Port Said Stadium Riots

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In the stadium riots in Port Said in the football stadium in Port Said , northern Egypt, 74 people were killed and almost a thousand injured in violent riots on February 1, 2012 . It is the largest riot in Egyptian football history. The "black day of Egyptian football" is a symbol of the desolate situation in Egypt .

course

The violent riots occurred during a match between one of the most famous Egyptian football teams al Ahly Cairo against arch rivals al-Masry in the Port Said Stadium . Regional media had already called the game a "meeting of retribution " before it began . Visiting team and leaders of the Egyptian league , al Ahly Kairo, were game favorites.

Eyewitnesses reported that fans were completely free to bring batons, knives, swords, bottles, fireworks and even firearms through the entrance controls into the 18,000-seat arena. The barriers between the fan blocks were also opened during the game, which is a serious violation of internationally applicable safety rules. Even before the whistle at 3:30 p.m., spectators stormed the field and hit each other, which is why the start of the game was delayed by half an hour. After the first two goals, al-Masry supporters pelt al-Ahly supporters with stones and incendiary devices. However, the police did not stop the encounter and let the game continue.

After the final whistle - the game surprisingly ended 3: 1 for the home team al-Masry - hundreds of al-Masry fans stormed the pitch and the opposing stands and attacked players and fans of the opposing team. Players and fans tried to save themselves in the locker rooms below the stands. Fireworks set the stands on fire. According to reports on Egyptian television, al-Masry fans surrounded opposing football fans, pelted them with stones and stabbed them with broken glass bottles. In the stands, guest fans tried to panic to reach the exits. Eyewitnesses reported how people fled armed attackers and ran into locked gates in a narrow corridor and were crushed. It was also reported that some people were violently dropped or stabbed from stands. The victims, including numerous teenagers, died of stab wounds and head injuries or were trampled to death or crushed in the ensuing mass panic . Most of the dead were 15 to 20 year old al-Ahly fans. But some security forces are also said to have been among the victims. Hundreds of people were injured, some seriously. Some al Ahly players were also injured.

Players and fans who managed to get there stayed locked in the locker room for three hours, calling for help on their cell phones. Many seriously injured fans were treated by club doctors; many died in the dressing room.

Finally, the players and dozens of seriously injured people were brought to Cairo in military helicopters.

Reactions

Demonstrations and street fights

In the days following the events at the Port Said stadium, protesters called for the ruling military council to resign. Many Egyptians believe that the Port Said incidents were an orgy of violence approved by the internal security authorities , which was also intended to serve as a blueprint for planned repression measures against the rebellious population. The incidents were also interpreted as an attempt to intimidate the al Ahly youth, who were at the forefront of the protests against Mubarak in the days of the revolution after January 25, 2011. All this caused a great uproar among the revolutionary-minded young people in downtown Cairo in the days after February 1, 2012, so that there were street battles with the forces of the state security in the surrounding streets around the Ministry of the Interior .

After the Friday prayers on February 3, 2012, violent riots broke out during protests against the ruling military council. The protesters' anger was directed primarily at the head of the military council, Mohammed Tantawi . In the capital Cairo, a building of the tax authority was stormed. In addition, young people tore down a meter-high protective wall made of concrete blocks in front of the Ministry of the Interior. In Cairo two protesters choked on tear gas in Suez two protesters were shot. On February 4, 2012, thousands of people again protested against the ruling military council. The number of deaths in Cairo and Suez rose to twelve, according to the Egyptian Ministry of the Interior. Another 2,532 people were injured. On the night of February 5, the tax authorities in Cairo were on fire. Several police stations are also said to have been attacked. On February 6, another clash between demonstrators and security forces in Cairo killed another person. Also on February 7th, two people died. The number of deaths after the stadium riots rose to 15.

During a demonstration in Alexandria with thousands of participants on February 3, photos of those killed were carried to the local armed forces headquarters. Hundreds of people attended rallies in Port Said on the same day. They condemned the post-game violence and distanced themselves. “ Port Said is innocent, it's a cheap conspiracy . “Could be read on some posters.

When the unrest in Port Said continued, a 13-year-old boy was shot dead on the night of March 24, 2012. The trigger for the riots was the decision by the Egyptian Football Association to impose a game ban on the local football club al-Masry. 16 people were injured, mostly by tear gas.

Speculation on possible motives

Eyewitnesses reported that the few police officers who had been on the scene just watched the goings-on. Exits were locked and the stadium lighting was switched off unusually early. Many Egyptians blamed the police and the military council for the disaster in the football stadium. The military council failed to provide enough police officers in the stadium. There were rumors that the massacre was ordered by the military. Ultras from the traditional Cairo club al Ahly were seen in 2011 as the “spearhead” of the 2011 revolution . The massacre is said to have been an act of revenge against the football fans who played a major role in the revolution. Almost exactly a year earlier to the day, on February 2, 2011, Mubarak's supporters tried to ride down the protest on Tahrir Square . The ultras of the Al Ahly Club protected people in Tahrir Square during the demonstrations.

According to fan researcher Gunter A. Pilz , the excess in the Port Said stadium was the result of political power games: "There are many indications that a critical opposition should be intimidated and silenced by the military dictatorship". Fans have been instrumentalized.

Freedom and Justice Party MP Essam el-Erian said: "The real reason for the escalation is the deliberate absence of the police and the military." The president of the Masry Club of Port Said, who resigned immediately after the massacre, spoke of "a conspiracy to bring the state to collapse". The police must finally take to the streets in full force and do their work. Ahmed Gamal, a military official in charge of public safety, denied any guilt in the Al-Tahrir newspaper (Thursday). There was a good security plan at the soccer game, but the outbreak of violence after the final whistle could no longer be contained. The chairman of the ruling military council , Field Marshal Mohammed Hussein Tantawi , met the players from the Ahly club on the morning of February 2 at Cairo airport and said that the violence in Port Said may have been politically motivated, but he suspects rioters and behind it by no means representatives of the old regime. " Whoever plans something against the security of Egypt will have no chance, " said Tantawi.

Ex-professional player Rainer Zobel , who coached al Ahly between 1997 and 2000, said: “The fan scenes are actually peaceful. But even if one should not generalize, many Egyptians know no borders when they are part of a crowd. ”The assistant coach of the Egyptian national soccer team, Tomek Kaczmarek , reported to the press that the staff of the national team had been warned in good time, not drive to the game in Port Said Stadium. A few days earlier, the national team had received warnings during a game and was taken out of the stadium. When riots broke out shortly afterwards, the game was stopped. The former Egyptian national team captain and U23 national coach Hany Ramzy ruled out a sporting background for the riots. Like many others he asked: “ The game ended 3: 1 for al-Masry. What reason do you have to run out onto the field and kill people after a victory? “He didn't blame the fans either, but assumed a political background.

The Egyptian political scientist Hamed Abdel-Samad believed the military council, the police or Mubarak followers who had acted from prison to be the originators of the riots. " The new rulers are trying to stage and maintain chaos so that the people in the country are tired of the revolution, " he said in an interview.

Special session of parliament

The parliament, dominated by the Muslim Brotherhood Party, promised at a special session on February 2, 2012 to fight the security vacuum. Prime Minister Kamal al-Gansuri announced that he had dissolved the Egyptian Football Association. He also fired the security chief of Port Said, Essam Samak, and suspended his senior staff. The governor of the city of Port Said resigned. The Egyptian parliament had debated the incidents in the stadium in the live televised special session. Several MPs called for Interior Minister Mohamed Ibrahim to resign . The attempt to pass a vote of no confidence in the government installed by the military failed. The European Union called for an " immediate and independent investigation " into the violence.

Result of the parliamentary commission of inquiry

On February 12, 2012, the head of the parliamentary commission of inquiry, Aschraf Thabet, presented a preliminary investigation report. Accordingly, the military council is not responsible for the riots. He named the stadium's fans and security staff as the culprits. The mood had been heated up in the sports channels days before the game. It was also a mistake not to search the fans for weapons before entering the stadium. Furthermore, various forces, whose names are yet to be mentioned, abused violent ultras for their political goals.

society

The footballers of the affected league club al Ahly announced after the disaster that they would never play again. Egypt's most successful footballer Mohamed Abo Treka , in whose arms a young fan died, announced the day after the tragic incident, together with his teammates Emad Moteab and Mohamed Barakat , that he would end his career with immediate effect. A total of six players announced their resignation after their experiences at the Port Said stadium. At least all national players later revised this decision.

Al Ahly's Portuguese coach, Manuel Jose , who was himself attacked with kicks and punches, said in a telephone interview shortly after the incidents: “The police are solely to blame. There were dozens in the stadium, but suddenly they all disappeared or did nothing ”. He is considering leaving the country.

Al Ahly's team doctor was quoted by the Egyptian media as saying "This is war and not football". The Egyptian Deputy Health Minister Hisham Sheikha described the incident as "the greatest disaster in Egypt's football history". "Africa's football is in mourning," said the president of the African football association CAF Issa Hayatou .

FIFA

FIFA President Sepp Blatter on the misfortune: “This is a black day for football and we have to take steps to ensure that a disaster like this never happens again. Football is a force for good and we must not allow it to be abused by those who have evil in mind. "

On February 7, 2012, the world football association FIFA announced that it would donate $ 250,000 (around 189,000 euros) to the victims of the stadium disaster and to pay the money into an aid fund run by the Egyptian football club al Ahly. A few days earlier, FIFA President Sepp Blatter had criticized the government's dismissal of the Egyptian football association as “direct interference in the interests of organized football”.

League play suspended

The Egyptian Football Association banned al-Masry for two seasons and the Port Said Stadium for three years.

League play in Egypt was suspended for a year due to the riots. On February 2, 2013, the Egyptian football league resumed its game operations without spectators and with a large number of security guards out of fear of new violence. Defending champion al Ahly prevailed 1-0 against Ghazl al-Mahallah at the start . After scoring the winning goal, striker Dominique Da Silva took off his jersey and displayed a t-shirt with the words “We will never forget you” in memory of the fans who died.

report

A report on the violence during the 2011 mass protests commissioned by Egyptian President Mohammed Morsi also examined the circumstances surrounding the stadium disaster affecting supporters of the football club al Ahly Cairo. The report held the police and Baltagiya , organized gangs of thugs, responsible for the massacre. However, the exact course of events has never been fully clarified.

Lawsuits and convictions

For security reasons, the place of the trial had been moved from Ismailia to the police academy in Cairo, where the trial of Husni Mubarak also took place. When the trial began, around 4,000 police officers and several tanks sealed off the courthouse. Ultras from the Ahly and Zamalek clubs protested against the military council. The defendants blamed the military council and the previous regime for the violence and chanted slogans, which is why the trial was interrupted several times. Before the verdict, the al Ahly ultras had threatened to wreak havoc in Cairo if the perpetrators were not punished. In fact, they had closed bridges for days and paralyzed public transport in several places.

Start of process

On April 17, 2012, the trial of 73 defendants began in Cairo. Among them were nine police officers, including six police generals and a colonel. An engineer who was responsible for the lighting in the stadium was also on trial for turning off the lights after the hooligans stormed the field. He is said to have increased the chaos and made it easier for the perpetrators to escape. The proceedings against two other people were negotiated by a juvenile court. The charges included murder, incitement to violence and hooliganism. The police forces involved were charged with supporting the attackers. The defendants pleaded not guilty. The trial in Cairo went on behind closed doors for months.

First judgment pronounced in January

On Saturday, January 26, 2013, a Cairo court sentenced 21 defendants to death in its final verdict. They are said to have started the massacre. Many of the convicts are not older than 20 years. Egypt's Grand Mufti Ali Gomaa had yet to confirm the verdict.

The verdict in Cairo was broadcast live on state television. Supporters of the al Ahly association celebrated the judges' decision. Some relatives of the victims also cheered. Relatives of the defendants concerned, however, suffered crying fits in the courtroom. According to the relatives of the condemned and their lawyers, the judges in Cairo passed a political judgment. The fans in Port Said think the same. Football fans would be sacrificed to appease the Cairo ultras. The death row inmates would be used as scapegoats, those really responsible are still at liberty. Instead, the investigation was sloppy, arbitrarily arrested and the prosecution operated on with scant evidence. The prosecution recently brought in new evidence that was not included in this judgment. When the verdict was pronounced, the presiding judge did not provide any justification for the 21 death sentences.

Observers described the sentence as unusually harsh and pointed out that no police officer or officer has been sentenced to death for the crimes committed against demonstrators during the revolution, which had more than 800 victims. When there were trials, most of the accused were acquitted. Although it is now clear that the ultras of al-Masry could not have caused the massacre to the same extent without the security forces' co-science, there was no independent commission of inquiry and an analysis of the security precautions was not carried out. The Egyptian daily Al Masry al Youm researched the relatives in Port Said and found that many of those sentenced to death were not even in the stadium at the time of the outbreak of violence. It is believed that the harsh judgment was based on the calculation that chaos in Port Said is easier to control than chaos in Cairo.

Heavy rioting

Following the verdict, there were serious riots in the city of Port Said, killing 32. To protest the verdict, residents of the city took to the streets, set fire to car tires and, according to eyewitnesses, stormed two police stations. Relatives of the convicts allegedly tried to storm a prison with rocks and handguns to get the convicts out. Security forces then fired live ammunition. In the subsequent street battles between demonstrators and security forces, many people were shot at close range, doctors reported. All victims died from gunshot wounds.

The online portal of the weekly newspaper Al-Ahram puts the number of people who died after the sentencing in Port Said was 32, including two police officers and two former football players from al-Masry, goalkeeper Tamir al-Fahlah and striker Muhammad al-Dadhawi . The number of injuries was put at 300.

According to the Egyptian news agency Mena, the Egyptian army advanced with tanks and armored personnel carriers to bring the situation under control. The train connections have been discontinued. The governor of Port Said declared Sunday a day off to protect officials from further violence.

The Muslim Brotherhood, from which President Morsi comes, immediately blamed thugs, misleading media and opposition parties for the riots in a statement. The National Salvation Front, an alliance of left and liberal parties, again saw the blame on President Morsi and the Muslim Brotherhood.

Nationwide demonstrations against President Morsi and the Muslim Brotherhood

The timing of the verdict was also criticized. The Morsi government did not prevent the verdict from falling in the charged atmosphere of the second anniversary of the revolution. On Friday, on the second anniversary of the uprising against the ousted President Husni Mubarak, violent demonstrations against Mubarak's successor Mohammed Morsi and the Muslim Brotherhood broke out across the country, killing nine people. Tens of thousands had demonstrated for police reform and justice for the martyrs of the revolution.

At the same time as the events in Port Said, demonstrations against the Islamist government, some of them violent, took place in several cities in Egypt. There were again deaths. Particularly fierce fighting was reported from Cairo , Alexandria , Suez , Ismailia and Tanta . In Cairo, the areas around Tahrir Square , the television station, the October 6th Bridge and the Presidential Palace were particularly hard hit by the unrest. The news channels Al-Jazeera and Al-Arabija reported that the official residence of Mohammed Morsi had been attacked with incendiary devices and fireworks. The security forces used water cannons and tear gas against hundreds of demonstrators. In the course of the clashes, scenes of massive police violence became known. The 28-year-old opposition activist Mohammed al-Guindi had died in a Cairo hospital as a result of severe police abuse, according to reports from his party and local media. The Interior Ministry initially said the man was in a car accident.

Further riots during funeral march

On Sunday, January 27th, during a funeral march for the 32 dead the previous day, rioting broke out again in Port Said. Strangers shot at the participants in the funeral rally. Mass panic broke out. Egyptian state media reported at least five dead, including an 18-year-old who died from a gunshot wound in hospital. More than 400 people were injured.

state of emergency

On Sunday evening January 27, 2013, President Mohammed Morsi declared a state of emergency in three cities due to the unrest. In Port Said , Suez and Ismailia the state of emergency will apply for 30 days, he said in a speech broadcast by state television. During the state of emergency, there was initially a curfew for the population from Monday, the 28th, daily between 9 p.m. and 6 a.m., from Thursday, the 31st, the curfew for Port Said was between 1 a.m. and 5 a.m. limited, since a little later Mursi left the setting of the times for the curfew to the provincial governors of the three governorates concerned and the provincial governors made use of the possibility to change the times.

After the approval of the Cabinet and the House of Lords , the army was temporarily given police powers. The regulation is to apply until the parliamentary election planned for spring. This gives soldiers the right to arrest civilians. The arrest of all members of the Black Bloc organization in Egypt was also ordered.

On Monday evening of January 28, two people died in protests in Cairo and Port Said. According to the UN, 60 people have been killed since January 25, 42 of them in Port Said alone. Hundreds more were injured, some seriously.

On the night of Tuesday the 29th, despite the night curfew, thousands of people took to the streets to protest against the government. On Friday, February 1, 2013, the anniversary of the stadium disaster, thousands of people protested in Port Said by noon despite the pouring rain. They called for the "overthrow of the regime" and President Morsi's resignation. “We want to liberate Port Said,” they shouted with regard to the exemptions. At the same time, they remembered the victims of the soccer disaster a year ago. From mid-February, the residents of Port Said protested against the government of President Morsi with actions of civil disobedience . Most of the shops, government institutions and schools have closed. Mass strikes and protests began after thousands demonstrated for the dismissal of Interior Minister Mohamed Ibrahim, justice for the martyrs of the revolution and the lifting of the night curfew. According to press reports, nearly 40,000 workers in the industrial area went on strike. The Egyptian military concentrated on securing the port and the Suez Canal so that the international transport route would not be interrupted. The campaign of civil disobedience, according to its initiators, will not end until the stadium disaster is reopened and those responsible for the deaths of people during the clashes have been brought to justice.

The transfer of 39 defendants from Port Said to other prisons, announced by the Ministry of the Interior, led to daily demonstrations again from March 3. At least six people were killed and hundreds injured. Security forces pried a heavy slab of marble from the roof of the police headquarters down on the demonstrators and smashed a 17-year-old in the head. Parts of the security headquarters building burned down.

Since March 7th, thousands of police officers have been on strike in 13 provinces. About one in four police officers in Egypt is now on strike. "We are leaving our work indefinitely because we no longer want to be responsible for the government's mistakes," said Police Colonel Hasam Mostafa in Port Said. He accused the government of dragging the police into the political conflict. Police units from Ismailiya had refused to follow orders for Port Said, which is why the Interior Minister was forced to send soldiers to guard the public buildings in Port Said.

Second verdict in March

On Saturday morning of March 9, 2013, a Cairo court upheld the 21 death sentences and also imposed 24 prison sentences ranging from one year to life (25 years). The trial was broadcast live on state television. Presiding judge Sobhi Abdel-Maguid read a list of the names of those convicted and said the court was upholding the death penalty by hanging. Five of the accused are imprisoned for life. Eight other defendants as well as the police chief responsible at the time, Essam Samak, and Brigadier General Mohammed Saad were each sentenced to 15 years in prison. At the time of the riots, the latter held the keys to the locked stadium gates. In addition, six sentences were imposed over 10 years, two over 5 years and one over 1 year. 28 of the 73 defendants were acquitted. Seven of the nine accused police officers were acquitted.

In addition to the 21 death sentences, it was the police officers' acquittal that caused unrest. The acquittals rekindled the anger against the police apparatus, which had been hated for many years. Shortly after the verdict was announced, al-Ahly-Ultras attacked a police club in central Cairo and the headquarters of the Egyptian Football Association with incendiary devices. Two demonstrators were killed in clashes near central Tahrir Square. One man suffocated after inhaling tear gas and dozens were injured.

In Port Said, too, hundreds of demonstrators gathered outside the office of the local government agency to vent their anger at the judges' rulings. In addition, around 2,000 people prevented car ferries from crossing the Suez Canal and released speedboats from their anchorage in the port in the hope that they would disrupt passing ships. According to the canal operator, the traffic was not affected. Already on Friday, on Morsi's orders, the military had taken over the surveillance of public order from the police again, the police withdrew from Port Said. On Sunday morning, protesters decided to cut the ferry service to the eastern part of the city of Port Fuad. The traffic of the large containers and tankers was interrupted. Only in the afternoon did the military bring the situation back under control.

A named policeman from Port Said told the local newspaper Ahram-Online that the verdict was very problematic, as chaos reigned after the disaster and the police arbitrarily arrested hundreds of people because they did not know who to arrest. Another police officer complained that they were being stopped to violence by the ministry. Human rights lawyers have judged the imposition of 21 death sentences in one trial as harsh. The legal proceedings have so far contributed little to clarifying the background to the tragedy. There is great distrust in the judiciary and the investigative authorities.

Reactions

Amnesty International called for an end to excessive violence on the part of the security forces and called for the use of deadly force to be avoided unless inevitably to protect human life.

The UN High Commissioner for Human Rights Navi Pillay spoke of excessive violence against demonstrators and described the police action as illegal. In addition, this approach further heats the explosive situation. In Geneva, she requested an investigation into the wave of violence in recent days.

Markus Löning , Human Rights Commissioner of the Federal Government of Germany, called on the competent authorities to convert the death sentences against the 21 convicts into prison terms and not to impose any further death sentences. If the courts did not do so, it would be up to President Morsi to use his pardon and commute the death sentences to prison.

George Ishaq, a Port Said political activist and member of the opposition rescue front, condemned the violence against the demonstrators and criticized the fact that there has been no investigation into the deaths since January.

Interior Minister Mohammed Ibrahim dismissed reports of unjustified police violence as "rumors". The police do not attack protesters on their own initiative. Rather, they are "pelted with stones and shot at with bullets".

Three years later mass panic again in a stadium near Cairo

In early February 2015, 19 Egyptian football fans were killed in violent clashes with police officers in the Air Force stadium on the outskirts of Cairo. The riot broke out ahead of the Egyptian top division game between Zamalek SC and ENPPI. The interior ministry limited the number of spectators to 10,000. Zamalek fans who had not received tickets tried to forcibly break a security line. After the police had used tear gas and rubber bullets, a mass panic broke out in which some of the victims were killed. Others were killed in clashes with the police.

The national football association and the Ministry of the Interior, which is responsible for security in Egypt, then decided to suspend league operations.

On the occasion of the stadium disaster in Port Said in 2012, Egyptian authorities had banned all spectators from playing first division games, so that the clubs have had to play in front of empty stands since then. This so-called “fan ban” was only lifted one month before the 2015 incident.

The public prosecutor's office assumes a terrorist background to the riots aimed at destabilizing the domestic political situation. She plans to bring charges against 16 Zamalek fans for membership in the Muslim Brotherhood, which is classified as terrorist. Other allegations include murder, vandalism, possession of explosives and resistance to state power. On the other hand, no police officers have so far had to answer to court for the shots that led to the mass panic with numerous fatalities.

New legal proceedings and new death sentences

In 2014, an appeals court overturned the 21 first-instance death sentences. It also ordered the entire process of the Port Said stadium disaster to be reopened. On April 19, 2015, around three years after the stadium riots in Port Said, 11 persons in charge were sentenced to death by a court in Cairo. The verdict was confirmed at the end of May 2015. However, the defendants can appeal. There were 72 accused in total, including nine police officers and three club officials. In addition to the death sentences, prison sentences ranging from one year to 15 years were also pronounced. 21 defendants were acquitted.

Egypt has come under international criticism for its death sentences. Former President Morsi was also sentenced to death in May 2015.

Web links

 Wikinews: Riots in Egyptian football stadium: many dead, hundreds injured  - message

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ At least 76 dead in football tragedy in Egypt
  2. ↑ Augsburger Allgemeine of February 4, 2012
  3. ↑ Policemen watched the mob kill
  4. ↑ More than 70 dead in football riots in Egypt - series of pictures
  5. ↑ Deadly chase in the football stadium
  6. ↑ No football, this is war
  7. ↑ a b Cornelia Wegerhoff: After the fatal football riot in Egypt: Targeted action of paid racket? ( Memento from February 2, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) ARD Tagesschau online, February 2, 2012
  8. Jump up ↑ Tax authorities in Cairo
  9. ↑ Many dead in football riots in Egypt ( Memento from February 2, 2012 in the Internet Archive )
  10. ↑ Egypt is sinking into chaos and violence
  11. ^ Further deaths in demonstrations in Cairo and Suez
  12. ↑ Riots continue - Cairo tax office on fire
  13. ↑ Another fatality in clashes in Cairo
  14. ↑ number of deaths in collisions after the force in the stadium rises to 15 (English)
  15. ↑ a b execution called for. In: Frankfurter Rundschau . February 3, 2012, accessed February 6, 2012 .
  16. ↑ Boy dies in football riots in Egypt
  17. ^ Viktoria Kleber: Ultras and revolutionaries against the military council. In: Die Zeit , February 2, 2012.
  18. ^ Rainer Hermann: Battle in the stadium. In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung , February 2, 2012.
  19. ↑ Al-Ahly: Ultras in the turmoil of the revolution. In: Swiss Radio and Television , February 7, 2012.
  20. ^ Augsburger Allgemeine of February 4, 2012: Street battles after the football massacre
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  25. ↑ Birgit Svensson: "The soldiers simply did nothing" In: Die Welt , February 2, 2012.
  26. ↑ Christian Putsch: "I thought one mistake and it pops" In: Die Welt , February 2, 2012.
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  28. ↑ Egypt's assistant coach reports warnings. In: Spiegel Online , February 3, 2012.
  29. ↑ riots planned beforehand. In: newsburger.de , February 2, 2012.
  30. ↑ Frieder Pfeiffer: "All of this has nothing to do with football" In: Süddeutsche.de , February 2, 2012 (interview with Hany Ramzy ).
  31. ↑ Ann Guenter: Who wants Egypt to sink into chaos? In: Blick.ch , February 3, 2012 (interview with Hamed Abdel-Samad ).
  32. ↑ Karolina Pajdak: That is why Egypt must burn again. In: Picture , February 3, 2012.
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  35. ↑ Violence outbreak in Cairo after fatal football riots
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  38. ↑ Fans and security guards are to blame
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  41. ^ Football disaster of Egypt: Ultras at war. In: stern.de . February 2, 2012, accessed August 1, 2015 .
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  44. ↑ FIFA donates $ 250,000 to victims of the disaster
  45. ^ Rainer Hermann: Report heavily burdened the military council. In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung , January 4, 2013.
  46. ^ Rainer Hermann: Tumults in Cairo during the Port Said Trial. In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung , April 17, 2012.
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  50. ↑ Hatred and distrust rule on the Nile ( Memento from April 12, 2013 in the web archive archive.today )
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  52. ↑ 30 deaths in riots following death sentences. ( Memento from January 27, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) In: tagesschau.de , January 26, 2013.
  53. ↑ a b Update 11: Clashes in Port Said leave at least 32 dead and 300 injured In: al-Ahram , January 26, 2013 (English).
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