Tzeltalia
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Tzeltalia is a genus from the family of the nightshade family (Solanaceae), their distribution in parts of Mexico and Guatemala is located. She was previously with two of the genus in 1998 jujubes ( Physalis related) species first described and now contains three species.
description
Vegetative characteristics
Tzeltalia are 0.5 to 7.0 m high, creeping, semi- shrub -like shrubs . The stem axis is soft, hollow and can be hairless to densely tomentose. The trichomes are simple, short, brownish, articulated, and curved, and fall off with age.
The leaves are alternate or in pairs, in the latter case one of the leaves is only half the size of the other. The shape of the leaf blade is lanceolate to ovate, the leaf margin is almost entire, only slightly curved or provided with a few angled lobes. Towards the front, the leaf is pointed or elongated to a point. The base is sloping, tapered and pointed down to the petioles so that they are winged. The leaf stalks can be hairless to tomentose, the leaf blade is only sparsely hairy and balding, but more pronounced on the upper side. The trichomes are mainly along the leaf veins, some of the trichomes also have a multicellular, glandular tip.
Inflorescences and flowers
The flowers are in clusters of usually one or two (but also up to seven) in the armpits, but occasionally only one is formed until fruit ripe. The flower stalks can be hairless to densely woolly or tomentose. Occasionally a simple or branched inflorescence stalk is formed so that the inflorescences appear like a compound cyme or a pleiochasium .
The calyx is cup-shaped, thinly paper-like and initially densely hairy, but usually already bald at the time of flowering. The edge of the calyx is ciliate, incised or lobed. The crown is wheel-shaped. It is whitish to cream-whitish in color, usually five darker markings can be found near the base per petal. The corolla lobes make up 2/3 to 3/4 of the total length of the petals, they are egg-shaped or lanceolate in shape, they are pointed towards the front or taper to a short point. The outside of the crown is densely haired with short trichomes, inside the corolla tube and at the base of the corolla there is a very fine hair made up of branched trichomes.
The stamens are blue or purple and are directly at or near the base of the corolla tube. The anthers are bluish or purple to yellow-brown, almost fixed on the back (subdorsifix), due to their pronounced connective they look almost arrow-shaped. The scar is head-shaped or bilobed.
Fruits and seeds
By the time the fruit is ripe, the flower stalks thicken to a diameter of up to 4 mm, the calyx enlarges and surrounds the fruit, but is not completely closed at the top. Its color is pale green, it is almost to completely hairless, clearly five- or ten-sided and between these edges clearly reticulated with veins. The fruit itself is a greenish, spherical berry , the seeds are brightly dark orange or yellow. Their shape is flat kidney-shaped, the surface is pitted.
Occurrence and locations
Tzeltalia occur exclusively in a small area in the highlands of southern Mexico and northwestern Guatemala at altitudes between 1200 and 3300 m. The area is characterized by volcanic formations that are overgrown with evergreen, moist mountain rainforests and cloud forests. The vegetation consists mainly of representatives of the genera Cedrela , Chiranthodendron , Matudaea , Olmediella , Oreopanax and oaks ( Quercus ). The area is known for a number of other endemic plant species, including Cuchumatanea , Eizia , Guamatela , Oecopetalum , Petenaea , Rojasianthe , Santomasia , Stanmarkia and Thornea .
Systematics
Internal system
The genus Tzeltalia includes three species:
- Tzeltalia amphitricha (bitter) E. Estrada & M. Martínez
- Tzeltalia calidaria (Standl. & Steyerm.) E. Estrada & M. Martínez
- Tzeltalia esenbeckii M. Martínez & O. Vargas : It was first described from southeastern Mexico.
External system
Within the systematics of the nightshade family , the genus Tzeltalia is classified in the sub- tribus Physalinae. This is classified according to Armando Hunziker's (2001) system in the tribe Solaneae of the subfamily Solanoideae, while Richard Olmstead placed it in a tribe Physaleae, also in the subfamily Solanoideae.
The first descriptors of the genus, Enrique Estrada and Mahinda Martínez, initially saw the Tzeltalia as being closely related to the genus Deprea , as both genera have great morphological similarities. Molecular biological studies of the Physalinae showed, however, that the genus forms a basal group within the Physalinae with the genera Brachistus , Witheringia and the species Leucophysalis viscosa , which is cladistically distant from other Leucophysalis .
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Cladogram simplified to
Differences to the genus Physalis
The Tzeltalia differ from the species of the genus Physalis , among other things, in their shrubby habit , which only appears in a similar form in four Physalis species. In addition, the strong division of the crown into corolla lobes is atypical for Physalis species and only appears there in three species. Another clear difference is the fruit calyx, which is never completely closed in Tzeltalia and which lacks the invagination typical of Physalis near the base. The particularly strong thickening of the flower stalk on the fruit does not occur in the genus Physalis . The surface of the pollen grains of the genus Tzeltalia is scaly, while within the Physalis all species have a granular pollen surface with one exception.
Botanical history and etymology
The first description of a species that is now counted among the Tzeltalia comes from Georg Bitter , who described the species Saracha amphitricha in 1924 . Julian Alfred Steyermark and Paul Carpenter Standley placed the species in the genus of the bladder cherries ( Physalis ) in 1947 and at the same time described another, similar species, Physalis calidaria . Already at this point in time they suspected that these two species were not closely related to other shrub-like species of the genus Physalis (for example Physalis arborescens and Physalis melanocystis ).
On the other hand, Margaret Y. Menzel saw seven different Physalis species from southern Mexico and Guatemala as a group that belonged together in 1951 , which, with the lantern flower ( Physalis alkekengi ) as the most primitive species of the genus, oppose the remaining bladder cherries. Research by Mahinda Martínez (1993), however, confirmed the assumption made by Steyermark and Standley. Mainly due to morphological differences to other species of the genus Physalis , Enrique Estrada and Mahinda Martínez then described a new genus with two species in 1998. The name Tzeltalia is reminiscent of the Tzeltal Maya, who live in the highlands of Chiapas and Guatemala . In 2005 Martínez and Ofelia Vargas described a third species of the genus under the name Tzeltalia esenbeckii .
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Individual evidence
Most of the information in this article has been taken from the sources given under literature; the following sources are also cited:
- ↑ Armando T. Hunziker: The Genera of Solanaceae. ARG Gantner Verlag KG, Ruggell, Liechtenstein 2001. ISBN 3-904144-77-4 .
- ^ Richard G. Olmstead and Lynn Bohs: A Summary of Molecular Systematic Research in Solanaceae: 1982-2006 . In: DM Spooner et al. (Ed.): Solanaceae VI: Genomics Meets Biodiversity , ISHS Acta Horticulturae 745, June 2007. ISBN 978-9066054271 .
- ↑ a b Maggie Whitson, Paul S. Manos: Untangling Physalis (Solanaceae) from the Physaloids: A Two-Gene Phylogeny of the Physalinae . In: Systematic Botany, Volume 30, Issue 1. The American Society of Plant Taxonomists, 2005. Pages 216-230.
literature
- Enrique Estrada and Mahinda Martínez: Physalis (Solanaceae) and Allied Genera: Tzeltalia, a New Genus from the Highlands of Southern Mexico and Northwestern Guatemala. In: Brittonia , Volume 50, Number 3, July-September 1998, pages 285-295.
- Mahinda Martínez and Ofelia Vargas: A new species of Tzeltalia (Solanaceae) from Mexico . In: Brittonia , Volume 57, Number 1, March 2005, pages 35-38.
Web links
- Tzeltalia entry in the W3Tropicos database (English)
