Stein (noble family, Black Forest)

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Coat of arms of the “Stain” ( sic ) in the Zurich coat of arms roll , around 1340

The lords of stone (also lords of the stone) were a ministerial and aristocratic family that is proven in the 13th and 14th centuries in the southern Black Forest . There it owned the castles Altenstein (probably in the area of ​​today's Häg-Ehrsberg ) and Neuenstein (near Raitbach ) and as Meier was in the service of the Säckingen Abbey . By inheritance, their property came to the Alsatian family of the Lords von Schönau and thus established their important role on the Upper and High Rhine .

Family table

The following Herren von Stein are known:

  • Heinrich I, died 1283
    • His sons Heinrich II. (Married to Katharina von Hünenberg; died 1321) and Rudolf I (died 1302) and a daughter Elisabeth (∞ Ulrich III. Von Büttikon)
      • Heinrich II. Son Heinrich IV. (Presumably died under age) and a daughter of unknown name
      • Rudolf I's sons of Heinrich III. (died 1349/50), Rudolf II. (died 1321) and Mathis (died 1339).
        • Henry III. daughter

Henry III. von Stein married his daughter of unknown name to Rudolf I von Schönau around 1330. Since he was otherwise childless, the von Stein men died out in the male line in the middle of the 14th century, and their property passed to the von Schönau men .

From a possible branch line, a knight Johannes vom Stein with property near Zell im Wiesental and between 1327 and 1347 a Säckinger priest and canon Jakob vom Stein are mentioned. The relationship between Johannes and Jacob and the other men of the stone mentioned in a document is not known.

Coat of arms of the Lords of Wieladingen in the Zurich coat of arms , around 1340

There was probably a kinship between the Lords of Stein and the Lords of Wieladingen . On the one hand, there is a great similarity between the two coats of arms, which both have the motif of the fiddle. On the other hand, the Säckingsche Meieramt was apparently divided between the two families. This division of the Meieramt could indicate an inheritance of the same. One possibility is that the line division of the original Meier dynasty (and the division of the Meieramt in general) went back to the line division of the Habsburgs in the middle of the 13th century, from which the "younger" line, in addition to the "older" line (the later royal dynasty) Habsburg-Laufenburg emerged . With this division of lines, the Kastvogtei over the Säckingen monastery under the two brothers Albrecht IV and Rudolf III. and possibly this also led to a division of lines and tasks among the associated ministerials. The geography of the Meierhöfe managed by the two families suggests that the von Stein family came to the younger Habsburg-Laufenburg line, the von Wieladingen family to the older line. With two witnesses named Hartmann and Rudolf, the names of the later lords of Wieladingen and Stein can already be found in a document in the Säckingen ministry in 1207. It is unclear whether and how the two witnesses are connected to the two later Meier families. The later documents do not reveal a major role for the probable family relationship; Although the families seem to have had a friendly or amicable relationship, there is no evidence of a continued relationship. The original assignment to the two Habsburg families also seems to have reversed over time. From around the 1270s, the von Stein lords moved closer to the older Habsburg line, while the Wieladingers joined the entourage of the Counts of Habsburg-Laufenburg in the 1290s, and probably in the course of the throne disputes between Albrecht of Austria and Adolf von Nassau .

possession

The gentlemen from the stone were in the service of the Säckingen women's monastery as ministerials and held the management office over several dinghouses there. They had their original seat at Altenstein Castle (see more on this below). The extent of the Steinschen Meieramt is difficult to determine, as almost all documentary mentions about it date from the time of their Schönau heirs. In the first half of the 14th century, however, they were probably responsible for managing the Meierhöfe in Zuzgen , Kaisten , Ittenthal , Mettau , Sulz and Zell im Wiesental. Extensive court rights in Wegenstetten can also be traced back to Säckingen Abbey. In addition, the family had several farms, estates and other rights as their own property, often in the same villages in which they had the right to farm (for example in Zell, Zuzgen and Stetten). The family apparently also had their own property near Wegenstetten : In 1303 Heinrich von Stein handed over his rights to the bishopric of Basel and received the farm again as a fief. Schwörstadt , Obersäckingen, Säckingen, Wieladingen , Laufenburg , Mettau and Kaisten also owned the property .

Another "Reign Neuenstein" existed on St. Blasischem area southeast of the Zeller Dinghof; The original scope of rule cannot be precisely determined; When the rule was sold by the Steiner heirs to the Margraves of Sausenberg in 1400 , it comprised Neuenstein Castle (see below), the villages of Gersbach, Schlechtbach, Schweigmatt, Raitbach and other farms and rights between Wehra and Wiesental, roughly speaking the eastern part of what is now Schopfheim . It is possible that Hausen im Wiesental originally belonged to the Neuenstein rulership, but was inherited by the Zer Sunnen family in Basel at the beginning of the 14th century.

In addition to these possessions in the Wiesental and the High Rhine region, Heinrich III. von Stein also half the village of Marzell in the Kandertal in 1342 . The sellers were the Lords of Neuenfels, who immediately received the sale from Heinrich as a fief. In addition, there was income due to Habsburg pledges, for example in Wehr , Siggenthal , Baden AG , Rheinfelden AG and the county of Hauenstein . By the year 1325, these pledges were likely to have a total value of 460 silver marks.

The legal transactions in which members of the sex are mentioned as actors in a document give the image of an economically and socially successful family. In addition to the stiftsäckingschen Meieramt, she succeeded in creating further property focal points and rising from the dependent ministeriality to the lower nobility. By the second half of the 13th century at the latest, the family seems to have completed their social and personal emancipation from the monastery - in the following period they apparently freely dispose of their own property, acted both as fief takers and feudal lords, and all male family members who the Came of age, carried the knight title . This social advancement is also manifested in the marriage ties that the family, as far as is known, formed with influential ministerial families and, in some cases, even families of baronial class. One of the reasons for the family's economic and social success is likely to have been the connection to the older line of the Counts of Habsburg , in whose environment the Lords of Stein appeared from the end of the 13th century, to whom they subsequently remained loyal and of who have been rewarded several times for military and other services.

Castles

The family also owned three castle complexes. The “ancestral castle” of the family was probably Altenstein Castle, which was first mentioned in 1319 as a location in a border description. However, since Neuenstein Castle was documented in 1283 (see below), Altenstein should have existed back then and thus at least since the second half of the 13th century. Before the construction of Neuenstein Castle, the complex was probably only called "Stein" and gave the family its name. The exact location of Altenstein Castle is controversial, it is suspected either in the district of the same name in the municipality of Häg-Ehrsberg or on the " Henschenberg " near Zell im Wiesental . In both places there are still signs of earlier castles. For the identification of Altenstein Castle with the ruins on the Henschenberg, in addition to the proximity to the then Dinghof in Zell, there are also ceramic finds, which suggest that the ruins there were still inhabited in the early 15th century, at the time of the Schönauers as heirs of those von Stein. In addition, in a document from 1393, a farm on the Henschenberg is mentioned as belonging to the castle. On the other hand, as noted by Klaus Schubring , Altenstein Castle and Henschenberg Farm are listed separately in a document from 1394, so they do not have to have been in close proximity to each other. This and local field names indicate that the former castle is more likely to be found in the complex near the hamlet of the same name, where local legends are also located. Regardless of its exact location, the castle was probably an official castle that Säckingen Abbey had given its Mieren as a fief.

The second castle owned by the Lords of Stein was first mentioned in a document as "Neuenstein" in 1283, an extensive mention with a description of the goods belonging to it at that time dates from the year 1400, i.e. after the Lords of Stein died out. Neuenstein Castle was probably located near Raitbach, its remains are known today as Burgholz . With her and the associated rule, the family was able to build up a second property focus on St. Blasischem area and thus independent of the Säckingen monastery.

Schwörstadt Castle was purchased as the family's third castle in 1316. The sellers were, on the one hand, Verena von Hunwil as the wife of Hartmann II. Von Wieladingen, and on the other, Hermann III. von Bellikon, the purchase price totaled 385 silver marks. Verena von Hunwil and Hermann III. von Bellikon had probably inherited their shares in the castle through their respective spouses from the von Wieladingen family. The latter are likely to have built the castle towards the end of the 13th century. Structural remains of the facility can no longer be found today.

coat of arms

The coat of arms of the Lords of Stein is documented mainly on wax seals from the 13th and 14th centuries, it shows a right-angled silver fiddle on a red background. It is incorrectly depicted in the Zurich coat of arms , namely with a fallen instead of a standing fiddle. In this form it has also found its way into the coat of arms of the municipality of Stein AG .

literature

  • Boris Bigott: Häg (Häg-Ehrsberg, LÖ) In: Alfons Zettler, Thomas Zotz (eds.): The castles in medieval Breisgau II - southern part, half volume A – K (= archeology and history. Volume 16). Thorbecke, Ostfildern 2009, ISBN 978-3-7995-7366-5 , pp. 244-247.
  • Werner H. Frese: The Lords of Schönau - A contribution to the history of the Upper Rhine nobility (= research on the Upper Rhine regional history. Volume 26). Freiburg u. a. 1975
  • Andre Gutmann: Under the coat of arms of Fidel. The Lords of Wieladingen and the Lords of Stein between ministerialism and aristocratic rule (= research on the history of the Upper Rhine region. Vol. 55). With the collaboration of Christopher Schmidberger, Freiburg i. Br./München 2011 ( full text as PDF )
  • Thomas Kreutzer: Acquisition of property and rule on the Upper Rhine in the 14th century. In: Wernher von Schönau, Katharina Frings (Hrsg.): Nobility to Upper and High Rhine - Contributions to the history of the barons of Schönau. Freiburg im Breisgau, 2001, ISBN 3-7930-9282-8 , pp. 99-124.
  • Klaus Schubring : The genealogical development of the family In: Wernher von Schönau and Katharina Frings (Hrsg.): Adel an upper and high Rhine contributions to the history of the barons of Schönau. Freiburg im Breisgau 2001, ISBN 3-7930-9282-8 , pp. 75-98.
  • Klaus Schubring: The rulership of Neuenstein and Hausen in the Wiesental. In: Das Markgräflerland , issue 1/1994, pp. 42–64, digitized version of the Freiburg University Library
  • Klaus Schubring: Where was Altenstein Castle? In: Das Markgräflerland, Volume 1/2012, pp. 106–117
  • Aenne Schwoerbel: The Wieladingen castle ruins near Rickenbach in the Hotzenwald. State Monument Authority, Säckingen 1998.
  • Werner Meyer : Castles from A to Z - Burgenlexikon der Regio. Published by the Castle Friends of both Basels on the occasion of their 50th anniversary. Klingental printing company, Basel 1981

See also

Remarks

  1. ↑ Schwoerbel, The Wieladingen castle ruins near Rickenbach in the Hotzenwald , p. 100
  2. ↑ Gutmann, Under the coat of arms of Fidel , p. 525
  3. ↑ This daughter is referred to as Margareta by Merz, The medieval castles and fortifications of the cantons of Aargau and Kreutzer, Acquisition of property and rule on the Upper Rhine in the 14th century , p. 101; Merz also sees her as the daughter of Heinrich II, Kreutzer suggests that she be the daughter of Heinrich III. as well as Gutmann in his genealogical table
  4. ^ Schubring, The genealogical development of the family , p. 83
  5. ↑ Gutmann, Unter dem Wappen der Fidel , pp. 277f.
  6. ↑ Schwoerbel, The Wieladingen castle ruins near Rickenbach in the Hotzenwald , p. 101f.
  7. ↑ see Gutmann, Unter dem Wappen der Fidel , Section 6.1.3
  8. ↑ Gutmann, Under the coat of arms of Fidel , p. 354
  9. ^ Gutmann, Under the coat of arms of the Fidel , Section 6.3
  10. ↑ Gutmann, Under the coat of arms of Fidel , Sections 6.1.3 and 6.4
  11. ↑ From the early 15th century, a distinction was made in the documents between the "small" Meieramt of the Lords of Wieladingen and the "large" Meieramt that the Lords of Schönau inherited from the Lords of Stein. Such a distinction is not mentioned in a document for the time of the Lords von Stein; see Gutmann, Unter dem Wappen der Fidel , p. 101f.
  12. ↑ Gutmann, Unter dem Wappen der Fidel , p. 295f.
  13. ^ Kreutzer, Acquisition of property and rule on the Upper Rhine in the 14th century , 104-107 Frese, The Lords of Schönau , pp. 102-107. The Meieramt over Stetten, however , is doubted by Gutmann, Unter dem Wappen der Fidel , p. 296
  14. ^ Bader: Regesta of the former bishopric of Basel from 1281 to 1341 , p. 367 in: Zeitschrift für die Geschichte des Oberrheins , 1853, pp. 356–384, available online via MDZ
  15. ^ Frese, The Lords of Schönau , p. 99ff.
  16. ^ Kreutzer, Acquisition of property and rule on the Upper Rhine in the 14th century , p. 104f.
  17. ↑ Regesten the Margrave of Baden and Hachberg, Vol. 1, certificate number H857
  18. ↑ for details see Klaus Schubring: Die Herrschaft Neuenstein and Hausen im Wiesental , Das Markgräflerland- Contributions to its history and culture , year 1994, issue 1, pp. 43-63
  19. ^ Kreutzer, Acquisition of property and rule on the Upper Rhine in the 14th century , p. 107
  20. ^ Krieger, Albert: Topographical Dictionary of the Grand Duchy of Baden , Volume 2, p. 153, available online via Heidelberg University Library
  21. ↑ Frese, The Lords of Schönau , pp. 95f.
  22. ↑ Gutmann, Under the coat of arms of Fidel , p. 328
  23. ↑ Gutmann, Under the coat of arms of the Fidel , Chapters 4.2.6 and 4.4.11
  24. ↑ Gutmann, Unter dem Wappen der Fidel , pp. 373–376
  25. ↑ Gutmann, Unter dem Wappen der Fidel , p. 320f .; Schubring, Where was Altenstein Castle , p. 107
  26. ↑ For descriptions see Meyer, Burgen von A bis Z , p. 16, for the Henschenberg and Boris Bigott, Häg (Häg-Ehrsberg, LÖ) , p. 244f. for Altenstein
  27. ↑ Bigott, Häg (Häg-Ehrsberg, LÖ) , p. 247
  28. ↑ Meyer, Burgen von A to Z , p. 16.
  29. ↑ Gutmann, Unter dem Wappen der Fidel , p. 321 f., Similar but without specific reference to the document from 1393 Meyer, Burgen von A to Z , p. 16.
  30. ^ Schubring, Where was Altenstein Castle , pp. 110–115.
  31. ↑ Gutmann, Unter dem Wappen der Fidel , p. 321f.
  32. ^ Gutmann, Under the coat of arms of Fidel , p. 323
  33. ^ Klaus Schubring: Die Herrschaft Neuenstein and Hausen im Wiesental , pp. 50–53 In: Das Markgräflerland, Heft 1, 1994, pp. 42–64
  34. ↑ Gutmann, Unter dem Wappen der Fidel , pp. 170–173, 325
  35. ↑ Gutmann, Unter dem Wappen der Fidel , pp. 346–349
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