scherl from Wittlich . The foundation stone of the church, which was embedded in the church wall on January 17, 1960 together with a brass cartouche that received the founding deed, is also located on the left side wall of the church together with the marble from the St.

Figures and relief

Two figures from the old church survived the destruction in World War II. The restored statue of St. Stephen with the martyr's palm and stones is placed at the exit of the church . It was originally erected on December 22, 1924. The figure of St. Anthony has been part of St. Stephen's interior since June 10, 1898.

In 1976 four gospel tablets were placed on the inside wall of the church. The plaques were found by the church sexton while clearing the rubble in 1956 . Two of them had to be replaced after being stolen. Originally they adorned the sermon chair of the old church of St. Stephen.

The Madonna and Child , which is set up near the side altar, is compared with the Blaubeurer high altar and is dated to the end of the 15th century. The statue was donated to the church in 1962 by the Cologne gallery owner Rolf Hanstein from the Kunsthaus Lempertz . His son, Henrik Hanstein, commissioned the Schnütgen Museum with the restoration of the statue in 1980 .

The wall relief Jesus and Zacchaeus made of Maulbronn sandstone was created by Jutta Osten in 1978, who has already made the altar relief.

organ

Johannes Klais organ .
Organ console.

After the old organ was destroyed in the Second World War, the church received a new organ in 1961–1962, which was built by the organ building company Johannes Klais Orgelbau (Bonn) (opus 1244). The organ prospect and details of the case were designed by Joachim Schürmann. The pipes are arranged symmetrically, only the Spanish trumpets protrude far into the room. The slider chest instrument has 22 registers (1675 pipes, 1413 of which are made of a tin alloy, 86 are made of copper and 176 are made of wood) on two manuals and a pedal. The game actions are mechanical, the stop actions are electric. In 2008 the organ was restored. The pedal mix was exchanged for a covered bass 8 '.

I Hauptwerk C – g 3
1. Principal (pr.) 8th'
2. Reed flute 8th'
3. Octav 4 ′
4th Wooden traverse (from c) 4 ′ (Ü)
5. Nasard 2 2 ⁄ 3  ′
6th Super octave 2 ′
7th Mixture IV-VI 1 1 ⁄ 3  ′
8th. Dulcian 16 ′
9. Spanish trumpet 8th'
II Swell C – g 3
10. Dumped 8th'
11. Viola da gamba (pr.) 8th'
12. Principal 4 ′
13. Forest flute 2 ′
14th Larigot 1 1 ⁄ 3  ′
15th Sesquialter II-III 2 2 ⁄ 3  ′
16. Scharff IV 1'
17th Musette shelf 8th'
Tremulant
Pedals C – f 1
18th Sub bass 16 ′
19th Open bass (pr.) 8th'
20th Covered bass 8th'
21st Wooden principal 4 ′
22nd Darling trombone 16 ′
  • Coupling : II / I, I / P, II / P
  • Remarks:
(Pr.) = Register visible in the prospectus
(Ü) = overblowing

Paintings and icons

The left front wall behind the altar is decorated with an early enamel painting by Egino Weinert with a crucifixion motif. Two icons complete the church decoration of St. Stephen: a Russian icon from the Yaroslavl school and an icon of Christ made in 1966 by Vasil Trajkovski based on a model of a fresco from the church of St. George near Skopje . This icon was given to Pastor Greisbach in 1997 for the local silver jubilee. The Russian Tolga icon dates from 1745 and was consecrated on December 8, 1994 in St. Stephan. The artist Wladimir Naumez, who lives in Cologne-Lindenthal, gave the church the work of art " Crucified Jesus " in 1986 . He dedicated the picture to the memory of the dead of the two world wars and the deceased priests of St. Stephen.

Church bells

The church received its first bell in 1897, and at least two more followed in the next few years. On June 23-26, 1917, three bells from St. Stephan had to be delivered as " metal donations ". In the early 1920s, the Otto bell foundry delivered the second set of church bells. The second bells in the old church were also confiscated and destroyed with the exception of the smallest bell in World War II. They were cast in 1922 and 1930 by Ernst Karl (Karl II) Otto from the Otto bell foundry, Hemelingen near Bremen . The ringing consisted of four bells:

  • Bell I (1930) to the percussive ', 2400 kg cis destroyed
  • Bell II (1922) with the strike tone e ', 1350 kg, destroyed
  • Bell III (1922) with the strike sound f sharp ', 975 kg, destroyed
  • Bell IV (1922) with a G sharp 'strike, 675 kg, not destroyed

In 1961 the new church received a complete peal , consisting of four bells, cast by Hans Georg Hermann Maria Hüesker from the company Petit & Gebr. Edelbrock , Gescher :

  • Christ bell (1961) with the sound of c '+ 7, 2300 kg, inscription: + Jesus Christ, the good shepherd, calls out: "That all may be one, as the Father and I are one .
  • Marienglocke (1961) with the chime es' + 7, 1300 kg, inscription: + Maria, the Mother of God, calls: "Do what he tells you.
  • Stephansglocke (1961) with the chime f '+ 7, 900 kg, inscription: + Stephanus, our parish patron, calls: "Persevere in the teaching of the apostles, in fraternal communion, in breaking bread and in prayer. And the
  • Angel bell (1961) with the strike sound as + 7 ', 500 kg, inscription: + With the angels we cry: "The lamb that was slaughtered is worthy to receive power and abundance, wisdom and strength, honor and glory and praise. "

The consecration of the bell took place on July 16, 1961 by the cathedral capitular Augustinus Frotz , who was chaplain of St. Stephen from 1931 to 1934 . The bells of St. Stephen's Church can be played today in three motifs:

Parish and parish hall

The parish hall of St. Stephan on Bachemer Straße with the church tower in the background

The two-story rectory was built around 1910. A wide external staircase led into a central axis crowned with a gable. The building also burned down during the Royal Air Force air raid in April 1944. Shortly after the war, the building was repaired and an emergency church was set up in August 1948. After the ruins of the choir collapsed as a result of a storm, the choir cross of the old St. Stephen's Church was attached to the gable of the parish hall on December 25, 1948. Until the inauguration of the new church in March 1961, the club and parish home was the center of Catholic community life in Cologne-Lindenthal. Today the house is the center of the parish of St. Stephan Cologne, which result from the Catholic parishes of St. Stephen (Bachemer Street), St. Thomas More (Decksteiner Street), St. Albertus Magnus (Suitbert-Heimbach Square) and St. Laurentius (Weyertal).

Pastor

  • 1887 - 1896: Heinrich Hubert Joseph Titz (born November 19, 1839, † January 16, 1896)
  • 1896 - 1915: Jakob van Gils (born June 3, 1850 † February 24, 1915)
  • 1915 - 1944: Otto Finger (* July 7, 1872 † February 24, 1951)
  • 1944 - 1970: Walter Fuhrmanns (* August 30, 1890 † April 23, 1975)
  • 1970 - 2001: Werner Greisbach (born May 4, 1926)
  • 2001 - 2009: Wilhelm Metternich (born August 28, 1937)
  • since 2009: Thomas Iking (* 1958)
The Cologne Youth Choir St. Stephan 2011

Youth choir

The large youth choir of the parish has been performing an extensive repertoire of sacred music and gospel , pop , comedy , classical and Cologne tones to jazz since 1984 . The ensemble has been directed by Michael Kokott since 1985 . Numerous artists such as Anke Engelke , the American heavy metal band Manowar , the US rock band POD , the Bläck Fööss and the Höhner performed together with the choir. He became internationally known through an appearance together with Bill Clinton at the Cologne G8 summit in June 1999.

For their participation in the Unheilig song Geboren um zu Leben (2010), the choir was awarded three gold records , and for their participation in the Unheilig album Lichter der Stadt 2013 with a four- fold platinum record.

Church services in St. Stephen's Church

The congregation regularly celebrates church services in St. Stephen's Church.

Trivia

Death note for Emma Adenauer from 1916

The Catholic Church of St. Stephan is closely linked to the family history of Konrad Adenauer . In this church the assessor , who came from a humble background, married his first wife Emma Weyer on January 26, 1904 , who came from the respected Cologne families Weyer and Walraff. The funeral mass for Emma Adenauer, who died early, was held here on October 10, 1916. Forty years later, her son Max Adenauer, in the capacity of church council of St. Stephen, campaigned for the reconstruction of the church.

literature

  • Konrad Adenauer, Konrad Grebe: Lindenthal - The development of a Cologne suburb . Bachem-Verlag, Cologne 1988, ISBN 3-7616-0899-3 , pp. 126-131
  • Handbook of the Archdiocese of Cologne . 24th edition, Cologne 1954, pp. 374–377
  • Günther Binding : The "Krieler Dömchen". St. Stephan in Cologne-Lindenthal . Publ. D. Dept. of Architecture at the Art History Institute d. University of Cologne, Cologne 1971
  • Catholic parish of St. Stephan: Festschrift for the 125th anniversary of the parish church of St. Stephan
  • Aloysius Jakob Zorn: The architect August Carl Lange (1834 - 1884) . Dissertation, RWTH Aachen, 1980, pp. 413-420
  • Catholic Church in Cologne-Lindenthal . In: Bauwelt 30/1962, Berlin-Tempelhof 1962

Web links

Commons : Sankt-Stephanus-Kirche (Köln-Lindenthal)  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ active monument list of the city of Cologne: monument number 3059 ( Memento from October 16, 2013 in the Internet Archive )
  2. ↑ Sybille Fraquelli: In the shadow of the cathedral: Architecture of the Gothic Revival in Cologne 1815-1914 , Böhlau, Cologne Weimar 2008, ISBN 978-3412201623 , S. 236th
  3. ↑ Note: Robert Pfennings was a co-owner of the Komp & Aldenhoven cloth factory, Altdorfstr. 16, Aachen-Burtscheid
  4. ↑ Building history of the parish church St. Stephan in Cologne-Lindenthal (1964) , accessed on January 20, 2014
  5. ↑ Wolfram Hagspiel, Hiltrud Kier with the help of Ulrich Krings and Johannes Ralf Beines: Monument register 12.3 Cologne, districts 2 and 3 (Rodenkirchen and Lindenthal) . City of Cologne and Landeskonservator Rheinland (ed.), JP Bachem-Verlag Cologne 1984, ISBN 3-7616-0734-2 , 295 pp.
  6. ^ Robert Wilhelm Rosellen : History of the parishes of the deanery Brühl , JP Bachem Cologne 1887, pp. 426-428
  7. ^ Hiltrud Kier, Hans-Georg Esch: Churches in Cologne , Bachem Cologne 2000, ISBN 3-7616-1395-4 , p. 206
  8. ^ Catholic parish of St. Stephan: Festschrift for the 125th anniversary of the parish church of St. Stephan , Cologne 2014, p. 69.
  9. ^ Karl Joseph Bollenbeck: New Churches in the Archdiocese of Cologne 1955-1995 - Volume 2 , Archdiocese of Cologne (ed.), 1st edition, Cologne 1995, ISBN 3-922634-15-X , p. 524.
  10. ^ Catholic parish of St. Stephan: Festschrift for the 125th anniversary of the parish church of St. Stephan , Cologne 2014, p. 72.
  11. ↑ Kölnische Rundschau: Cross from Ireland above the altar in St. Stephan - joint work by W. Schürmann and M. Graves, March 12, 1964
  12. ^ Hans Poth: Emaciated - Thoughts on the cross of St. Stephan in Cologne . Church newspaper Cologne, No. 10, Cologne 1989, p. 11
  13. ↑ a b Elisabeth Schirmeisen: History and art history about the Church of St. Stephan in Cologne-Lindenthal . In: Festschrift St. Stephan - Images, texts and memories from 125 years, Cologne 2013
  14. ↑ a b Festschrift St. Stephan - Pictures, texts and memories from 125 years , Cologne 2013
  15. ↑ Kölner Stadtanzeiger: Scherl exhibition: Plenty of water in wine , accessed on January 31, 2014
  16. ↑ Inventory book of church furniture and other interesting objects of the Catholic parish of St. Stephanus zu Cöln-Lindenthal , Lindenthal 1906
  17. ↑ More information about the organ on the website of the organ builder. The name of the pedal tongue with funnel dulcian 16 'reflects the design, but not the name on the gaming table.
  18. ^ Opus list from Johannes Klais Orgelbau, as of 2010  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , accessed January 30, 2014@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / klais.de  
  19. ^ Information from the organist at the time, Mr. Manfred Mauel.
  20. ^ Aloysius Jakob Zorn: The architect August Carl Lange (1834-1884). Dissertation, RWTH Aachen, 1980, p. 418
  21. ^ Gerhard Reinhold: Otto bells. Family and company history of the Otto bell foundry dynasty . Self-published, Essen 2019, ISBN 978-3-00-063109-2 , p. 588, in particular pages 522, 535 .
  22. ↑ Gerhard Reinhold: Church bells - Christian world cultural heritage, illustrated using the example of the bell founder Otto, Hemelingen / Bremen . Nijmegen / NL 2019, p. 556, in particular pp. 485, 495 , urn : nbn: nl: ui: 22-2066 / 204770 (dissertation at Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen).
  23. ^ Elisabeth Schirmeisen: History and Art History of the Church of St. Stephan in Cologne-Lindenthal, 2008
  24. ↑ Glockenbuch Köln, p. 481f. ( Memento of the original from April 28, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , accessed January 20, 2014 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.glockenbuecherebk.de
  25. ↑ Glockenbuch Köln, pp. 479–482 ( Memento of the original from April 28, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , accessed January 20, 2014 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.glockenbuecherebk.de
  26. ↑ Archbishopric Cologne: Parish St. Stephan Cologne ( Memento of the original from March 1, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , accessed February 7, 2014 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / gemeinden.erzbistum-koeln.de
  27. ↑ Kölnische Rundschau: Oh happy day with Bill Clinton , accessed on January 19, 2014
  28. ↑ Kölner Stadtanzeiger: Unheilig Album - Platinum rain for Cologne singers , accessed on January 19, 2014
  29. ↑ My God - what should become of Germany? Adenauer, the economic miracle and the favor state. In: Der Spiegel 46/1961. November 8, 1961, pp. 53-63 , accessed February 18, 2014 .