State art school for the textile industry in Plauen

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The State Art School for the Textile Industry Plauen as a school for the training of the workforce in the textile industry and the textile trade was founded in Plauen in 1877 as a school of applied arts . The name was changed in 1891 to the Royal Industrial School Plauen , 1903 to the Royal Saxon Art School for the Textile Industry and from 1918 to the State Art School for the Textile Industry Plauen . In 1933/4 it was expanded to become the State Art and Technical School for the Textile Industry in Plauen and then destroyed in an air raid in 1945.

Educational offer

The art school was a training center for

  • Pattern draftsman (designer) for textile arts and crafts or for flat art
  • Women and girls in the textile industry
  • Embroidery machine technician and
  • Pattern draftsman apprentices for teaching additional drawing skills.

The training to become a pattern draftsman, for example, lasted four and a half years in preliminary, lower, middle, upper and specialist classes.

In addition to these regular lessons, there were evening courses for manufacturers, among other things, in which young merchants and other interested parties could receive instructions in free-hand drawing, in practical manufacturing knowledge of hand and machine embroidery and weaving.

Lectures and exhibitions for the entire population made the school a communication center for the Plauen region.

history

The Erzgebirge , Vogtland and Saxony were traditional locations of the German finishing and textile industry as well as of world-class mechanical engineering. Mechanization and industrialization, especially in the second half of the 19th century, also caused an increased demand for trained specialists in the Vogtland-Ore Mountains region with its rapidly developing economic and industrial sectors. With the establishment of a Middle Royal Trade School in the city of Plauen in the center of the Vogtland under the direction of the headmaster Friedrich Krauße, the development path began at the unchanged location of an art school for the textile industry in Plauen i. Vogtl. Up to 1996 there were only isolated, fragmentary mentions of this institution, its organization, goals, methods, regional, national and international importance. The first scientific publication on this facility took place in 1996 with the book Die Staatliche Kunst- und Fachschule für Textilindustrie Plauen i. Vogtl. 1877-1945 .

1877-1904

During the first definable time period from 1877 to 1904, the applied arts school of Plauen i. Vogtl. and the Royal Industrial School in Plauen i. Vogt. from 1891 under the direction of director Richard Hofmann (1852–1904).

  • In 1878 a textile model collection was created at the school as the basis for cyclical traveling exhibitions in the centers of the textile industry in Eibenstock / Erzg., Falkenstein, Frankenberg, Glauchau, Meerane, Oelsnitz / Vogtl. and Reichenbach / Vogtl.
  • In 1888 the Vogtland-Erzgebirgischer Industrieverein was founded, the honorary chairman was the secret councilor Otto Erbert from Plauen and the manager of the court councilor Richard Hofmann from Plauen. This association was to function successfully as a link between school and industry, albeit with a change of name, until the cessation of teaching in 1944.
  • In 1891 the State Art School for the Textile Industry in Plauen became the Royal Industrial School in Plauen i. Vogtl. renamed. On October 3rd the new facility was inaugurated and a public arts and crafts and textile technology library, a wallpaper collection and a textile museum were added. At the suggestion of the Plauen Chamber of Commerce, the school set up branch offices in Auerbach, Eibenstock, Falkenstein and Oelsnitz / Vogtl. a. This was unique in the higher arts and crafts school landscape in Germany and proves the integration of the educational institution as an economic factor in the Vogtland, Ore Mountains and Saxony. “The new establishment is, in the true sense of the word, a school of arts and crafts, which is worthy of the older sister establishments in Dresden and Leipzig. It is not the aim that distinguishes it from the latter, but only the narrower framework of its effectiveness. ” (Excerpt from a report by Richard d.

1904-1918/1922

During the second development period from 1904 to 1918 or until 1922, the Royal Industrial School in Plauen i. Vogtl. and the royal. Saxon. Art School for the Textile Industry Plauen i. Vogtl. , State Art School for the Textile Industry Plauen i. Vogtl. under the direction of director Albert Forkel (1864- died ??), who was officially appointed on May 1, 1905. There were three main departments: the pattern drawing school, the weaving and machine embroidery school as well as the factory and women's labor school.

  • In 1913, Margarete Naumann , a member of the DWB , exhibited in the Dresden Künstlerhaus under the title "The craft of paper design." It has been proven that this exhibition already contained the elementary methodology for the later design theory at the Bauhaus by Albers and Moholy Nagy and should be taught by Albert Forkel in the training at the “Textile Art School Plauen i. Vogtl. ”Can be integrated.
  • The Cölner Werkbund exhibition took place in 1914 . Naumann exhibits works of Margaretenspitzentechnik in the "unity of art and craft" as a connection to the industrial process in congeniality to the creative reform efforts of the machine tip of DWB member Albert Forkel.
  • In 1914/15, as a Germany-wide experiment, a department for “textile and surface art” for talented girls was opened for the first time at the Plauen facility and successfully integrated.
  • In 1918 the Royal Industrial School in Plauen i. Vogtl. in Königl. Saxon. Art School for the Textile Industry Plauen i. Vogtl. renamed, Albert Forkel remained director.
  • In 1918 it was renamed the State Art School for the Textile Industry Plauen i. Vogtl. , continue with Albert Forkel as head of the institute.
  • In 1918 Albert Forkel published his programmatic theses on the redesign of the textile technical schools in Saxony and the State Art School for the Textile Industry Plauen i. Vogtl.
  • In 1918/19 the facility received an assistant for the first time. Otto Müller, a graduate of the school, is hired to do this and, together with Albert Forkel, is developing a "textile nature course" as part of the basic course. OME, artist pseudonym OME for Otto Müller Eibenstock, later became a member of the Berlin artists' association "Der Sturm". In 1933 his art was classified as “ degenerate art ” by National Socialism and he was banned from painting and exhibiting.
  • In 1919, in anticipation of the later required unity of “art and industry”, groundbreaking developments in the design of the machine tip took place at the State Art School for the Textile Industry . Albert Forkel was the first in Vogtland to call for the establishment of a research institute “For textile art and cultural development” at the “Textile Art School Plauen i. Vogtl. "
  • In 1920 the "Plauen top artist group" was established with progressive Plauen companies such as Schröder & Co., Wilhelm Berkling, Fischer & Co. Walter Poppitz Jr., the artisans and top artists Albert Forkel, Emil Knoll, Georg Görschen, Richard Ullmann, Kurt Stoss and Margarete Naumann - Dresden founded. Part of the Vogtland-Ore Mountains-Saxon textile industry; The teaching and research at the "State Art School for Textile Industry" contributed significantly to the design of textile fabrics, their technology and technology not only to the democratization of the mass product, but also to its utilization.
  • 1921/22 lack of understanding for future-oriented processes within the German art school reform movement and personal sensitivities not only of Plauen industrialists with the goals of the textile art school under Albert Forkel led to the separation of the pattern drawing training from this. The supervisory authority was the council of the city of Plauen, head of training Albert Hempel, which was formed by a specially formed "school committee", the "Vogtl-Erzg.-Industrieverein" and the "Vereinigung zur Aufbenung der Spitzenindustrie Plauen i. Vogtl. ”Was supported.

1922-1933

During the third period from 1922 to 1933, the State Art School for the Textile Industry in Plauen i. Vogtl. under the direction of director Karl Hanusch (1881–1969).

  • 1922 led Ministerialrat Klien, the representative of the Saxon. Ministry of Economic Affairs in Dresden, Karl Hanusch took office.
  • In 1922 there were three specialist classes: upholstery fabrics, carpets and tapestries, printed fabrics, wallpaper and colorful curtains (madras). Lace and embroidery, English (woven) curtains and tapestries. Decorative textile work (branch: Submissionsamt Dresden). Introduction of the specialist fields and subjects textile art, carpet knitting (tapestry), decorative painting, fashionable illustration, pattern design combined with intensified experimental studio and workshop work (unique items) under the guidance of foremen expand the range of courses at the textile art school with its branch offices for student applicants from all over Germany. With this, Karl Hanusch, as a visual artist in industry, promoted the development of the industrial designer through research and teaching.
  • In 1925 Hanusch appointed Otto Lange as professor for form theory and free design, further development of textile ornament design. Lange, who signs his work with OL, was a member of the Dresden Secession Group in 1919 .
  • In 1926 Hanusch appointed Johannes M. Avenarius as professor for ornament painting, design and art history.
  • In 1927 Karl Hanusch was appointed to the Museum Council of the German-Austrian Museum Administration.
  • In 1928 Hanusch appointed Wilhelm (Will) Heckrott as professor for painting and drawing. Heckrott developed and introduced a material and study plan for color theory at the textile art school. He was also a founding member of the Dresden Secession Group in 1919 .
  • In 1929 a total of 281 students were taught, 91 of them at the four branch offices in Auerbach, Eibenstock, Falkenstein and Ölsnitz.
  • In 1931, the graphic artist Winkler began teaching shapes and works as well as typeface design.
  • In 1933 the article "Cultural Bolshevism at the Plauener Art School" appeared in the journal Freiheitskampf .
  • In 1933, Director Karl Hanusch and the teaching professors Avenarius, Heckrott and Lange were taken into protective custody by National Socialist fighters from June 7th to June 15th in Plauen. This was a one-time process at German art schools and art academies. The four professors were released from teaching without notice because of “alleged Bolshevik views”. Then, among others, the Saxon Gauleiter Mutschmann, a former Plauen factory owner, initiated processes that were followed by exhibition, professional and teaching bans, as well as the exclusion from the Reich Chamber of Culture.

1933-1934

During the fourth period from 1933 to 1934, the State Art School for the Textile Industry Plauen i. Vogt. provisionally headed by Paul Lorenz.

1934-1939

In the fifth period from 1934 to 1939 the State Art and Technical School for the Textile Industry Plauen i. Vogtl. under the direction of teacher Georg Schauer (1900–1989).

  • In 1935, student ID cards were introduced at the facility.
  • In 1935, the municipal technical college for draftsmen and the Saxon higher technical school were retroactively integrated into the state art and technical school for the textile industry from April 1, 1934, in order to restore the industrial focus that had been "lost" since Hanusch.
  • In 1935 a “Committee for the Promotion of Lace of All Kinds, Trimmings and Beadwork” was founded and was commissioned to support the fashion department at the textile art school and to promote the use of lace and embroidery products in the fashion industry. This project, already planned by Karl Hanusch in collaboration with the Wiener Werkstätten , was now stuck with the provincial one and experienced neither national nor international significance for the economy.
  • In 1937, Metz was appointed as a specialist teacher and workshop / studio manager for the field of weaving at the “Textile Art School Plauen i. Vogtl. ". Metz was drafted into the Wehrmacht in 1939.
  • In 1939, Kuno Blässig became the acting head of the “State Art and Technical School for the Textile Industry Plauen i. Vogtl. ”Schauer was drafted into the Wehrmacht. The personnel and technical-artistic substance of the teaching staff at the facility was further decimated and the once unique textile art school within Germany and Europe fell into insignificance.

1942-1945

In a sixth phase of development, starting in 1942, the name was initially changed to the “State Master School for the Textile Industry in Plauen with a library and textile museum”, which was headed by student teacher Kuno Blässig.

  • In 1944 teaching was stopped and the remaining students were hired as draftsmen in the Vogtland armaments industry.
  • In 1945 the art school area with its workshops and the surrounding building structure fell victim to bombing raids, around 72% of Plauen was destroyed.

From 1948

From 1949 to 1950 the “state master craftsman training” in the building of the former “Vogtland Higher Embroidery School Plauen i. Vogtl. ”In Heubnerstraße. The training as a skilled pattern draftsman began in 1952 , later the professional titles textile draftsman and textile pattern designer / Abitur followed , which is comparable to the professional title product designer textile / leather that is common in the Federal Republic of Germany today .

Professors

literature

  • Oscar Pyfferoen: Report on L'enseignement Professionnel en Allemangne. Brussels 1897.
  • Karl Hanusch: Textiles and technical schools in Plauen. In: Plauen iV (= Germany's urban development .) DARI, Berlin-Halensee 1926.
  • Rüdiger Flämig: The historical development of the Plauen school system up to the founding of the technical college for draftsmen. Diploma thesis, University of Leipzig 1987.
  • Rüdiger Flämig: The State Art and Technical School for the Textile Industry Plauen / Vogtland in its regional and national importance until it was destroyed. Dissertation, University of Leipzig 1994.
  • Rüdiger Flämig: The State Art and Technical School for the Textile Industry Plauen / Vogtland in its regional and national importance until it was destroyed. In: Sächsische Heimatblätter, magazine for Saxon history, preservation of monuments and the environment , 41st year 1995, issue 3.
  • Rüdiger Flämig: The world exhibition held in Paris in 1900 and the resulting relationship between the artist-designer at the turn of the century in Germany and the role and importance of the art school for the textile industry in Plauen in the process of the art school reform movement in Germany. In: Announcements of the Association for the Promotion of the Plauener Spitzenmuseum eV, annual journal for the years 1995/1996. (abridged reproduction of a lecture)
  • Rüdiger Flämig: The state art and technical college of textile industry 1877-1945 Plauen Vogtland. Eurostitch Magazine BV, 1996 edition, Almere , The Netherlands.
  • Rüdiger Flämig: State art and technical school for the textile industry 1877–1945 Plauen / Vogtl. Sebald Sachsdruck, Plauen 1996.
  • Rüdiger Flämig: From the commercial drawing school to the state art school for the textile industry in Plauen i. V. 1877-1922. In: Kultursoziologie, aspects, analyzes, arguments, scientific half-yearly issues of the Gesellschaft für Kultursoziologie e. V. , issue 2/1996.
  • Rüdiger Flämig: The programmatic development of the municipal arts and crafts school in Plauen as a decisive condition factor for the emerging textile industrial structure of the Vogtland region to a singular state art school for the textile industry / Plauen i. Vogtland in the period 1877 to 1922. (unpublished) Volume I, 2002.
  • Rüdiger Flämig: The State Art School for the Textile Industry Plauen i. V. from 1923 to 1944. In: cultural sociology, aspects, analyzes, arguments, scientific half-year books of the Society for Cultural Sociology e. V. , issue 11/2002.
  • Rüdiger Flämig: The German Werkbund between Bauhaus, the State Art School for the Textile Industry Plauen and the Vienna Circle. In: Kultursoziologie, aspects, analyzes, arguments, scientific half-yearly issues of the Gesellschaft für Kultursoziologie e. V. ,
    • Issue 15/2006. (Part One)
    • Booklet ... (Part II)

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ cf. Entry on Albert Forkel's arrival near Plauen and the surrounding area between 1900 and 1909 ( Memento from November 5, 2011 in the Internet Archive )