Ukrainians in Romania

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The distribution of Ukrainians in Romania (2002 census)

The Ukrainians in Romania are an ethnic group that, with around 60,000 people in the 2002 census, was the third largest national minority in the country after the Hungarians and the Roma and (since 2002) ahead of the Germans ; In 2012, too, the Ukrainians came third in terms of numbers.

Definition

In the past - especially during the Habsburg Monarchy - the Ukrainians in German-speaking countries were mostly referred to as Ruthenians , and individual smaller peoples, mostly living in the Carpathian Mountains, were viewed separately from them. Today, the collective term " Russians " is mostly used for these small peoples , although the terms "Russians" and "Ruthenians" are still used synonymously. Subgroups of Russian women are the Lemken that Boyko , the Hutsul that Doljanen and Werchowiner . These each have a language closely related to Ukrainian, but some (especially in Ukraine) have their own identity. In Romania these peoples are now generally regarded as Ukrainians and listed as such in censuses.

history

In the Danube principalities and in united Romania , the Ukrainians initially hardly played a role, since their settlement regions were outside the national territory of that time. It was not until the Berlin Congress in 1878 and after the end of the First World War that Romania received territories with an important Ukrainian minority.

Dobruja

In 1775 some of the Zaporozhian Cossacks settled in the area of ​​the Danube Delta , which at that time belonged to the Ottoman Empire . After the Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829) the Delta became part of the Russian Empire and remained so until the Peace of Paris (1856) . Especially between 1830 and 1840 the number of Ukrainians in the remaining Ottoman part of the Dobruja increased who wanted to escape czarist serfdom and military service as refugees. After the Russo-Ottoman War in 1877/78 Romania was awarded large parts of the Dobrudscha by the Berlin Congress from the Ottoman Empire. The information about the current number of Ukrainians in Dobruja varies greatly. While representatives of the Ukrainian minority speak of around 30,000 Ukrainians in Tulcea County , only 1,279 people assigned to this nationality in the 2002 census. Of these, 764 said Ukrainian was their mother tongue.

Banat

Even after the Banat was conquered by Austria at the beginning of the 18th century, Ukrainians from the Carpathian region were settled in addition to members of other nationalities . In 1785 about 8,000 Zaporozhian Cossacks , who had initially lived for a few years under Ottoman rule in Dobruja and what is now Bulgaria, emigrated to the Banat. They returned to Dobruja as early as 1811/1812. In 1846 there were 7,120 Ukrainians living in the Banat - which also included some of the areas that today belong to Serbia and Hungary .

Between 1908 and 1918 Ukrainians were settled as farm workers, mainly from Galicia, which also belongs to Austria . They lived partly scattered in the cities, but also in localities they founded, in which they still make up the majority today. Other villages have only been settled by Ukrainians in the last few decades after they were abandoned by emigrating Germans (e.g. Știuca ). In some cases, Ukrainians still come to the Banat from the eastern and northern parts of the country because they saw better economic prospects here. The Banat, which belongs to the Hungarian part of the Habsburg Monarchy , came mainly to Romania in the Treaty of Trianon in 1920 .

In the 2002 census , 12,588 inhabitants in the districts of Timiș , Caraș-Severin and Arad, which belong to the Banat, declared themselves to be Ukrainian; 11,015 named Ukrainian as their mother tongue. Banat villages with a Ukrainian majority are Copăcele , Zorile , Sălbăgelu Nou and Cornuțel in Caraş-Severin County, Soca , Pogăneşti , Știuca , Dragomireşti in Timiş County. Copăcele and Știuca have the status of a municipality.

Maramureș

The Maramureş was inhabited by Ukrainians since the 11th century; since the Mongol invasion in 1241 there has been an increase in influx. Around the same time, more and more Romanians immigrated to the Maramureș, with the area north of the Tisza predominantly inhabited by Ukrainians and the southern area mostly by Romanians. In addition, other nationalities lived in the Maramureș, especially Hungarians, Germans and Jews.

For several centuries the Maramureș belonged to the Kingdom of Hungary , to the Principality of Transylvania to Austria and Austria-Hungary . After the First World War lost by the Habsburg Empire , the north of Máramaros County (Maramureș) became part of the Carpathian Ukraine in 1920 as part of the Czechoslovak state. But also in the areas south of the Tisza - which were assigned to Romania in the Treaty of Trianon - there were individual Ukrainian-dominated towns.

In September 1940, as a result of the Second Vienna Arbitration , Romania had to cede its part of the Maramures to Hungary again, so that the Ukrainians who lived there lived outside the Romanian territory until 1945. In 1944, advancing Red Army troops occupied the area (victory in Eastern Carpathian Operation ).

In 2002, 34,027 people in Maramureș County identified themselves as Ukrainians, 33,506 named Ukrainian as their mother tongue. This made the proportion of Ukrainians in the total population of the district 6.7%; Maramureș has been the area with the highest number of Ukrainians in Romania since the end of the Second World War.

In 2002, Ukrainians made up the majority in the municipalities of Remeți , Bistra (with the villages of Bistra, Crasna Vișeului and Valea Vișeului ), Bocicoiu Mare (with the villages of Bocicoiu Mare, Crăciunești and Lunca la Tisa ), Poienile de sub Munte , Repedea , Rona de Sus and Ruscova .

Bucovina

The settlement history of the Bukovina is controversial between Romanian and Ukrainian historians. According to Ukrainian researchers, the Ukrainians live in uninterrupted continuity as the successors of the Slavs who immigrated to the region in the 4th century. An increased influx of Romanians probably started from the 13th / 14th. Century a. Bukovina was originally part of the Principality of Moldova and became part of Austria in 1775 . At that time, Bukovina was sparsely populated. Some sources estimate 50,000 Romanians and 20,000 Ukrainians (= " Ruthenians "). estimated. Other sources cite around 64,000 (85%) Romanians and 8,000 (10%) Ukrainians as well as 3,000 (4%) other ethnic groups for the year 1774. A number of privileges (freedom of recruitment for 50 years, regular colonization) led to the immigration of Ukrainians from Maramureș and Galicia , as well as Jews, Germans and Poles. In 1786 there were 91,823 (67.8%) Romanians, 31,671 (23.4%) Ukrainians and 12,000 (8.8%) other ethnic groups. Already in 1880 there were almost 572,000 people in Bukovina. Of these, about 42% were Ukrainians and 33% Romanians. Bukovina was inhabited by Ukrainians, especially in its northern and western parts, while Romanians dominated in the south and east . In the following years, the immigration of Ukrainians from Galicia decreased and a small immigration of Romanians from Transylvania led to a slight increase in the proportion of Romanians. The last Austrian census from 1910 counted 273,254 (34.1%) Romanians and 305,101 (38.4%) Ukrainians. Even during the time of the Habsburg rule, disputes began between the two ethnic groups, which concerned the allocation of public funds, the number of admissions to universities, or representation in local self-government bodies.

The Treaty of Saint-Germain in 1919 established affiliation with Romania. Already in the transition period shortly after the First World War, the Romanian government began a forced Romanization. The basis on the Romanian side was the view that Bukovina was originally a Romanian country and that the settlement of other peoples under Austrian rule was illegal. The activities of Ukrainian associations were monitored and restricted, shopkeepers in purely Ukrainian villages were forced to label their shops in Romanian. Other measures included land reform that favored the ethnic Romanians, the settlement of Romanian colonists, and the dismantling of educational institutions for non-Romanians. The effects of Romanization hit the Ukrainians harder than other minorities ( Germans , Hungarians, Jews) because, unlike the latter, they could not rely on the help of an appropriate government or an influential foreign organization. In the 1930s, irredentist tendencies intensified among Ukrainians . In June 1940 - a few months after the conclusion of the Hitler-Stalin Pact - the Soviet Union finally demanded that Romania surrender northern Bukovina and Bessarabia. Isolated in terms of foreign policy, Romania was forced to accept the ultimatum. The Soviet authorities began to deport Romanian residents of northern Bukovina - especially public officials. Massacres were also carried out against Romanian civilians who tried to flee to Romania (e.g. on April 1, 1941 in Fântâna Albă ). After the attack on the Soviet Union on June 22, 1941, in which Romania participated on the side of Hitler's Germany, northern Bukovina became part of Romania again. The Romanian military dictator Ion Antonescu intended to expel the Ukrainians from all over the country, including Bukovina, from 1943 onwards. Because of the unfavorable developing military situation it did not come to that. In 1944, numerous Romanians fled Bukovina before the Soviet army occupied the area again. After the Second World War, the renewed political division and the associated streams of refugees, Bukovina was essentially divided into two ethnic groups; Since then, only a comparatively small Ukrainian minority has continued to live on Romanian territory.

In 2002 in the Suceava district , which roughly corresponds to the south of Bukovina, 8,514 inhabitants stated Ukrainian as their nationality and 8,497 as their mother tongue. Three municipalities ( Bălcăuți , Izvoarele Sucevei and Ulma ) had a Ukrainian majority.

Bessarabia

Bessarabia, as the eastern part of the historical Principality of Moldova , came to Romania from Russia and the Soviet Union after the end of the First World War. About 300,000 Ukrainians lived here alongside a Romanian majority, Russians and members of numerous other nations. The development up to the end of the Second World War was largely identical to that of Northern Bukovina; Here, too, the Ukrainians were exposed to quite massive Romanization efforts. In June 1940, Soviet troops occupied Bessarabia, but had to evacuate it a year later - after Romania entered the war on Germany's side. In 1944/1945 Bessarabia was reintegrated into the Soviet Union, with some territorial corrections being made on the east and south sides - that is, on the border with Ukraine. Today the Republic of Moldova forms the core of Bessarabia .

Romania as an occupying power in Ukraine during World War II

During the Second World War, Romanian troops occupied part of Ukraine and committed numerous war crimes there, which the Romanian public has barely dealt with to this day.

After the rise of Romanian and German troops in the summer of 1941, the was Romanian military a region east of the Dniester passed to manage and Romania Transnistria ( Transdniestria called). This area was significantly larger than today's political-territorial unit of Transnistria . In Transnistria - that is, on Ukrainian territory - the Romanian authorities set up several large camps to which mainly Jews from Bessarabia and Bukovina, but also numerous Roma, were brought. According to estimates by the Wiesel Commission , almost 300,000 Jews and 11,000 Roma perished under Romanian responsibility; most of them in Transnistria. A significant part of the murdered Jews did not come from Romania, but from the areas of the Ukraine occupied by Romanians. In October / November 1941, around 25,000 Jews were murdered in a major pogrom in the city of Odessa .

The Ukrainians in the occupied territories were also initially physically persecuted by Romanian soldiers; However, the SS prevented more extensive attacks because they intended to use Ukrainians as anti-Soviet partisans. Romanian troops systematically plundered the occupied territories of Ukraine. Some of the Ukrainians - especially those of the Orthodox faith - were viewed by the Romanian authorities as "Ukrainianized Romanians" and should be assimilated in the further course . This did not happen because of the military setbacks that soon followed.

Todays situation

Since the fall of Nicolae Ceaușescu in December 1989, the Ukrainian minority has had better opportunities, especially in education policy. In localities that are predominantly inhabited by Ukrainian residents, there are schools that teach Ukrainian language. There is a Ukrainian high school in Sighetu Marmației .

The political representation of the Ukrainians is the "Union of Ukrainians in Romania" (ukr. Союз українців Румунії / Sojus ukrainziw Rumunii , Rum. Uniunea Ucrainenilor din România ). It received only 9,338 votes in the parliamentary elections in 2008 (share 0.13%), but is represented by one representative in the Chamber of Deputies according to Romanian electoral law, which sets very low barriers to the entry of minorities into parliament .

Important Ukrainians from Romania

Web links

Individual evidence

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  2. ↑ Ursula Hemetek: Echoes of Diversity: Traditional Music by Minorities / Ethnic Groups. Böhlau Verlag, Vienna 1996. p. 18. ISBN 978-3-205-98594-5
  3. ↑ a b c Enzyclopedia of Ukraine, accessed November 17, 2010
  4. ^ Lothar Gall: Europe on the way to modernity, 1850-1890. Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, Munich 2004. p. 43. ISBN 978-3-486-49774-8
  5. ↑ Results of the 2002 census, accessed on November 17, 2010
  6. ^ Encyclopedia of Ukraine, accessed November 17, 2010
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  8. ^ Karl Heinrich Edmund Berg: From the east of the Austrian monarchy: A picture of the country and its people. Verlag G. Schönfeld, Dresden 1860. p. 66
  9. ↑ Ruth Leiserowitz: The Unknown Neighbors: Minorities in Eastern Europe. Ch. Links Verlag, Berlin 2008. p. 239. ISBN 978-3-86153-492-1
  10. ↑ a b ZEIT.de 52/2001, accessed on November 17, 2010
  11. ↑ Results of the 2002 census, accessed on November 17, 2010
  12. ^ Hermann Ignaz Bidermann: The Hungarian Ruthenians, their residential area, their acquisition and their history. Verlag der Wagner'schen Universitäts-Buchhandlung, Innsbruck 1862. pp. 5–8
  13. ↑ Results of the 2002 census, accessed on November 17, 2010
  14. ↑ kia.hu, accessed on November 17, 2010 (PDF; 666 kB)
  15. ^ Maria Hausleitner: The Romanization of Bukowina. Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, Munich 2001. pp. 30–32. ISBN 978-3-486-56585-0
  16. ↑ Vincens Ferrerius Klun: Allgemeine Handels-Geographie, Volume 1. Verlag C. Gerold, Vienna 1868. P. 154.
  17. ↑ Keith Hitchins. The Romanians 1774-1866 . Oxford: Clarendon Press (1996), pp. 226
  18. ^ Maria Hausleitner: The Romanization of Bukowina. Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, Munich 2001. p. 32. ISBN 978-3-486-56585-0
  19. ^ Maria Hausleitner: The Romanization of Bukowina. Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, Munich 2001. p. 39. ISBN 978-3-486-56585-0
  20. ^ A b Maria Hausleitner: The Romanization of Bukowina. Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, Munich 2001. pp. 139–141. ISBN 978-3-486-56585-0
  21. ^ Maria Hausleitner: The Romanization of Bukowina. Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, Munich 2001. S. 144. ISBN 978-3-486-56585-0
  22. ^ Maria Hausleitner: The Romanization of Bukowina. Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, Munich 2001. S. 147. ISBN 978-3-486-56585-0
  23. ^ Maria Hausleitner: The Romanization of Bukowina. Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, Munich 2001. p. 344. ISBN 978-3-486-56585-0
  24. ^ Maria Hausleitner: The Romanization of Bukowina. Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, Munich 2001. p. 272. ISBN 978-3-486-56585-0
  25. ^ Maria Hausleitner: The Romanization of Bukowina. Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, Munich 2001. p. 347. ISBN 978-3-486-56585-0
  26. ↑ Christoph Dieckmann : Cooperation and crime: forms of "collaboration" in Eastern Europe 1939-1945. Wallstein Verlag, Göttingen 2003. pp. 98/99. ISBN 978-3-89244-690-3
  27. ^ Edgar Hösch et al .: Lexicon on the history of Southeast Europe. UTB-Verlag, Vienna / Cologne / Weimar 2004. p. 173. ISBN 978-3-8252-8270-7
  28. ↑ Results of the 2002 census, accessed on November 17, 2010
  29. ↑ Ute Schmidt: The Germans from Bessarabia: A minority from Southeastern Europe (1814 until today). Böhlau Verlag, Cologne / Weimar 2006. p. 77. ISBN 978-3-412-01406-3
  30. ↑ Ute Schmidt: The Germans from Bessarabia: A minority from Southeastern Europe (1814 until today). Böhlau Verlag, Cologne / Weimar 2006. p. 98. ISBN 978-3-412-01406-3
  31. ^ The Danube Region, Volume 36. Research Institute for Issues of the Danube Region, Vienna 1996. P. 12
  32. ↑ Carola Sachse, Regina Fritz, Edgar Wolfrum: Nations and their self-images: post-dictatorial societies in Europe . Wallstein Verlag, Göttingen 2008. pp. 164/165. ISBN 978-3-8353-0212-9
  33. ↑ Armin Heinen : Romania, the Holocaust and the logic of violence. Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, Munich 2007. p. 118. ISBN 978-3-486-58348-9
  34. ↑ Armin Heinen : Romania, the Holocaust and the logic of violence. Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, Munich 2007. p. 123. ISBN 978-3-486-58348-9
  35. ^ Maria Hausleitner: The Romanization of Bukowina. Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, Munich 2001. p. 382. ISBN 978-3-486-56585-0
  36. ↑ www.admitereliceu.ro, accessed November 20, 2010
  37. ↑ Website of the Romanian election office, accessed on November 20, 2010 ( Memento of the original from October 4, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 2.1 MB) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.becparlamentare2008.ro