Vibrio parahaemolyticus

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Vibrio parahaemolyticus
Electron micrograph of Vibrio parahaemolyticus

Electron micrograph of Vibrio parahaemolyticus

Systematics
Department : Proteobacteria
Class : Gammaproteobacteria
Order : Vibrional
Family : Vibrionaceae
Genre : Vibrionen ( Vibrio )
Type : Vibrio parahaemolyticus
Scientific name
Vibrio parahaemolyticus
( Fujino et al. 1951)
Sakazaki et al. 1963

Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a gram-negative bacterium from the genus Vibrionen . The cells are facultatively anaerobic , they can live with or without oxygen. Vibrio parahaemolyticus lives in seawater and canleadto bacterial gastroenteritis if absorbed into the human digestive tract. Such an outbreak of disease in Japan led to the discovery of the pathogen by Fujino Tsunesaburō in 1951. Since 1998, diseases have alsooccurred to agreater extent in North and South America and Europe ,with fish and seafood being important sources of infection .

Vibrio parahaemolyticus has an extensive inventory of virulence factors that play a role in the infection of the human host and are still the subject of research. The species includes a large number of bacterial strains , which are divided into serotypes according to the antigens contained in the cell . Of the 76 serotypes identified so far, 12 are pathogenic and can therefore cause diseases. The genome of the strain Vibrio parahaemolyticus RIMD 2210633 (Serovar O3: K6) was completely sequenced in 2003 .

features

Appearance

Flagellation types : Vibrio cholerae with monopolar-monotriche flagella (left), Vibrio parahaemolyticus with one monotriche and several peritrichal flagella (right)

Vibrio parahaemolyticus does not have the cell shape of a curved rod typical for most members of the Vibrio genus , but its cells only look rod-shaped. In the Gram staining , it is gram-negative, i.e. it is colored red by the dyes used. This is caused by a thin layer of murein in the cell wall . Forms of persistence such as endospores are not formed.

Similar to Vibrio cholerae , it moves with a single flagella at one end of the cell body. In this form - called swimmer cell - the bacterium can be found in the natural habitat of seawater . As the viscosity of the surrounding medium increases, this leads to a decrease in the speed at which the flagellum rotates. As a result, V. parahaemolyticus now develops many peritrichal flagella and changes to the so-called swarmer cell ("swarming cell"). This shape offers the advantage of swarming over solid or semi-solid substrates. Most strains have a capsule that is attached to the bacterial cell wall and are therefore assigned to the K serogroups , the K stands for capsule antigen.

Growth and metabolism

Vibrio parahaemolyticus is facultatively anaerobic and can therefore multiply even if there is no oxygen . It is catalase- positive and oxidase- positive, the latter serves as a distinguishing feature to representatives of the Enterobacteriaceae . The temperature in the natural habitat of coastal waters is 10–15 ° C or above. An increase in natural waters has been observed from a temperature range of 14–19 ° C, which is a typical temperature range for the months of April and May. At lower temperatures, Vibrio parahaemolyticus cannot be detected in the water, but in the sediment . Many of the strains examined grow optimally at slightly higher temperatures (20–30 ° C), thus V. parahaemolyticus belongs to the mesophilic bacteria. This is used to cultivate it as part of a microbiological examination. V. parahaemolyticus is native to seawater and is therefore halophilic ("salt-loving"). As a result, it can be cultivated in nutrient media with an increased salt concentration. It grows in a medium that contains up to 8% sodium chloride (table salt) and also requires a minimum content of sodium chloride for growth. This is 2-3% and therefore significantly higher than the saline content in common nutrient media in which it cannot be cultivated.

Like other representatives of its genus, V. parahaemolyticus operates a chemoorganotrophic and heterotrophic metabolism , it uses organic compounds as an energy source and also to build up cellular substances. Its metabolism is similar to that of the Enterobacteriaceae representatives , it can utilize several substrates in one fermentation . Various carbohydrates (e.g. glucose , arabinose , mannose ) and the sugar alcohol mannitol are broken down into acids and other products by fermentation . It also has the enzymes ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) and lysine decarboxylase (LDC), which enable the splitting off of carbon dioxide from the amino acids ornithine and lysine , respectively . Therefore, a “colorful series” , which is used to differentiate the Enterobacteriaceae, can also be used for the identification of V. parahaemolyticus .

genetics

The genome of the strain Vibrio parahaemolyticus RIMD 2210633 (Serovar O3: K6) was completely sequenced in 2003 . The bacterial strain used for the study was isolated in 1996 from a stool sample from a patient with gastroenteritis in Osaka (Japan). The genome size is 5166 kilobase pairs (kb) and thus roughly corresponds to the genome size of Escherichia coli . 4832 proteins are annotated . As with the related cholera pathogen, the genome of V. parahaemolyticus is distributed over two circular chromosomes, which is unusual for bacteria, since most bacteria only have a single covalently closed, circular bacterial chromosome. Chromosome 1 of V. parahaemolyticus is 3289 kb, while chromosome 2 is smaller at 1877 kb. Due to the large number of bacterial strains, more than 100 genome projects are currently (2014) in progress, but not yet completed.

Pathogenicity

β-hemolysis (beta-hemolysis) by bacterial colonies on blood agar , in the transparent area all erythrocytes are completely hemolyzed.

Vibrio parahaemolyticus is assigned to risk group 2 by the Biological Agents Ordinance in conjunction with the TRBA ( Technical Rules for Biological Agents) 466 . V. parahaemolyticus has an extensive inventory of virulence factors that allow it to colonize humans as hosts and to cause diseases. Usually, after the pathogens have been absorbed into the intestine, the bacteria there produce toxins .

The pathogenicity of V. parahaemolyticus is based on the release of an exotoxin , similar to Vibrio cholerae and cholera toxin (CTX). V. parahaemolyticus releases a thermostable toxin with hemolytic activity. It is also referred to by the abbreviation TDH , after the English thermostable direct hemolysin ("thermostable, direct hemolysin"). There is also the term Kanagawa toxin or Kanagawa hemolysin , named after the so-called Kanagawa phenomenon : In 1968 in the Japanese prefecture of Kanagawa, V. parahaemolyticus strains were investigated that both came from the environment (e.g. seawater) as were also isolated from clinical specimens. These came from patients suffering from gastroenteritis caused by V. parahaemolyticus . When the isolated strains were cultured on blood agar with a high saline content, the clinical isolates showed hemolysis ( β-hemolysis ), while this was not the case with the other strains. TDH was later recognized as the cause of the hemolytic activity . Another toxin is also formed, the thermolabile hemolysin (TLH).

However, when infected, the Kanagawa toxin also acts as an enterotoxin on the human intestine. The associated symptoms are gastroenteritis with acute vomiting , diarrhea and abdominal pain . The process at the cellular level is still the subject of research; it is assumed that the mode of action is similar to that of cholera toxin. A change in the flow of ions results in a loss of ions from the intestinal epithelial cells and the associated withdrawal of water.

In addition to the TDH , V. parahaemolyticus releases another exotoxin. It has been found in strains that do not cause the Kanagawa phenomenon , but that also cause gastroenteritis. This toxin is called with the abbreviation TRH , after the English thermostable related hemolysin ("thermostable, related hemolysin"). It is "related" to TDH as both proteins are more than 60% the same. Most pathogenic strains produce either TDH or TRH or both toxins. As part of a study of 1990 to 214 isolated from clinical samples strains at 52% was the corresponding tdh 24% of the gene, TRH gene and both genes are detected in 11%. The investigation was carried out by DNA hybridization with the aid of gene probes . In a 9 years later investigation made by the more sensitive PCR method ( polymerase chain reaction ) to 111 isolates were the 16% of the tdh gene at 1% that trh detected both genes gene and 38%. However, the 111 strains also included isolates from the environment and from seafood, which are not necessarily considered to be pathogenic strains.

Another exotoxin occurs in all strains of V. parahaemolyticus and is designated with the abbreviation TLH (or just TL ), after the English thermolabile hemolysin ("thermolabile hemolysin"). Its mode of action has not yet been clarified. The PCR examination of the 111 isolates confirmed the associated tlh gene in all strains examined, regardless of their origin.

Schematic representation of the type III secretion system : Anchored at the bottom in the cell membrane (IM = inner membrane), it passes through the cell wall and the outer membrane typical of many gram-negative bacteria (OM for outer membrane ) and ends at the top as an injection device (injectisome).

An important factor for the pathogenicity of V. parahaemolyticus lies in the fact that these exotoxins are not simply released and then enter the host's cells more or less by chance , but that they are introduced in a targeted manner. This is based on the type III secretion system (engl. Type III secretion system , as TTSS or T3SS hereinafter). It is a protein structure whose anchorage point is similar to that of flagella. However, it is used as a transport system for the secretion of bacterial proteins into the host cells. The T3SS consists of 20–30 proteins, the basis of the type III secretion system extends over the inner and outer membrane of the bacterial cell, followed by an injection device, similar to the needle of a syringe. It serves as a conduit between the bacterial cell and the eukaryotic host cell (see figure).

Vibrio parahaemolyticus has two different type III secretion systems, whereby the system known as T3SS1 is similar to the T3SS in Yersinia species. The areas in the genome that code for these protein structures are known as islands of pathogenicity (PAI). Genetic studies have shown that each of the two bacterial chromosomes has an island of pathogenicity and that the PAI, which codes for T3SS1 , already occurs in an archetype of a bacterial species, so that bacteria from different genera ( Vibrio and Yersinia ) have a similar mechanism of pathogenicity exhibit. Other bacteria that cause gastroenteritis also have a type III secretion system as a virulence factor. It occurs in Shigella and Salmonella species as well as in the enteropathogenic Escherichia coli . Genetic studies have shown that the closely related Vibrio cholerae does not have a T3SS .

proof

Vibrio parahaemolyticus colonies on TCBS agar

The test methods used in food microbiology for Vibrio cholerae and other Vibrio species are certified by ISO 21872 and, in the USA, by the Bacteriological Analytical Manual (BAM) of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) - the US Food and Drug Safety Authority - required. As with V. cholerae is based on the accumulation of bacteria streaking on TCBS agar , this is done by Vibrio parahaemolyticus , but no acid formation as he sucrose can not utilize. Colonies grown on TCBS agar must be examined further to differentiate the different Vibrio species, e.g. B. by biochemical tests from a "colorful series" . A rapid determination system based on this in miniature format ( Analytical Profile Index ) for the determination of bacteria from the Enterobacteriaceae and Vibrionaceae families is commercially available. Alternatively, confirmation analysis using MALDI-TOF MS is possible.

If necessary, the isolated V. parahaemolyticus culture can be used to assign the serotypes . The simultaneous occurrence of O-antigens and K-antigens theoretically results in a very large number of serotypes, but actually only certain combinations (such as O3: K6) occur, so that 76 serovars are known. The antibodies required for the serological examination are only produced in Japan, and the K antigens cover the O antigens, so that the determination of the serotypes is only carried out in a reference laboratory. The basic procedure is similar to the Kauffmann-White scheme for classifying Salmonella serotypes.

Clinical samples are more likely to be checked for the presence of virulence factors. For the detection of Kanagawa hemolysin ( TDH ), the part of the genome in which toxin formation is coded is the aim of the investigation. The detection is carried out with the help of the multiplex PCR method, which also enables the simultaneous differentiation from other enterotoxins that cause gastroenteritis. There are also PCR methods for the exotoxins TRH and TLH with which the associated trh or tlh genes are identified.

Occurrence and ecology

Vibrio parahaemolyticus is an aquatic bacterium, so it occurs in water, mainly in seawater , where the brackish and coastal waters are particularly important. It is distributed almost worldwide, in coastal waters of almost all temperature ranges. In the waters of temperate climates, a seasonal increase in occurrence is often observed - in the warmer months. In the colder months with a water temperature of 6-14 ° C, V. parahaemolyticus is not found in the water, but only in the sediment in which it "hibernates". At 14 ° C it is released from the soil material, adheres to plankton components , and then multiplies with increasing temperature. A transmission to fish and crustaceans takes place via the plankton , from which V. parahaemolyticus can also be isolated.

A study in Chesapeake Bay in the east of the USA over several months shows that V. parahaemolyticus cannot be detected in the water during the winter months. Its “concentration” is below the detection limit , i. H. there are too few cells in the water to obtain a result from a germ count . In the temperature range of 14–19 ° C (from mid-April) it can then be detected in natural water. Significant growth can be observed from 20 ° C (beginning of June), it then increases with increasing temperature. The highest water temperature measured in the course of the study was 31 ° C (in July), where 340 V. parahaemolyticus cells were detected in 100 ml of water.

It can be detected in the sediment in both colder and warmer months, but in rather low numbers in the winter months (less than 100 cells in 10 g of soil). At a water temperature of more than 20 ° C, more V. parahaemolyticus can be found in the soil material , around 300 cells / 10 g soil in June and up to 5700 cells / 10 g soil in July. The highest number of germs can be detected on and in zooplankton . In July, between 5.3 • 10 5 and 1.4 • 10 7 cells per gram of plankton ( fresh mass ) were detected. The surface of the plankton components is covered with a "slime layer", in this biofilm V. parahaemolyticus finds metabolic products of other organisms that it can use as a source of food itself.

The water is also transmitted to humans. Untreated or inadequately treated drinking water is a possible reason for the transmission, as is food that has come into contact with contaminated water, such as fish and seafood. In Japan in particular , V. parahaemolyticus is the cause of gastroenteritis, which is due to consumption habits. It is common there to eat fish and seafood raw, for example as sushi . However, cases of disease caused by V. parahaemolyticus are documented worldwide, in the USA mainly in connection with the consumption of raw oysters .

Systematics

External system

In addition to Vibrio cholerae (pathogen of cholera ), the species V. parahaemolyticus , V. vulnificus and V. alginolyticus are of medical importance.

Internal system

Schematic representation of a bacterial cell with H, O, K and F antigens . These designations are used in the Kauffmann-White scheme to classify the Salmonella serotypes, but can also be transferred to Vibrio .

The species includes more than 200 strains of bacteria . To distinguish them, they are divided into serotypes . The cell morphology of Vibrio parahaemolyticus has a large number of possible antigens. The designation and nature of the antigens are similar to the Kauffmann-White scheme: The H antigens can be traced back to the flagella (flagella), the O antigens (somatic antigens) have their origin in the lipopolysaccharides on the cell surface and the K antigens in the capsule. F-antigens (due to fimbriae or pili) are not important in V. parahaemolyticus . More than 70 different K antigens in different strains were recognized in its capsule alone.

The H-antigen is the same for all strains of V. parahaemolyticus and is therefore of no importance for their differentiation. In order to be able to examine the O antigens serologically, the K antigens must first be removed by heat treatment. There are 12 different O serogroups. A certain antigen of the K-type can be present in combination with an antigen of an O-group; these combination possibilities can theoretically lead to very many different serotypes, in practice 76 serotypes have been found so far. The scheme for differentiating the serotypes of V. parahaemolyticus was introduced in 1963 by the Japanese microbiologist Riichi Sakazaki .

Pathogenic Serotypes

Not all serotypes are pathogenic, so far (as of 2011) 12 pathogenic serotypes have been described. In the 1990s, mainly three new serotypes were identified as causers of gastroenteritis: O3: K6, O4: K68 and O1: K untypeable (also abbreviated as UT , cannot be typed). Since 1996, O3: K6 has been the most commonly identified serotype based on clinical samples. This serotype is also used in the strain Vibrio parahaemolyticus RIMD 2210633, the genome of which has already been completely sequenced and on which numerous genetic studies have been carried out to understand the pathogenicity. Diseases caused by this serotype have been documented in Japan since 1995, with further cases occurring a year later in India. In the meantime, cases of disease caused by the serotype O3: K6 occur worldwide.

The serotype found in India cannot be differentiated from the serotype isolated in Japan in 1995, while there are genetic differences to the strains of the serotype O3: K6 isolated between 1982 and 1993. It is believed to be a single strain (clone) that has been predominant in India, Japan, and Southeast Asia since around 1995. This was confirmed by genetic studies in 2000. Epidemiological data that have been collected since then show that this particular strain can also be detected in completely different locations during outbreaks (see section on dissemination ). It is therefore referred to as pandemic , with reference to its first occurrence also as "post-1995 pandemic Vibrio parahaemolyticus O3: K6" ( post-1995 pandemic Vibrio parahaemolyticus O3: K6 ). In order to be able to compare it better with other strains, the following characteristics were defined:

tribe Serotype tdh trh Urease ORF8 KP toxRS / new
V. parahaemolyticus RIMD 2210633 Serovar O3: K6 + - - + + +

All strains of the serotype O3: K6, which appeared in Asia from 1995 onwards, have the tdh , but not the trh gene. Thus they can produce the "thermostable, direct hemolysin" ( TDH ), which is responsible for the Kanagawa phenomenon , they are also referred to as Kanagawa phenomenon-positive (abbreviated KP-positive ). They do not produce the TRH toxin or the enzyme urease . Furthermore, the toxRS sequence was analyzed in the genome , a 1346 bp DNA segment which is used for phylogenetic studies of the Vibrio genus . Here the new strain shows a change compared to strains that were isolated before 1995, this changed sequence is therefore referred to as toxRS / new . Studies from 2000 also showed that the new strain has a plasmid . It is called pO3K6 , is 8782 bp in size and consists of ten open reading frames ( ORF ). The plasmid corresponds to the genome of a bacteriophage (f237), with the difference that the phage only contains single-stranded DNA. ORF number 8 is distinguished by the special feature of not showing any homology to known proteins. In V. parahaemolyticus , ORF8 is only found in the strains isolated after 1995.

Several V. parahaemolyticus involved in outbreaks outside of Asia could be identified as "post-1995 pandemic Vibrio parahaemolyticus O3: K6". However, after 1997, further strains were discovered which exactly meet these criteria but belong to different serotypes (O4: K68 and O1: KUT). A strain isolated in Chile in 2004 also met the criteria, but belonged to serotype O4: K12. This led to the name "pandemic clonal complex" ( pandemic clonal complex , VpPCC ) associated with the adoption, these serotypes that directly from the pandemic serotype O3: have developed K6, coding by mutation of the O and K antigens Genes. In contrast, the strains isolated in Spain in 2004 do not show any affiliation with the VpPCC . Although the serotypes O4: K11 and O4: KUT found there are also pathogenic, they differ genetically clearly from the new serotype O3: K6 and the other representatives. Other pathogenic serotypes isolated in disease outbreaks are O1: K25, O1: K41, O1: K56, O3: K75, O4: K8 and O5: KUT.

discovery

The bacterium was discovered in Japan in 1950 by Fujino Tsunesaburō . There was a "food poisoning" outbreak from eating shirasu , a small, semi-dried sardine near Osaka city . 272 patients were affected by gastroenteritis, 20 of whom died. The subsequent examination of the food involved for toxins was unsuccessful, so that a microbiological cause was now considered. Fujino, a doctor and bacteriologist , examined for Shigella and Salmonella , but they were not detectable. The filtrate from a food sample was then tested in vivo on a guinea pig by intraperitoneal application . The animal developed inflammation of the peritoneum ( peritonitis ), but further examination of which still no salmonella or shigella could be found, but other gram-negative rod-shaped bacteria. Attempts were made to cultivate them by smearing them on nutrient media plates - without success. Fujino knew from previous studies that some pathogens could only be made to multiply in test animals and injected the unknown bacteria into mice. After the animals developed symptoms of the disease, their ascites was transferred to blood agar plates and incubated at 37 ° C for 10 hours, whereupon colonies were seen. The colonies that caused hemolysis were examined more closely.

The bacteria were able to move actively through a polar scourge. This was similar to Vibrio cholerae , but a test with the known antisera gave negative results. The shape of the bacterium was also different from that of the Vibrios, the curvature was missing. Thus Fujino decided to classify the bacterium as Pasteurella parahaemolytica because it showed many similarities with Pasteurella haemolytica . In 1956 a similar incident occurred in Yokohama , only this time it was possible to learn more about the properties of the causative agent of gastroenteritis. It was halophilic (“salt-loving”) and could be cultivated on nutrient media that had a higher salt content. This led to the use of nutrient media with sodium chloride in microbiological investigations. Bacteria that were associated with gastroenteritis could now also be cultivated with these nutrient media, whether from clinical samples or suspicious foods.

In 1962 the description of the genus Vibrio was added, so that Fujino Tsunesaburō et al. re-examined the Shirasu food poisoning sample and found a match with the genus Vibrio . A year later, the Japanese microbiologist Riichi Sakazaki examined the bacteria isolated in Yokohama in 1956 and compared them with the isolate from Fujino. He was able to confirm that it was the same species and suggested the new name Vibrio parahaemolyticus , which was published in 1980 in the Approved Lists in the International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology (IJSEM) (see Systematics of Bacteria ).

etymology

The generic name can be traced back to vibro from Latin , it means "moving back and forth quickly", "vibrating". The species name refers to the ability of the bacterium to hemolysis, in it the Greek-Latin root word haema for "blood" can be found, as well as lutikos from ancient Greek , which means "to dissolve something". The Greek prefix para means “next to” and refers to the similarity of the bacterium originally known as Pasteurella parahaemolytica to Pasteurella haemolytica .

Medical importance

distribution

Vibrio parahaemolyticus infections have been particularly important in Japan, Taiwan and Southeast Asia since the pathogen was discovered . Diseases caused by the serotype O3: K6 were registered there in 1995 in Japanese people who had returned from a trip from Indonesia . Further cases occurred one year later in India , 50–80% of the strains isolated in this context could be identified as serotype O3: K6 and cannot be distinguished from the serotype isolated in Japan in 1995 (see section Pathogenic Serotypes ). Further evidence on other continents led to the designation "post-1995 pandemic Vibrio parahaemolyticus O3: K6" ( post-1995 pandemic Vibrio parahaemolyticus O3: K6 ).

In 1998 there was an epidemic with 416 patients, mostly in Texas , along with 12 other US states . Here, too, the new serotype O3: K6 was detected in stool samples from sick people. Another outbreak occurred in 1998, this time in Chile . Investigations carried out later on 20 clinical isolates showed that 19 strains are the "post-1995 pandemic Vibrio parahaemolyticus O3: K6", one strain was identified as serotype O1: K56. An outbreak of 64 cases was recorded in Spain in 1999, but it was mainly serotype O4: K11 involved. In France , several disease outbreaks were recorded between 1997 and 2004. Of the 13 clinical isolates from this period, five were identified as the new serotype O3: K6.

In 2004 there was an epidemic in Chile, affecting around 1500 people. V. parahaemolyticus strains were isolated from 24 rectal swabs from patients and characterized in more detail. Eighteen strains belonged to the new serotype O3: K6, four others also belonged to the serotype O3: K6, but deviated from the “post-1995 pandemic Vibrio parahaemolyticus O3: K6” in one of the traits examined . Two strains could be identified as serotype O4: K12. An outbreak that also took place in Spain in 2004 with 80 cases was partly due to the new serotype O3: K6. Serotype O3: KUT was also detected. In the same year, 42 cases were registered in Mozambique ; the majority of the isolated strains were also identified as the new serotype O3: K6 or as the serotype O4: K68 belonging to the VpPCC . The pandemic V. parahaemolyticus strains have now reached the African continent. In the summer of 2013, there was another outbreak in the USA with more than 100 cases.

An investigation of water samples from the North Atlantic and North Sea from 1958 to 2011 suggests a connection between the surface temperature of the sea water, the Vibrio concentration and the number of cases of illness.

Sources of infection

Maguro - a nigiri sushi made with raw tuna

The preferred route of infection for Vibrio parahaemolyticus is faecal-oral , which is often caused by the consumption of raw or undercooked fish (often with mackerel , tuna, sardines , eels and dishes such as sushi ) and seafood (such as crabs , prawns , lobsters , Octopuses , mussels - especially oysters ).

It happens that people with open wounds on their skin contract V. parahaemolyticus infections from swimming in warm sea water .

Infectious diseases

The result of infection with pathogenic Vibrio parahaemolyticus strains is usually acute gastroenteritis . However, superficial wound infections or sepsis ("blood poisoning") are also possible, but these are rare.

In Central Europe, infection with V. parahaemolyticus is rare, epidemics tend to occur in coastal regions during summer and autumn, when the higher water temperatures favor bacterial growth. After an incubation period of 8 to 24 hours, watery diarrhea occurs in combination with abdominal pain , nausea , vomiting and occasional fever . Symptoms usually go away after 60–72 hours, but in extreme cases, such as in immunocompromised patients, they can persist for up to 10 days. There are also deaths.

therapy

Since the infection is usually self-limiting, drug therapy is often avoided. In severe cases, electrolyte and fluid replacement is guaranteed via infusions. Doxycycline or ciprofloxacin are suitable antibiotics of choice in an emergency .

Food microbiological importance

The federal health reports published by the Robert Koch Institute mention Vibrio parahaemolyticus as a trigger for foodborne diseases. At the same time, however, it is emphasized that infections caused by V. cholerae and V. parahaemolyticus are very rare in Germany and are mostly due to trips abroad. Fish and other marine animals are possible sources of infection, but this is only important in the case of imported food. Since fish and seafood are possible sources of infection, the German Society for Hygiene and Microbiology (DGHM e.V.) recommends testing sea fish from warmer regions for vibrions. If pathogenic species are detected, further examinations of the toxin production capacity are necessary, since the detection of V. parahaemolyticus does not in itself represent a risk because non-pathogenic strains predominate in the environment.

In the United States, V. parahaemolyticus is the leading cause of bacterial diarrhea after eating seafood. In 1997 and 1998 there were several outbreaks that could be traced back to the consumption of raw oysters. The same applies to the outbreak of the disease in Spain in 1999 and in the USA in 2013, where raw mussels were also involved. The animals filter their food out of the water, and the bacteria present in the water accumulate in the oysters or mussels. In the warm summer months up to 100% of the animals are contaminated with V. parahaemolyticus . In addition to the consumption of raw oysters, there are also sporadic outbreaks of disease associated with crabs, prawns and lobsters. Since this seafood is commonly eaten cooked in the US, improper hygiene practices must be the cause. The same applies to the 2004 outbreak in Spain, in which cooked crabs were identified as the source of infection. Interruption of the cold chain , insufficient heating or subsequent contamination come into question here.

If the total of all food consumed is recorded, in Germany - as in the European Union as a whole - Campylobacter enteritis takes the top position among the registered, food-borne diseases, followed by salmonellosis . In the USA, gastroenteritis caused by norovirus ranks first , followed by salmonellosis. The situation in Japan differs considerably from this. Infections by V. parahaemolyticus are the main cause of foodborne illnesses there, 20–30% of cases can be attributed to them.

Although the term “food poisoning” is often used in everyday parlance, this term does not apply to V. parahaemolyticus . In the case of food poisoning (intoxication), the food already contains the toxins formed by the microorganisms before consumption and it is not necessary for the microorganisms to multiply in the human body. Gastroenteritis caused by V. parahaemolyticus is a food infection; humans as the host organism are infected by the pathogenic microorganisms contained in the food. Therefore one should avoid raw or insufficiently cooked foods known as sources of infection for prophylaxis. On the other hand, if they are heated sufficiently, the V. parahaemolyticus contained therein will be killed.

The CDC ( Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ) estimates that there are about 4,500 cases per year there. In order to obtain more reliable data, an obligation to report infections with V. parahaemolyticus and other Vibrio species was introduced in 2007. For the European Union , a statement by the responsible scientific committee was issued in 2001 on behalf of the European Commission . According to this, the risk of infection by V. parahaemolyticus for the EU can be assessed as rather low, although the data situation is insufficient. However, the expansion of international fish and seafood trade and changes in eating habits may lead to an increase in infections in the EU. Based on this opinion, the pathogen is not recorded by the network for epidemiological surveillance and control of communicable diseases in the EU and is therefore not subject to a reporting requirement . This will u. a. criticized by French scientists from the Pasteur Institute . Microbiological monitoring of aquacultures , for example oysters, for V. parahaemolyticus has not been initiated either. However, research is being carried out into a vaccine for fish farming that can be administered orally . In addition to the health effects, an outbreak also has economic consequences, as the breeding or fishing areas for oysters and other seafood are closed, as happened in Chile and the USA, for example.

swell

literature

  • Christopher A. Broberg, Thomas J. Calder, Kim Orth: Vibrio parahaemolyticus cell biology and pathogenicity determinants . In: Microbes and infection / Institut Pasteur . tape 13 , no. 12–13 , November 2011, pp. 992–1001 , doi : 10.1016 / j.micinf.2011.06.013 , PMC 3384537 (free full text).
  • European Commission (Ed.): Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Veterinary Measures Relating to Public Health on Vibrio vulnificus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus (in raw and undercooked seafood) . September 20, 2001, p. 20–36 ( PDF, 252 kB [accessed on January 16, 2014]).
  • Herbert Hof, Rüdiger Dörries: Dual Series: Medical Microbiology . 3. Edition. Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 978-3-13-125313-2 , p. 400-404 .

Individual evidence

  1. ^ A b S. Shinoda: Sixty years from the discovery of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and some recollections. In: Biocontrol science. Volume 16, Number 4, December 2011, pp. 129-137, ISSN  1342-4815 . PMID 22190435 . (Review).
  2. ^ A b Hans G. Schlegel, Christiane Zaborosch: General microbiology . 7th edition. Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart / New York 1992, ISBN 3-13-444607-3 , p. 117 .
  3. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l C. A. Broberg, TJ Calder, K. Orth: Vibrio parahaemolyticus cell biology and pathogenicity determinants. In: Microbes and infection / Institut Pasteur. Volume 13, Numbers 12-13, November 2011, pp. 992-1001, ISSN  1769-714X . doi : 10.1016 / j.micinf.2011.06.013 . PMID 21782964 . PMC 3384537 (free full text). (Review).
  4. ↑ a b c d e f g Charles A. Kaysner, Angelo DePaola, Jr .: Bacteriological Analytical Manual, Chapter 9: Vibrio. In: Website of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) . May 2004, accessed December 29, 2013 .
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  17. ↑ Rapid testing solutions for the detection of Vibrio cholerae on the Merck KGaA website . (No longer available online.) Formerly in the original ; Retrieved August 14, 2013 .  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.merckmillipore.de  
  18. ^ ID 32 biochemical identification (rapid ID 32 E); Vibrionaceae, Enterobacteriaceae. (No longer available online.) In: website of bioMérieux Deutschland GmbH . Archived from the original on January 5, 2014 ; Retrieved August 12, 2013 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.biomerieux.de
  19. ↑ Tracy H. Hazen, Robert J. Martinez, Yanfeng Chen, Patricia C. Lafon, Nancy M. Garrett: Rapid Identification of Vibrio parahaemolyticus by Whole-Cell Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry . In: Applied and Environmental Microbiology . tape 75 , no. 21 , November 1, 2009, ISSN  0099-2240 , p. 6745-6756 , doi : 10.1128 / aem.01171-09 , PMID 19749061 .
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  23. ↑ Renata Albuquerque Costa, Rayza Lima Araújo, Regine Helena Silva Fernandes Vieira: Enzymatic activity of vibrios isolated from the hemolymph of cultured Litopenaeus vannamei shrimp. In: Journal for Consumer Protection and Food Safety. Volume 8, Number 4, December 2013, pp. 307-311, ISSN  1661-5751 . doi : 10.1007 / s00003-013-0841-0 .
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  26. ↑ Taxonomy Browser Vibrio parahaemolyticus. In: National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) website . Retrieved January 4, 2014 .
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  44. ↑ Specialist group for food microbiology and hygiene, working group for microbiological guidelines and warning values ​​of the DGHM e. V .: Microbiological guideline and warning values ​​for the assessment of food (as of May 2012), Chapter 21 Guideline and warning values ​​for sea fish. (No longer available online.) In: Website of the German Society for Hygiene and Microbiology (DGHM) . Archived from the original on February 11, 2013 ; Retrieved March 24, 2013 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.dghm.org
  45. ↑ Author unknown: Outbreak of Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection associated with eating raw oysters and clams harvested from Long Island Sound – Connecticut, New Jersey, and New York, 1998. In: MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report. Publisher: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Volume 48, Number 3, January 1999, pp. 48-51, ISSN  0149-2195 . PMID 9935142 .
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  49. ↑ Council Directive 2006/88 / EC of October 24, 2006 with health and hygiene regulations for animals in aquaculture and aquaculture products and for the prevention and control of certain aquatic animal diseases , accessed on January 18, 2014
  50. ↑ L. Li, SL Lin, L. Deng, ZG Liu: Potential use of chitosan nanoparticles for oral delivery of DNA vaccine in black seabream Acanthopagrus schlegelii Bleeker to protect from Vibrio parahaemolyticus. In: Journal of fish diseases. Volume 36, Number 12, December 2013, pp. 987-995, ISSN  1365-2761 . doi : 10.1111 / jfd.12032 . PMID 24093149 .

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