Dispute over the name of Macedonia

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Situation before the settlement of the name dispute:
  • Republic of Macedonia
  • Greek region of Macedonia

    • The dispute over the name Macedonia was a conflict between the states of Greece and the then Republic of Macedonia over the use of the name Macedonia or Macedonia . The dispute began in 1991 with the declaration of independence of the Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia under the name Republic of Macedonia ( Macedonian Република Македонија , transcribed Republika Makedonija ). Greece had given feared territorial claims of Macedonia to the Greek region of Macedonia ( Greek Μακεδονία , transcribed Makedonía ) as the reason for the protest . As long as Macedonia, as the Socialist Republic of Macedonia, was a republic of Yugoslavia , Greece had not raised any objection.

    In international traffic, the Republic of Macedonia mostly used the designation The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYROM, German "The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia"). Under this provisional name, the Republic of Macedonia was also recognized by the United Nations , with Greece and Macedonia being asked to find a peaceful settlement in the name conflict.

    The dispute was particularly detrimental to the Republic of Macedonia. Among other things, Greece blocked Macedonia's accession to NATO and the European Union, which the government in Skopje was aiming for . In 1994/1995 Greece imposed an embargo on Macedonia as the climax of the conflict . Later it had no more noticeable economic effects. After political negotiations, a solution to the name dispute was found in January 2019. Greek companies were (as of 2009) the most important investor in Macedonia.

    On June 12, 2018, the two heads of government Zoran Zaev and Alexis Tsipras agreed on a compromise solution, according to which the Republic of Macedonia should change its previous state name to Република Северна Македонија / Republika Severna Makedonija (German Republic of North Macedonia and Republic of North Macedonia ). The agreement is called the Prespa Agreement or Prespa Agreement after the place of signing in the village of Psarades , near the border , in the Prespes community on Lake Prespa . However, it had to be confirmed by the Greek parliament and a Macedonian referendum before it came into force . The next day, Macedonian President Gjorge Ivanov announced that under no circumstances would he support or sign such a compromise.

    The Macedonian parliament decided on January 11, 2019 to change the name to "North Macedonia", and on January 25, 2019 the Greek parliament also approved the agreement to rename Macedonia. The name change officially came into effect on February 12, 2019.

    Development of the conflict

    The name of the historical region of Macedonia , formerly settled by the ancient Macedonians , has been preserved over the millennia and has been used by all the inhabitants of this region. The name of the 148 BC The Roman province of Macedonia, which was established in BC , was also preserved as a Byzantine diocese . After the Slavic conquest in the 6th century, the Slavs who immigrated there were also named after the region in administrative acts of the Byzantine Empire . The medieval Macedonia , however, involved a different region with the city of Adrian Opel as the center, in today Thrace .

    It was not until the Ottomans , at different times, that their province of Rumelia was called Macedonia . This name received symbolic content for the desire for freedom of the mainly Slavic population of Macedonia through the Bulgarian Macedonia-Adrianople Revolutionary Committee, which has been active since 1893 (known since 1919 as the Inner Macedonian Revolutionary Organization , IMRO for short) and the Ilinden-Preobraschenie uprising in 1903 that they initiated against Ottoman rule.

    After Greece had conquered the southern parts of the geographical region of Macedonia in the First Balkan War in 1912, the administrative unit Generalgouvernement Macedonia (Geniki Diikisi Makedonias) with its seat in Thessaloniki was set up for these areas ; the first governor general was Konstantinos Raktivan from the end of October 1912. In July 1928, the Governor General of Macedonia was raised to the rank of minister as Minister for the General Government of Thessaloniki by Prime Minister Eleftherios Venizelos . The General Government of Macedonia was further subdivided into West Macedonia, Central Macedonia and East Macedonia, with the Governors General of West Macedonia and East Macedonia not having any ministerial rank in the Greek government. In the further course until 1944, the "governorates" (Diamérisma, διαμέρισμα) of Western Macedonia and Thrace (including Eastern Macedonia) as well as the governorates of the island of Crete and the Epiros region had more political powers than the seven remaining governorates of Greece that existed before the war. These had a more symbolic character and they hardly had any administrative powers. This administrative structure existed until January 1945: Prime Minister Nikolaos Plastiras appointed three deputy ministers (see State Secretaries in Germany) as governors general of West Macedonia, Central Macedonia and East Macedonia.

    After the end of the Greek Civil War , when the government of Sophoklis Venizelos took office in 1950, the three General Governments in Greek Macedonia were dissolved and merged into the General Government of Northern Greece. In October 1955, the Konstantinos Karamanlis government created a ministry for Northern Greece, which has remained unchanged to the present day. In 1987, in connection with EC funding programs (“ Europe of the Regions ”), so-called “development regions ” were formed in Greece: the three administrative regions (Periferies) newly established in Macedonia were named “ West ”, “ East ” and “ Central Macedonia ” ". In 1985 the Ministry of Northern Greece was renamed the Ministry of Macedonia and Thrace (according to its own information), while the General Secretariat of the Greek Government indicates the renaming for 1987. Independent of the division into administrative units, the Greek part of Macedonia was understood as a geographical region of Greece and partly also as a political region of Greece.

    Flag of Yugoslavia. Socialist Republic of Macedonia 1945–1992

    Within the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia there was a republic called Macedonia from 1944 to 1991 for the state people of the "Macedonians", against whose naming Greece, according to its own account, was due to the Greek civil war (1945 to 1949), later due to geopolitical constraints caused by the Yugoslavia's role in the Cold War revealed, did not object.

    Flag of the Republic of Macedonia 1992–1995
    Flag of the Republic of Macedonia since 1995

    When the Yugoslav republic of Macedonia declared its independence in 1991 ( break-up of Yugoslavia ) and used historical - according to the Greek view, Hellenistic - names and symbols ( flag dispute over the star of Vergina ), the Greek government protested and refused diplomatic recognition of the new country. As a NATO and EU member, Greece had the upper hand because it was able to block the diplomatic recognition of the Republic of Macedonia in these organizations and also made its approval of Macedonia's admission to the EU and NATO dependent on a solution to the name issue.

    The first constitution of the young Republic of Macedonia of November 17, 1991 contained some ambiguous formulations. Article 3, for example, spoke of possible border changes in accordance with the constitution, and Article 49 mandated the republic to take care of the status and rights of members of the “Macedonian people” in neighboring states and to support the cultural development of the local minorities support and promote.

    Under pressure from Greece and the European Community, Article 3 of the Macedonian Constitution, which declares the inviolability of the Macedonian borders, was added on January 6, 1992 with the following sentence: "The Republic of Macedonia has no territorial claims against neighboring states" and a wording according to which Border changes should only be possible on a voluntary basis and in accordance with international standards. Article 49 was supplemented by the provision that Macedonia would not interfere in the sovereign rights of other states or in their internal affairs. On January 11, 1992, the Macedonian Foreign Minister undertook to refrain from any hostile propaganda against Greece.

    Despite the compromise on the name of the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia , Greece was still dissatisfied with the flag, imposed a trade blockade on February 16, 1994 and closed its border with Macedonia. The sanctions were lifted in 1995 after the signing of a temporary agreement dated September 13, 1995, operated by the United Nations since 1993, after Macedonia had replaced the star of Vergina in its flag with an eight-pointed, stylized sun. In 1995 Greece claimed exclusive international rights to the Star of Vergina from the World Intellectual Property Organization .

    With the mediation of the UN, both countries began negotiations on the final name of Macedonia. Despite the UN proposal, Republika Makedonija-Skopje , most Greeks reject the use of the word Macedonia to denote the neighboring republic. Since independence in 1991, they have been calling the neighboring country colloquially after the capital of the country as Skopje (Greek Σκόπια / Skópia ), its residents as Skopians (Greek Σκοπιανοί / Skopianí ) and their language as Skopian (Greek Σκáοπιανικά / Skopianikák ).

    Macedonia's application for membership of the European Union (March 22, 2004) opened up a new opportunity for the settlement of this last outstanding problem between the two neighbors. At the meeting of the EU's Stabilization and Association Council with Macedonia (September 14, 2004, Brussels) the EU noted that the name differences still existed and called for a mutually acceptable solution to be found.

    The dispute was fueled again when, in December 2006, the Macedonian government announced that it would be naming Skopje airport after Alexander the Great , which sparked protests by then Greek Foreign Minister Dora Bakoyannis .

    On June 6, 2008, the Greek authorities refused to grant a landing permit for the plane of the Macedonian President , who was supposed to be attending a Southeastern Europe summit, because it was labeled "Republic of Macedonia" and not "FYROM".

    On December 5, 2011, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) ruled that Greece had violated the 1995 agreement by vetoing Macedonian membership of NATO. In the agreement, Greece waived a veto against Macedonia's accession to international organizations under a provisional name.

    In the summer of 2014, a group led by the Deputy Speaker of Parliament and former Foreign Minister of Macedonia Antonio Milošoski visited Greece and climbed the highest mountain in the Macedonia region, Mount Olympus . At the summit, Milošoski unfolded his country's flag with the star of Vergina , which had been abolished 19 years earlier following an agreement with Greece, and had himself photographed with it. In the Macedonian media he declared that he had "conquered" Olympus.

    Position of Greece

    Map of Macedonia at the time of Philip II (dark orange)

    Greece argued that Macedonia ( Greek Μακεδονία , Makedonía ) is a name of Greek origin that is already used for the northern Greek region of Macedonia and the historical region of Macedonia . Slavic tribes did not appear in the Balkans until the early Middle Ages (from the 6th century AD) - and the inhabitants of the former Yugoslav republic of Macedonia were Slavs . In addition, the national territory of the former Yugoslav republic largely includes an area that is not part of the original historical area of ​​Macedonia. In ancient times this area, in which the capital Skopje is located today , was called Paionien . The use of the name Macedonia thus represents a usurpation of foreign history and culture. This is done for political reasons, in order to distinguish oneself from the neighboring Bulgarians and to be able to establish a national feeling that creates an identity, which should be the basis for the existence of the new state (cf. Nation building and legend of origin ). In addition, the former Yugoslav republic is a multi-ethnic state (including 25% Albanians , 4% Turks , 3% Roma , 2% Serbs ), whose territorial unity must be ensured. Another reason for the historically untenable reference to the ancient Macedonians and their state lies in the claim to a political primacy of the Slavic ethnic group over the other ethnic groups, which should be justified historically.

    Occupation of Greece 1941–1944:     Bulgaria Italy (until September 1943) Germany
    
    
    

    The Slavic inhabitants of this region would have always called themselves Bulgarians in the past centuries. This only changed with Tito's decree , which gave the southernmost region of Yugoslavia, the former Vardar Banschaft , the official name of Vardar Macedonia . This should have fended off Bulgarian territorial claims against southern Yugoslavia and at the same time supported Yugoslav territorial claims against northern Greece. For this purpose, the inhabitants of the southernmost province of Yugoslavia should have received a new national orientation. The language of the Slavic majority of the population, the essential basis of a people, was recognized as an independent language. However, it is a West Bulgarian dialect, which is extremely close to Bulgarian , but has been renamed Macedonian . A large-scale falsification of history had begun, which was taught in schools, with the result that today's residents of Slavic origin had a wrong view of their history.

    Greece also resisted the name Republic of Macedonia because it feared Macedonian territorial claims against the northern Greek region of the same name, Macedonia - a fear that was justified by the fact that the Bulgarians, who were also of Slavic origin, had occupied Eastern Macedonia from 1941 to 1944 under the protection of the then fascist German Empire . Greece would not have had anything to fear from Macedonia militarily, but through propaganda influencing the population of Greek Macedonia and through possible common interests between Macedonia and Turkey, its politics could have been dangerous.

    Since the Greek Macedonians since ancient times, and even before the Slavs, as Macedonians were called, this name can not now suddenly be used by a newly created nation, moreover, without any historical, ethnic or linguistic basis.

    The Greek side admitted that they were not against the existence of the new state, but only against the name it claims for itself and its inhabitants. Basically, Greece is interested in good neighborly relations and ready to support the young state politically and economically.

    Arguments of the Republic of Macedonia

    "FYROM not me, say Macedonia". (Poster motif of a campaign by the Macedonian state, FYROM = Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia )

    The name Skopje for the Republic of Macedonia was perceived as derogatory by the Slavic Macedonians . They also found the name Fyromer (or FYROM for their country) extremely inappropriate.

    Macedonia has always been the name of the historical region in which the Republic of Macedonia is located, so that the use of this name for the state in this area was obvious. There was no likelihood of confusion, since the Republic of Macedonia is the only state with that name. From the name correspondence with the Greek regions of West Macedonia , Central Macedonia and East Macedonia and Thrace , no territorial claims could be derived, just like from those between the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg and the Belgian province of Luxembourg .

    Yugoslavian banks 1929–1941

    The Macedonians had not only developed a Macedonian national feeling under Tito, but at the latest since the Ilinden uprising of 1903. The name Makedonija for this area inhabited by Slavs has been in use since at least the 19th century (for example with Vuk Karadžić 1836/49 in the Form "Maćedonija"). The name Vardar-Banschaft, often used by the Greek side, is in the context of the centralized First Yugoslavia , whose administrative units should deliberately hide the existing national differences through their borders and names, so that even traditional regions like Dalmatia ("Banschaft coast"), Croatia - Slavonia ("Banschaft Save"), Vojvodina ("Banschaft Donau") or Carniola ("Banschaft Drau", today Slovenia ) were not listed under their ancestral names.

    Sometimes the Slavic Macedonians , as well as the Greek Macedonians, claim a relationship with the ancient Macedonians , on the grounds that they have gradually merged with the Slavs since their arrival in the Balkans in the 6th century. However, this thesis is heavily disputed even among Slavic Macedonians and is probably hardly verifiable.

    Macedonia has friendly relations with its neighboring countries, but since independence in 1991 it has been wrongly involved in the name dispute with Greece.

    Position of other states and organizations

    Macedonia was recognized by three of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council ( USA November 4, 2004, Russia and China ) under the name Republic of Macedonia without the abbreviation “FY”. The other two permanent members of the Security Council, France and the United Kingdom , who were EU members like Greece , refused to do so. The majority of the international community had also recognized the country under its constitutional name. However, this only applied to bilateral relations between the Republic of Macedonia and the respective country.

    On April 7, 1993, the UN Security Council recommended the admission of Macedonia to the UN and established the existence of the name dispute. The General Assembly then accepted Macedonia on April 8, 1993, following the recommendation of the Security Council, under the provisional name The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia ( The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia ) into the international community. The Federal Republic of Germany also officially used the name customary at the United Nations.

    After Macedonia became a member of the UN, other international organizations adopted this naming convention, including the EU , NATO , the International Olympic Committee , the European Broadcasting Union , the IMF and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development .

    Most diplomats who were accredited in Macedonia used the provisional designation Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia or Macedonia (Former Yugoslav Republic) in official international documents , for example representatives of Germany , Austria , Switzerland , Italy , Spain , Finland , Portugal , France , Luxembourg , the Netherlands , Australia , Brazil , Argentina , Egypt and others. In Germany, the abbreviation FYR Macedonia was sometimes used officially.

    On the other hand, over 106 countries had recognized Macedonia for bilateral traffic under the name Republic of Macedonia . These included the USA (2004), Russia , the People's Republic of China , the neighboring countries Bulgaria (which Macedonia was the first state recognized in 1992), Albania , Kosovo and Serbia , Croatia , Slovenia , Bosnia-Herzegovina , Turkey , Ukraine , Belarus , Estonia , Lithuania , Iran , Pakistan , the Philippines , Malaysia and others. The Foreign Ministries of Germany, Austria and Switzerland also named the Republic of Macedonia by this name. Canada recognized Macedonia as the Republic of Macedonia in late summer 2007.

    At the end of 2007, talks began to resolve the name dispute, in which both sides insisted on their demands.

    A NATO summit took place in Bucharest from April 2-4, 2008, at which a decision was to be made about the admission of five states (Albania, Georgia , Croatia, Macedonia and Ukraine). The unresolved name dispute and the resulting veto by Greece prevented Macedonia from joining. As in the case of Georgia and Ukraine, the decision has been postponed.

    On November 17, 2008, Macedonia filed a lawsuit against Greece with the International Court of Justice for breach of the Provisional Agreement (Interim Agreement) of September 13, 1995. The court ruled in favor of Macedonia on December 5, 2011.

    German spelling

    The Greek name Μακεδονία has been transcribed into Latin with Macedonia since ancient times and into Slavic with Македония (Bulgarian, Russian) or Македонија (Serbian, Macedonian) since the Middle Ages. Because of the modern pronunciation of the German c as z , however, the spelling Macedonia was finally recommended during the II Orthographic Conference in 1901 . At the same time, the pronunciation Macedonia is also used. Since then, the two spellings Macedonia and Macedonia have existed side by side with their respective pronunciations, but only in the German language. While the pronunciation of the κ is retained in all relevant languages ​​of the region , interestingly, in the German language habit, the c / z emerges as a distinguishing feature. The original pronunciation of κ is increasingly used for Macedonia, which is located in Greece, while the Germanized z is assigned to today's North Macedonia (Severna Makedonija).

    Dispute and resolution

    Starting position

    For a long time, names containing macedon- were unacceptable for Greece, while only these were acceptable for Macedonia.

    In October 2004, Greece and the Republic of Macedonia decided to normalize their relations and intensify negotiations on the country's name. However, the state name was still a source of local and international disagreement, and the use of the name remained controversial.

    Due to the continued resistance from the Greek side, Macedonia was forced to use the addition former Yugoslav Republic (FYR) ( former Yugoslav Republic ) in international traffic .

    Proposals by the UN Special Envoy

    Matthew Nimetz , the UN special envoy for Macedonia, had proposed the untranslated name Republika Makedonija-Skopje (Република Македонија-Скопје) for official purposes . Greece had rejected this proposal, but said it was a basis for further constructive negotiations. The Macedonian Prime Minister Vlado Bučkovski rejected the proposal and submitted the counter-proposal of a double designation, whereby the international community uses the Republic of Macedonia , Greece and other countries, however, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia .

    In October 2005, Nimetz made a new proposal: According to this, the countries that have recognized the Republic of Macedonia under this name should continue to use it, while Greece should use the name Republic of Macedonia-Skopje . The untranslated, Latin transcribed name Republika Makedonija should be used in international organizations .

    An international arbitration commission should settle the country name dispute. Greece continued to favor the Republic of Skopje or Dardania , but also indicated that it could accept Vardar-Macedonia or Upper Macedonia as a basis for discussion, in which Macedonia can be clearly recognized as a purely geographical name. In 2010, the Greek Deputy Foreign Minister Dimitris Droutsas stated that his country had no objection to the name North Macedonia for its northern neighbor.

    In June 2010, Macedonian media reported that the Macedonian government wanted to accept the designation Vardar-Macedonia or Macedonia (Vardar) . However, it remained unclear whether this should only apply to other countries or also within the country. In February 2011, the Macedonian government announced in a letter to the UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon that it was ready to change its name to the Republic of Macedonia (Skopje) , but only after a previous referendum .

    In March 2011, the former Macedonian prime minister and honorary chairman of the VMRO-NP party , Ljubčo Georgievski , spoke out in favor of a compromise with Greece within the framework of the examples proposed by Nimetz. In January 2013, the Bulgarian news agency Fokus reported, based on an article in the Skopje newspaper Nova Makedonija , that the UN special envoy Matthew Nimetz had proposed two new names: Republic of North Macedonia and Republic of Vardar (Republika Vardarska) .

    Negotiations between the Tsipras and Zaev governments

    On January 19, 2018, official talks between Greece and the Republic of Macedonia to resolve the name dispute took place at the headquarters of the United Nations for the first time in a few years. The day before, the UN special envoy Matthew Nimetz had put forward five proposed names for the Republic of Macedonia: Republika Nova Makedonija (Republic of New Macedonia), Republika Severna Makedonija (Republic of North Macedonia), Republika Gorna Makedonija (Republic of Upper Macedonia), Republika Vardarska Makedonija (Republic of Vardar-Macedonia) and Republika Makedonija (Skopje). These proposals should now form the basis for an agreement between the two countries.

    The Greek Prime Minister Tsipras said it was "logical" that the name Macedonia should be supplemented by a geographical or temporal definition (such as North or New Macedonia) and therefore could be used in principle. As a result, on January 21, 2018, according to police, 90,000 and according to participants 300,000 people demonstrated in Thessaloniki against an emerging compromise. They rejected any use of the word "Macedonia" in the new state name of the neighboring country. Nationalist and right-wing extremist groups called for the demonstration. A similar demonstration took place in Athens on February 4, 2018, in which, according to police, 140,000 people from all over the country took part. The organizers spoke of a million demonstrators, Greek journalists of around 300,000. This was the largest demonstration in Greece for years.

    In May 2018, a possible compromise with Ilindenska Makedonija (Ilinden-Macedonia) was indicated.

    Overall, the following suggestions were made for the new name of the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia:

    • Republic of Skopje - after the capital Skopje
    • Vardarska Republika (Vardar Republic), Republika Vardarska (Republic of Vardar) - based on Macedonia's most important and only navigable river and based on the administrative unit Vardarska banovina of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia
    • Dardania - based on the northern neighbors of the ancient Macedonians, the Dardans , who also settled in the region around Skopje (who, however , are claimed to be ancestors by Kosovar Albanians )
    • Paionien - after another ancient people from this region, the Päoniern
    • South Slavia - which would take up the name of Yugoslavia again
    • Central Balkan Republic
    • Republic of Macedonia Skopje
    • Slavic Republic of Macedonia
    • Slavomacedonia
    • New Macedonia
    • Upper Macedonia
    • Northern Macedonia : Republic of Northern Macedonia , Republic of Northern Macedonia, Republic of Northern Macedonia, Republic of Northern Macedonia
    • Macedonia
    • Democratic Republic of Macedonia
    • Republic of Macedonia (Skopje)
    • Ilinden Macedonia

    Prespa Agreement

    New welcome table for the Republic of North Macedonia

    In June 2018 announced Greek Prime Minister Alexis Tsipras and Macedonia Prime Minister Zoran Zaev that the state name of Macedonia will provided with an additional geographical name and you look (German to Република Северна Македонија / Republika Severna Makedonija Republic of Northern Macedonia or Republic of Northern Macedonia ) have agreed. On January 11, 2019, the Macedonian parliament voted for the agreement.

    With a two-thirds majority in parliament, the members of the government majority under Prime Minister Zoran Zaev ( SDSM ) voted on October 19, 2018 for a constitutional amendment and a change of the state name in North Macedonia . On September 30, 2018, the constitutional referendum, which was not binding on Parliament, initially failed after the agreement with Greece to change the name of the state from the internationally officially recognized name of the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia in the Republic of North Macedonia as well as on accession to the European Union (EU) and NATO - Military alliance despite massive advertising by Western politicians due to insufficient voter turnout.

    On January 11, 2019, the Macedonian Parliament in Skopje decided to change its name to North Macedonia. On January 25, 2019, the Greek parliament also approved the agreement to rename Macedonia. Out of a total of 300 members in parliament, 153 voted for the agreement and 146 against; there was one abstention. The name change came into effect on February 12, 2019.

    The settlement of the name dispute made it possible for North Macedonia to join NATO . On February 6, 2019, NATO signed the protocol for the admission of North Macedonia. The country's membership took effect on March 27, 2020.

    literature

    • Loring M. Danforth: The Macedonian conflict: Ethnic nationalism in a transnational world. Princeton / NJ 1995. ISBN 0-691-04357-4 .
    • Michael Ioannidis: Naming a State: Disputing over Symbols of Statehood at the Example of "Macedonia". In: Max Planck Yearbook of United Nations Law 14 (2010) pp. 507-562.
    • Igor Janev : Legal Aspects of the Use of a Provisional Name for Macedonia in the United Nations System. AJIL, Vol. 93. no 1. 1999.
    • Christos Katsioulis: The Greek Foreign Policy Identity in the Name Conflict with Macedonia and in the Kosovo War. Published by the Chair of International Relations / Foreign Policy, University of Trier 2002 ( PDF ).
    • Dimiter Kossew et al. a. (Ed.): Macedonia: A collection of documents. Sofia 1982.
    • Walter Lukan and Peter Jordan (eds.): Macedonia: Geography - Ethnic Structure - History - Language and Culture - Politics - Economy - Law. Vienna u. a. 1998. ISBN 3-631-34025-7 .
    • Victor Roudometof: Collective memory, national identity, and ethnic conflict. Greece, Bulgaria, and the Macedonian question. In: Collective memory, national identity, and ethnic conflict . Westport, Conn. a.] 2002 ISBN 0-275-97648-3 .
    • John Shea: Macedonia and Greece: The struggle to define a new Balkan nation. Jefferson / NC 1997. ISBN 0-7864-0228-8 .
    • Adamantios Skordos: Greece's Macedonian Question. Civil War and Political History in Southeast Europe, 1945–1992. , Wallstein Verlag, Göttingen 2012, ISBN 978-3-8353-0936-4 .
    • Hans-Lothar Steppan: The Macedonian Knot: The identity of the Macedonians illustrated using the example of the Balkan Federation 1878-1914. Documentation on the prehistory of the Republic of Macedonia according to the files of the Federal Foreign Office. Frankfurt am Main u. a. 2004. ISBN 3-631-51895-1 .
    • Nikolaos Zahariadis: Nationalism and small-state foreign policy: The Greek response to the Macedonian issue. Political Science Quarterly 109.4 (1994), pp. 647-664.

    Remarks

    1. ↑ The distinction between the Macedonia and Macedonia spellings in German is atypical internationally. Most languages, especially those involved, write the name the same in all meanings.

    Individual evidence

    1. ↑ a b In resolution 47/225 (A / RES / 47/225) of the UN General Assembly of April 8, 1993 it says: “The General Assembly […] decides to deny the state whose application for admission to the United Nations in document A / 47/876-S / 25147, this state being provisionally referred to as the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia for all purposes within the United Nations pending the settlement of the dispute over the name of that state . ”(Man Also note the lower case in the English original: “the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia”.) Cf. also the official list of UN member states and their German translation , where Macedonia under T for “The former…” or D for “The former ... “is performed.
    2. ↑ a b Cf. Resolution 817 of the UN Security Council (S / RES / 817) of April 7, 1993 ( facsimile of the original English version as PDF ), which states: "The Security Council [...] urges the parties to [...] to cooperate in order to come to a swift settlement of their differences. ”This request is also reiterated in the interim agreement between Greece and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia ( Memento of December 5, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) of September 15, 1995.
    3. ↑ dlf.de: Greek parliament approves treaty with Macedonia
    4. ↑ Andreas Fenneker, dissertation, Univ. Münster ( synopsis of the work ; PDF from July 17, 2009).
    5. ↑ Markus Bernath: In the Macedonian name dispute, Zaev and Tsipras go into extension. In: nzz.ch. October 3, 2018, accessed January 16, 2019 .
    6. ^ Macedonia and Greece: Deal after 27-year row over a name. BBC News, June 12, 2018, accessed June 12, 2018 .
    7. ↑ Macedonian President 'Won't Sign' Name Deal With Greece. Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty, June 13, 2018, accessed June 13, 2018 .
    8. ↑ Macedonia: Macedonian Parliament decides to change its name. Retrieved January 11, 2019 .
    9. ↑ a b Athens Parliament approves Macedonia Agreement. Retrieved January 25, 2019 .
    10. ↑ Cf. John Shea (Macedonia in history: myths and constants, in: Makedonien: Geographie - Ethnischestruktur - Geschichte - Language and culture - Politics - Wirtschaft - Recht , ed. Walter Lukan and Peter Jordan, Vienna et al. 1998, p. 131 –168, here p. 142): "[...] for most of the past 2,500 years the name has been given to people who lived there rather than to people of a specific ethnic group."
    11. ↑ Wolf Oschlies, Textbook of the Macedonian Language , Munich 2007, p. 9 .: [...] Slavs first invaded the southern Balkans around 540; in the 7th century, Macedonia had a strong Slavic population, which was replaced by the Byzantium bureaucracy Region was named [...]
    12. ↑ See Hans-Lothar Steppan, The Macedonian Knot: The Identity of the Macedonians illustrated using the example of the Balkan Federation 1878–1914. A documentation on the prehistory of the Republic of Macedonia according to the files of the Foreign Office, Frankfurt am Main u. a. 2004, pp. 46-47
    13. ↑ Boeckh, Katrin: From the Balkan Wars to the First World War: politics of small states and ethnic self-determination in the Balkans. Oldenbourg, Munich 1996. p. 358. ISBN 3-486-56173-1
    14. ↑ Karakasidou, Anastasia N .: Passages to Nationhood in Greek Macedonia, 1870–1990. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago 1997. p. 162. ISBN 0-226-42494-4
    15. ^ Mazower, Mark : Salonica: City of Ghosts. Christians, Muslims, and Jews, 1430-1950. Vintage Books, New York 2004. p. 282. ISBN 978-0-375-72738-2
    16. ^ List of ministers in the government of Eleftherios Venizelos (July 4, 1928 to June 7, 1929). General Secretariat of the Greek Government (Geniki Grammatia tis Kyveniseos). Information in Greek. ( Memento from September 27, 2007 in the Internet Archive )
    17. ^ Naval Intelligence Division. Greece. Volume I - Physical Geography, History, Administration and Peoples. BR 516 (Restricted) Geographical Handbook Series. March 1944. pp. 253-255.
    18. ↑ List of ministers in the Nikolaos Plastiras government (January 3, 1945 to April 8, 1945). General Secretariat of the Greek Government (Geniki Grammatia tis Kyveniseos). Information in Greek. ( Memento from September 29, 2008 in the Internet Archive )
    19. ↑ List of Ministers of the Sofoklis Venizelos government (March 23, 1950 to April 15, 1950). General Secretariat of the Greek Government (Geniki Grammatia tis Kyveniseos). Information in Greek. ( Memento from September 27, 2007 in the Internet Archive )
    20. ^ List of ministers in the Konstantinos Karamanlis government (October 6, 1955 to February 29, 1958). General Secretariat of the Greek Government (Geniki Grammatia tis Kyveniseos). Information in Greek. ( Memento from September 29, 2008 in the Internet Archive )
    21. ↑ List of ministers of the Ministry for Macedonia and Thrace on its website. Last accessed: March 28, 2008
    22. ↑ Steppan, Hans-Lothar: The Macedonian Knot: The identity of the Macedonians illustrated using the example of the Balkan Federation 1878-1914. Documentation on the prehistory of the Republic of Macedonia according to the files of the Federal Foreign Office. Publishing house Peter Lang, Frankfurt am Main u. a. 2004. pp. 19 and 369ff. ISBN 3-631-51895-1
    23. ↑ List of ministers of the Andreas Papandreou government (June 5, 1985 to July 2, 1989). General Secretariat of the Greek Government (Geniki Grammatia tis Kyveniseos). Information in Greek. ( Memento from September 27, 2007 in the Internet Archive )
    24. ↑ Legg, Keith R .: Politics of Modern Greece. Stanford University Press, Stanford 1969. p. 366. ISBN 0-8047-0705-7 . ( Map can be viewed on Google Books. )
    25. ^ As a NATO member, Greece had to support efforts to establish friendly relations with Yugoslavia, which followed a path independent of Moscow; see. Nikolaos Zahariadis, Nationalism and small-state foreign policy: The Greek response to the Macedonian issue, Political Science Quarterly 109.4 (1994), pp. 647-664, here: p. 653.
    26. ↑ Καραμανλής: Οχι ένταξη, χωρίς λύση στο όνομα (Karamanlis: No recording without a solution for the name). In: Ελεύθερος Τύπος / Eleftheros Typos [Free Press]. October 19, 2007, accessed November 8, 2007 (Modern Greek).
    27. ^ A b c Carsten Giersch: Conflict Regulation in Yugoslavia 1991–1995: The role of OSCE, EU, UNO and NATO , Nomos Verlag, Baden-Baden, 1997, ISBN 3-7890-5307-4 , pp. 193–194
    28. ↑ Amendment published in the Law Gazette of the Republic of Macedonia (Služben vesnik na Republika Makedonija) No. 1/1992; see. Art. 3 of the Macedonian Constitution as PDF with all previous changes on the site of the Macedonian President ( Memento of September 13, 2004 in the Internet Archive ) or in the current version on the website of the Macedonian Government ( Memento of February 14, 2005 in the Internet Archive ) (both in Macedonian).
    29. ↑ See Zahariadis, Nationalism and small-state foreign policy, p. 665.
    30. ↑ Archive link ( Memento of March 11, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Registration of the star of Vergina with the World Intellectual Property Organization , June 3, 1995
    31. ^ Skopje's airport to be named "Alexander the Great" , Kathmerini. December 29, 2006. Retrieved December 26, 2006. 
    32. ↑ derStandard.at President canceled participation in Southeast Europe summit
    33. ↑ Athens is subject to the Macedonia name dispute: http://www.tagesschau.de/ausland/mazedonienstreit100.html ( Memento from December 6, 2011 in the Internet Archive )
    34. ^ FYROM official provokes Greece by raising the Vergina Sun flag on Mount Olympus
    35. ↑ Demetrius Andreas Floudas: "Pardon? A Name for a Conflict? FYROM's Dispute with Greece Revisited". (PDF; 281 kB) in: Kourvetaris et al (eds.), The New Balkans , East European Monographs: Columbia University Press, 2002 , p. 85, accessed June 14, 2018 .
    36. ↑ Floudas, Demetrius Andreas: "A name for a conflict or a conflict for a Name An Analysis of Greece's dispute with FYROM 1991-1996?" .. In: 24 (1996) Journal of Political and Military Sociology, 285. Retrieved in 2019 (English).
    37. ↑ Press review: "(...) Both (meaning Philip II and Alexander the Great) have been dehellenized by Macedonian pseudo-historians and made Slavs." , Hannoversche Allgemeine Zeitung, September 16, 2002
    38. ^ Zahariadis, Nationalism and small-state foreign policy, p. 664.
    39. ↑ Vuk Karadžić: Срби сви и свуда
    40. ↑ Recommendation of the inclusion and determination of the name conflict in Resolution 817 of the UN Security Council, April 7, 1993 (pdf).
    41. ↑ a b See the country information from the German Foreign Office : “ Country name according to the constitution: Republic of Macedonia (Republika Makedonija); UN membership under the name Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia ”. In the official context, Germany uses the name customary at the United Nations.
    42. ↑ Martin Sieg (Ed.): International Dilemmas and European Visions. Festschrift for the 80th birthday of Helmut Wagner. Lit, Berlin / Münster 2010, ISBN 978-3-643-10481-6 , p. 81.
    43. ↑ See Wolfgang Ismayr: The political systems of Eastern Europe , Opladen: Leske + Budrich 2006, ISBN 3-8100-4053-3 ; Ljubomir Ivanov et al .: Bulgarian Policies on the Republic of Macedonia [trilingual: Bulgarian, Macedonian and English], Sofia: Manfred Wörner Foundation 2008, ISBN 978-954-92032-2-6 .
    44. ↑ No. 32193 ( Memento of December 18, 2008 in the Internet Archive ).
    45. ↑ Brief to the International Court of Justice of November 13, 2008 ( Memento of March 21, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) (English; PDF; 1.0 MB).
    46. ↑ Athens is defeated in the Macedonia name dispute ( Memento of December 6, 2011 in the Internet Archive ). tagesschau.de, December 5, 2011.
    47. ↑ Loring M. Danforth. National conflict in a transitional world: Greeks and Macedonians at the Conference for Security and Cooperation in Europe ( Memento of September 24, 2015 in the Internet Archive ). In: ders., The Macedonian conflict: Ethnic nationalism in a transnational world. Princeton / NJ 1995.
    48. ↑ Michael Martens: Skopje's anachronism fuels tensions . Interview with the Greek Foreign Minister Dora Bakogianni . In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung March 28, 2008
      Gerd Höhler : What should be the name of Macedonia? In: Der Tagesspiegel March 28, 2008
      Michael Martens: Balkan petitesse with consequences . In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung March 30, 2008.
    49. ↑ http://de.rian.ru/world/20100405/125769393.html
    50. ↑ EurActiv , June 16, 2010: Macedonia plans to add “Vardar” to the name
    51. ↑ EurActiv , March 1, 2011: Macedonia will hold referendum on new name .
    52. ↑ "Нова Македония" / Скопие /: Посредникът Нимиц пристига в Атина, гърците предлагат Република Ваваераноска Ваваераноска Ваваераноска Ваваеранос вард. In: focus-news.net. January 8, 2013, accessed January 12, 2013 (Bulgarian).
    53. ^ “Macedonia is Greek and only Greek” Spiegel Online, January 21, 2018.
    54. ↑ Hundreds of thousands demonstrate against the names of Macedonia Zeit Online, February 4, 2018
    55. ↑ Compromise in the name dispute - Ilinden-Macedonia instead of Macedonia? tagesschau (ARD) , May 20, 2018, accessed on May 20, 2018 .
    56. ↑ Greece announces agreement: name dispute over Macedonia settled. tagesschau (ARD) , June 12, 2018, accessed on June 12, 2018 .
    57. ↑ Parliament votes in favor of renaming to North Macedonia. Süddeutsche Zeitung , January 11, 2019, accessed on January 11, 2019 .
    58. ^ Referendum in Macedonia failed. In: Deutsche Welle . September 30, 2018, accessed September 30, 2018 .
    59. ↑ Macedonian Parliament initiates change of state name. In: Donaukurier . October 20, 2018, archived from the original on October 20, 2018 ; accessed on October 20, 2018 .
    60. ↑ Macedonia: Macedonian Parliament decides to change its name. Retrieved January 11, 2019 .
    61. ↑ Macedonia is now officially called North Macedonia. Spiegel Online, February 12, 2019, accessed on the same day.
    62. ↑ Official recording: North Macedonia is 30th NATO member. In: Tagesschau. ARD, March 27, 2020, accessed on March 28, 2020 .
    This version was added to the list of articles worth reading on November 4, 2006 .