Stans Declaration

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Stanser Verkommnis , also: Stanser contracts , denotes an agreement of the eight places of the Confederation of Confederations , concluded in December 1481 , with which the internal conflict, especially between town and country towns , was settled. As a result , the Confederation expanded to thirteen places by 1513 . The term “verdict” has nothing to do with the meaning of the verb “degenerate”, but is related to the words “convention” and “agreement”.

prehistory

Outwardly, the Swiss Confederation was able to assert itself in the Burgundian Wars between 1474 and 1477 - in the Battle of Murten in 1476, Burgundy Duke Charles the Bold suffered the most devastating defeat to date , and the Duke finally lost his life in the Battle of Nancy .

Internally, however, conflicts arose over, among other things, the division of spoils of war and the agreement of mutual castle rights between the cities of Zurich, Bern and Lucerne on the one hand and Freiburg and Solothurn on the other.

The relationship between the Eight Towns was strained due to incidents such as the " Saubannerzug " of around 2000 Urners, Schwyzers, Unterwaldners, Zugers and Lucerne residents on the occasion of Carnival in February 1477. This raid under a standard that showed a "sow" on a blue background , should lead to Geneva, which was still in Savoy at the time, in order to collect an outstanding war contribution. The federal towns and especially Bern were able to stop these rioters before Lausanne by forcing the city of Geneva to free itself from central Switzerland by paying 8,000 guilders to the towns of Uri, Schwyz, Unterwalden, Zug and Lucerne. In order to accelerate the withdrawal of the predatory and destructive fighters, she also paid all 1700 remaining participants in the Saubanner procession two guilders and alcohol on the way. In order to protect themselves from such attacks from the rural areas of central Switzerland , the town centers formed special alliances with one another.

Diet in Stans

Illustration of the events in the Lucerne Chronicle of 1513 ( Diebold Schilling the Younger )

In December 1481 envoys from the eight places in Stans met for a meeting in which negotiations were to be held on the various areas of conflict. However, these threatened to fail - which ultimately threatened the alliance itself.

According to Diebold Schilling , who was present at the meeting, in the Lucerne Chronicle , the messed up situation was resolved on December 22nd by a message from the hermit Niklaus von Flüe, known as Brother Klaus im Ranft , by Pastor Heini (Heimo) Amgrund from Stans : Amgrund went to see it during the night and returned at noon with its message, which led to an agreement - the content of this message, however, has not been passed down. Today there is a hiking and pilgrim path starting at the Winkelried monument above the village of Stans into the Ranft Gorge , the "Brother Klausen Path", which is also a stage on the Way of St. James .

contents

The compromise consisted of admitting Freiburg and Solothurn to the federal government and, in return, abolishing castle law. The agreement included the prohibition of violent attacks on comrades or their allies; the protection of an attacked place by the others; the punishment of the perpetrators either by the domestic courts or by those at the scene of the crime; a ban on community meetings or gatherings without the permission of the authorities; a ban on inciting the subjects of any other place; the obligation of the places to mediate in uprisings by subjects of other places and the confirmation of the Sempacher and Pfaffenbrief . The covenants should be sworn every 5 years and the three decrees read out. Ultimately , the spoils of war should in future be distributed among the towns according to Marchzahl (here: size of the troops involved).

literature

  • Norbert Domeisen: Swiss constitutional history, philosophy of history and ideology. A study of the interpretation of the constitutional history of the Swiss Confederation from the end of the 15th to the end of the 18th century by national historiography (= European university publications. Series 3: History and its auxiliary sciences 103). Lang, Bern et al. 1978, ISBN 3-261-03089-5 , p. 43 ff. Full text WebArchive
  • Ferdinand Elsener et al .: 500 years of the Stans Decree. Contributions to a time picture. Historischer Verein Nidwalden et al., Stans 1981.
  • Andreas Heusler : Swiss constitutional history. Frobenius, Basel 1920.
  • Josef Leisibach, Norbert King: The union of the eighth places with Freiburg and Solothurn, 1481 . Paulusverlag, Editions Saint-Paul, Freiburg 1981, ISBN 3-7228-0146-X . Facsimile at Google Books .
  • Pirmin Meier : I brother Klaus von Flüe. A story from inner Switzerland . A biographical discourse. Ammann, Zurich 1997; 2nd edition Zurich 2000
  • Hans Conrad Peyer : Constitutional history of old Switzerland. Schulthess et al., Zurich, 1978, ISBN 3-7255-1880-7 .
  • Ernst Walder: Stans Declaration. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
  • Ernst Walder: On the history of the origin of the Stanser verdict and the federation of the eighth places with Freiburg and Solothurn from 1481. In: Swiss journal for history. 32 (1982), pp. 236-292, doi : 10.5169 / seals-80881 .
  • Ernst Walder: The Stans Declaration. A chapter of Swiss history re-examined: the origin of the Stans verdict in the years 1477 to 1481 (= contributions to the history of Nidwalden 44). Historischer Verein Nidwalden, Stans 1994, ISBN 3-906377-02-4 .

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Duden: Ordinance
  2. ↑ Wiktionary: Ordinance
  3. ↑ Relevant excerpt from Diepold Schilling's Lucerne Chronicle
  4. ↑ Sachseln Flüeli-Ranft Tourismus ( Memento from October 29, 2010 in the Internet Archive )
  5. ^ Norbert Domeisen: Swiss constitutional history, philosophy of history and ideology. P. 47 ( Memento from March 31, 2016 on WebCite ) (cited source in note 170: Nabholz / Kläui: Quellenbuch. P. 62 ff.)