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===[[List of named Solar System objects]]===
{{featured article}}
{{REMOVE THIS TEMPLATE WHEN CLOSING THIS AfD|T}}
{{Redirect|George III}}
<div class="infobox" style="width:50%">AfDs for this article:<ul class="listify">{{Special:Prefixindex/Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/List of named Solar System objects}}</ul></div>
{{Infobox British Royalty|majesty
:{{la|List of named Solar System objects}} (<span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:List of Named Solar System objects|wpReason={{urlencode: [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/List of named Solar System objects]]}}&action=delete}} delete]</span>) – <includeonly>([[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/List of named Solar System objects|View AfD]])</includeonly><noinclude>([[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Log/2008 October 13#{{anchorencode:List of named Solar System objects}}|View log]])</noinclude>
| name =George III
I can't see the point of this article. There are only two reasons for someone to look up the name of a Solar System body: either one knows the name but doesn't know the object, or knows the object but not the name. If one knows the name, one can type it into the search engine and find the object in the disambig. If one knows the object, one can search for [[Moons of Jupiter]], [[list of planets]] or whatever category one wishes, and find the name that way. This article is no help whatsoever. <b>[[User:Serendipodous|<font color="#00b">Serendi</font>]][[Special:Contributions/Serendipodous|<sup><font color="#b00">pod</font></sup>]]<font color="#00b">[[User talk: Serendipodous|ous]]</font></b> 12:52, 13 October 2008 (UTC)
| title =King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland; King of Hanover; ''prev.'' King of Great Britain and Ireland; Elector of Hanover
*'''Weak Keep''' I'm assuming the information is accurate. The list is somewhat interesting and does no harm. (A lot of work went into it too but I know that's not a reason to keep.) [[User:Northwestgnome|Northwestgnome]] ([[User talk:Northwestgnome|talk]]) 13:04, 13 October 2008 (UTC)
| image =George III in Coronation Robes.jpg
*'''Comment''' Just because an article is used primarily to find objects is not a valid argument against its notability. As such, I would ask that additional reasons be brought forth as to clarify why it should be deleted. Thank you. [[User:Zidel333|Zidel333]] ([[User talk:Zidel333|talk]]) 14:29, 13 October 2008 (UTC)
| imagesize =225px
:The point is not that it is used to find objects. The point is that it is absolutely useless at finding objects. There is no reason for anyone to use this page, other than curiosity value. No one who knew the name of the object would bother looking for it here when they could more easily find it on a disambig page. And if one were looking for an object, like a moon of Jupiter or an asteroid, but didn't know its name, this page is no help, because it's arranged by name, not by category. If you want additional reasons, fine. It's coverage is patchy; it seems to basically include everything that isn't an asteroid, but excludes comets. <b>[[User:Serendipodous|<font color="#00b">Serendi</font>]][[Special:Contributions/Serendipodous|<sup><font color="#b00">pod</font></sup>]]<font color="#00b">[[User talk: Serendipodous|ous]]</font></b> 15:15, 13 October 2008 (UTC)
| caption =Portrait by [[Allan Ramsay (artist)|Allan Ramsay]], 1762
::You still haven't brought up good reasons as to why it should be deleted; where and why the article needs work, but not for deletion. Sorry, if you can't come up with anything better, I'm going to vote for keep. [[User:Zidel333|Zidel333]] ([[User talk:Zidel333|talk]]) 17:30, 13 October 2008 (UTC)
| reign =25 October 1760 – 29 January 1820 ({{age in years and days|1760|10|25|1820|1|29|mf=y}})
*'''Keep'''. "I can't see the point of this article" isn't a valid reason for deletion. Anyway, here's one use for such a list - suppose you want to know how many non-asteroid bodies in the Solar System have names that begin with the letter Z ? There's only one (I didn't know that before I browsed the list). Very hard to find that information through categories or other resources. [[User:Gandalf61|Gandalf61]] ([[User talk:Gandalf61|talk]]) 16:13, 13 October 2008 (UTC)
| coronation =22 September 1761
*'''Keep''' per my and [[User:Gandalf61|Gandalf61's]] comments as well the lack of compelling evidence for deleting the article at this time. [[User:Zidel333|Zidel333]] ([[User talk:Zidel333|talk]]) 17:30, 13 October 2008 (UTC)
| predecessor =[[George II of Great Britain|George II]]
| regent = [[George IV of the United Kingdom|George, Prince Regent]]
| successor =[[George IV of the United Kingdom|George IV]]
| spouse =[[Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz]]
| issue =[[George IV of the United Kingdom|George IV]]<br />[[Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany|Frederick, Duke of York]]<br />[[William IV of the United Kingdom|William IV]]<br /> [[Charlotte, Princess Royal]]<br />[[Prince Edward Augustus, Duke of Kent and Strathearn|Edward Augustus, Duke of Kent]]<br />[[Princess Augusta Sophia of the United Kingdom|Princess Augusta Sophia]]<br />[[Princess Elizabeth of the United Kingdom|Princess Elizabeth]]<br />[[Ernest Augustus I of Hanover]]<br />[[Prince Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex|Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex]]<br />[[Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge|Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge]]<br />[[Princess Mary, Duchess of Gloucester and Edinburgh|Princess Mary]]<br />[[Princess Sophia of the United Kingdom|Princess Sophia]]<br />[[Prince Octavius of Great Britain|Prince Octavius]]<br />[[Prince Alfred of Great Britain|Prince Alfred]]<br />[[Princess Amelia of the United Kingdom|Princess Amelia]]
| royal house =[[House of Hanover]]
| royal anthem =[[God Save the King]]
| full name =George William Frederick
| titles =''HM'' The King<br />''HRH'' The Prince of Wales<br />''HRH'' The Duke of Edinburgh<br />''HRH'' Prince George<ref name="gaz">''The London Gazette'' consistently refers to the young prince as "His Royal Highness Prince George" [http://www.gazettes-online.co.uk/ViewPDF.aspx?pdf=8734&gpn=3][http://www.gazettes-online.co.uk/ViewPDF.aspx?pdf=8735&gpn=2][http://www.gazettes-online.co.uk/ViewPDF.aspx?pdf=8860&gpn=2][http://www.gazettes-online.co.uk/ViewPDF.aspx?pdf=8898&gpn=3][http://www.gazettes-online.co.uk/ViewPDF.aspx?pdf=8902&gpn=3][http://www.gazettes-online.co.uk/ViewPDF.aspx?pdf=8963][http://www.gazettes-online.co.uk/ViewPDF.aspx?pdf=8971]</ref>
| father =[[Frederick, Prince of Wales]]
| mother =[[Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha]]
| date of birth=4 June 1738 <small><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[Old Style and New Style dates|N.S.]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></small><ref name="date">24 May in the [[Old Style and New Style dates|Old Style]] [[Julian calendar]] still in use in Great Britain at this time.</ref>
| place of birth=[[Norfolk House]], [[St James's Square]], [[London]], [[Great Britain]]
| date of christening=4 June and 4 July 1738<small><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[Old Style and New Style dates|N.S.]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></small>
| place of christening=Norfolk House, London, Great Britain
| date of death ={{Death date and age|1820|1|29|1738|6|4|df=yes}}
| place of death =[[Windsor Castle]], [[Berkshire]], United Kingdom
| date of burial =15 February 1820
| place of burial=[[St George's Chapel at Windsor Castle|St George's Chapel]], [[Windsor Castle|Windsor]], United Kingdom
| signature = George III signature.jpg
|}}

'''George III''' (George William Frederick; 4 June 1738<ref name="date"/> – 29 January 1820 <small><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[Old Style and New Style dates|N.S.]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></small>) was [[List of British monarchs|King of Great Britain]] and [[King of Ireland]] from 25 October 1760 until 1 January 1801, and thereafter of the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland]], formed by the union of these two countries, until his death. He was concurrently Duke of [[Brunswick-Lüneburg]], and thus [[prince-elector]] of [[Electorate of Hanover|Hanover]] in the [[Holy Roman Empire]], and then [[King of Hanover]] from 12 October 1814. He was the third British monarch of the [[House of Hanover]], and the first of Hanover to be born in [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Britain]] and speak [[English language|English]] as his first language.<ref name="rh">{{cite web|author=The Royal Household|accessdate=2007-05-25|title=George III|work=Official website of the British Monarchy|url=http://www.royal.gov.uk/output/Page111.asp}}</ref>

George III's long reign was marked by a series of military conflicts involving his kingdom, much of the rest of Europe, and places further afield in Africa, the Americas and Asia. Early in his reign, Great Britain defeated France in the [[Seven Years' War]], becoming the dominant European power in North America and India. However, many of its American colonies were soon lost in the [[American Revolutionary War]], which led to the establishment of the [[United States]]. A series of wars against [[French Revolution|revolutionary]] and [[Napoleon I of France|Napoleonic]] France, over a twenty-year period, finally concluded in the defeat of Napoleon in 1815.

In the latter half of his life, George III suffered from recurrent and, eventually, permanent [[mental illness]]. This baffled medical science at the time, although it is now generally thought that he suffered from the blood disease [[porphyria]]. The poison [[arsenic]] can trigger porphyria, and recent studies have shown high levels of arsenic in locks of King George's hair. After a final relapse in 1810, his eldest son, [[George IV of the United Kingdom|George, Prince of Wales]] ruled as [[Prince Regent]]. On George III's death, the Prince of Wales succeeded his father as George IV. Historical analysis of George III's life has gone through a "kaleidoscope of changing views" which have depended heavily on the prejudices of his biographers and the sources available to them.<ref>Butterfield, p.9</ref>

==Early life==
George was born in [[London]] at [[Norfolk House]], the son of [[Frederick, Prince of Wales]], and grandson of [[George II of Great Britain|King George II]]. Prince George's mother was [[Augusta of Saxe-Gotha]]. As Prince George was born two months premature and was thought unlikely to survive, he was baptised the same day by the Rector of St James's.<ref>Hibbert, p.8</ref> He was publicly baptised by the [[Bishop of Oxford]], [[Thomas Secker]], at Norfolk House on 4 July 1738 (New Style). His godparents were [[Frederick I of Sweden|the King of Sweden]] (for whom [[Charles Calvert, 5th Baron Baltimore|Lord Baltimore]] stood proxy), [[Frederick III, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg|the Duke of Saxe-Gotha]] (for whom [[Henry Brydges, 2nd Duke of Chandos|Lord Carnarvon]] stood proxy) and his twice-paternal great-aunt, [[Sophia Dorothea of Hanover|the Queen of Prussia]] (for whom Lady Charlotte Edwin, a daughter of the late [[James Douglas, 4th Duke of Hamilton|Duke of Hamilton]], stood proxy).<ref>[http://users.uniserve.com/~canyon/christenings.htm#Christenings Yvonne's Royalty Home Page: Royal Christenings]</ref>

George grew into a healthy child but his grandfather, King George II, disliked the Prince of Wales and took little interest in his grandchildren. However, in 1751 the Prince of Wales died unexpectedly from a lung injury, and Prince George became [[heir apparent]] to the throne. He inherited one of his father's titles and became the [[Duke of Edinburgh]]. Now more interested in his grandson, three weeks later the King created George [[Prince of Wales]].<ref>Hibbert, pp.3–15</ref> In the spring of 1756, as George approached his eighteenth birthday, the King offered him a grand establishment at [[St James's Palace]], but George refused the offer, guided by his mother and her confidante, [[John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute|Lord Bute]], who would later serve as [[Prime Minister]].<ref>Hibbert, pp.24–25</ref> George's mother, now the Dowager Princess of Wales, preferred to keep George at home where she could imbue him with her strict moral values.<ref>{{citation|first=John L.|last=Bullion|title=Augusta , princess of Wales (1719–1772)|journal=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=2004|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/46829|accessdate= 2008-09-17|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/46829}} (Subscription required)</ref>

==Marriage==
In 1759 George was smitten with [[Lady Sarah Lennox]],<ref name="dnb">{{citation|first=John |last=Cannon|title=George III (1738–1820)|journal=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=September 2004; online edn, January 2007 |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/10540|accessdate=2007-05-25}}</ref> daughter of the [[Charles Lennox, 2nd Duke of Richmond|Duke of Richmond]], but Lord Bute advised against the match and George abandoned his thoughts of marriage. "I am born for the happiness and misery of a great nation," he wrote, "and consequently must often act contrary to my passion." Nevertheless, attempts by the King to marry George to Princess Sophia Caroline of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel were resisted by him and his mother.<ref>Hibbert, p.31</ref><ref>George was falsely said to have married a [[Religious Society of Friends|Quakeress]] named [[Hannah Lightfoot]] on 17 April 1759, prior to his marriage to Charlotte, and to have had at least one child by her. Lightfoot had married [[Isaac Axford]] in 1753, however, and had died in or before 1759 so no legal marriage to Lightfoot could have occurred and any children she might have had would not be in the line of succession. A forged marriage certificate was impounded at the 1866 trial of the daughter of imposter Olive Wilmot, who claimed to be "[[Princess Olive]]". After being studied by the [[Attorney General for England and Wales|Attorney General]], it was deposited in the [[Royal Archives]].</ref>

[[Image:Daughters of King George III.jpg|thumb|left|The Three Youngest Daughters of King George III. c. 1785 Oil on canvas by [[John Singleton Copley]]]]

The following year, George succeeded to the Crown when his grandfather, George II, died suddenly on 25 October 1760 at the age of 76. The search for a suitable wife intensified. On 8 September 1761, the King married in the [[Chapel Royal]], [[St James's Palace]], [[Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz|Duchess Sophia Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz]], whom he met on their wedding day. A fortnight later, both were crowned at [[Westminster Abbey]]. George remarkably never took a mistress (in contrast with both his Hanoverian predecessors and his sons), and the couple enjoyed a genuinely happy marriage.<ref name="rh" /><ref name="dnb" /> They had 15 children—nine sons and six daughters. In 1762, the King purchased [[Buckingham Palace|Buckingham House]] (now Palace) for use as a family retreat.

==Early reign==
Although George's accession was at first welcomed by politicians of all parties,<ref>For example, the letters of [[Horace Walpole]] written at the time of the accession defended George but Walpole's later memoirs were hostile (Butterfield, pp.22, 115–117 and 129–130).</ref> the first years of George's reign were marked by political instability, largely generated as a result of disagreements over the [[Seven Years' War]].<ref>Hibbert, p.86 and Watson, pp.67–79</ref> The favouritism which George showed towards [[Tory]] ministers led to his denunciation by the [[British Whig Party|Whigs]] as an autocrat in the manner of [[Charles I of England|Charles I]].<ref name="rh" /> In May 1762, the incumbent Whig ministry of [[Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle|the Duke of Newcastle]] was replaced with one led by the Scottish Tory Lord Bute. Bute's opponents worked against him by spreading the calumny that he was having an affair with the King's mother, and by exploiting anti-Scottish prejudices amongst the English.<ref>Watson, p.93 and Caretta, pp.59 and 64 ff.</ref> In 1763, after concluding the [[Treaty of Paris (1763)|Peace of Paris]] which ended the war, Lord Bute resigned, allowing the Whigs under [[George Grenville]] to return to power. Later that year, the [[Royal Proclamation of 1763]] placed a boundary upon the westward expansion of the American colonies. The Proclamation's goal was to force colonists to negotiate with the Native Americans, and therefore to reduce the costly frontier warfare that had erupted over land conflicts. While the Proclamation Line, as it came to be known, did not bother the majority of settled farmers, it was unpopular with a vocal minority of Americans and ultimately became another wedge between the colonists and the British government that would eventually lead to war.<ref>Watson, pp.182–184</ref> With the American colonists generally unburdened by British taxes, the government found it increasingly difficult to pay for the defence of the colonies against native uprisings and the possibility of French incursions.<ref>An American taxpayer would pay a maximum of sixpence a year, compared to an average of twenty-five shillings (50 times as much) in England. (Hibbert, p.122)</ref> In 1765, Grenville introduced the [[Stamp Act 1765|Stamp Act]], which levied a [[stamp duty]] on every document in the British colonies in North America. Since newspapers were printed on stamped paper, those most affected by the introduction of the duty were the most effective at producing propaganda opposing the tax.<ref>Watson, pp.184–185</ref> Meanwhile, the King had become exasperated at Grenville's attempts to reduce the King's prerogatives, and tried, unsuccessfully, to persuade [[William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham|William Pitt the Elder]] to accept the office of Prime Minister.<ref>Hibbert, pp.107–109 and Watson, pp.106–111</ref> After a brief illness, which may have presaged his illnesses to come, George settled on [[Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham|Lord Rockingham]] to form a ministry, and dismissed Grenville.<ref>Hibbert, pp.111–113</ref>

Lord Rockingham, with the support of Pitt, repealed Grenville's unpopular Stamp Act, but his government was weak and he was replaced in 1766 by Pitt, whom George created [[Earl of Chatham]]. The actions of Lord Chatham and George III in repealing the Act were so popular in America that statues of them both were erected in [[History of New York City (1665-1783)|New York City]].<ref>Hibbert, p.124</ref> Lord Chatham fell ill in 1767, allowing the [[Augustus FitzRoy, 3rd Duke of Grafton|Duke of Grafton]] to take over the government, although he did not formally become Prime Minister until 1768. His government disintegrated in 1770, allowing the Tories to return to power.<ref>Hibbert, p.140</ref>

The government of the new Prime Minister, [[Frederick North, Lord North|Lord North]], was chiefly concerned with discontent in America. To assuage American opinion most of the custom duties were withdrawn, with the exception of the tea duty, which in George's words was "one tax to keep up the right [to levy taxes]".<ref>Hibbert, p.141</ref> In 1773, a [[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]] mob boarded the tea ships moored in Boston Harbor and threw the tea overboard as a political protest, an event that became known as the [[Boston Tea Party]]. In Britain, opinion hardened against the colonists, with Chatham now agreeing with North that the destruction of the tea was "certainly criminal".<ref>Hibbert, p.143</ref> Lord North introduced measures, which were called the [[Intolerable Acts]] by the colonists: the Port of Boston was shut down and the constitution of [[Massachusetts]] was altered so that the upper house of the legislature was appointed by the Crown instead of elected by the lower house.<ref>Watson, p.197</ref> Up to this point, in the words of Professor Peter Thomas, George's "hopes were centred on a political solution, and he always bowed to his cabinet's opinions even when sceptical of their success. The detailed evidence of the years from 1763 to 1775 tends to exonerate George III from any real responsibility for the [[American Revolution]]."<ref>{{citation|last=Thomas|first=Peter D. G.|authorlink= |title=George III and the American Revolution|journal=History|volume=70|issue=228|pages=31|publisher=|date=1985}}</ref>

On George's accession, the [[Crown land]]s produced relatively little income; most revenue was generated through taxes and excise duties. George surrendered the [[Crown Estate]] to Parliamentary control in return for a [[Civil List]] annuity for the support of his household and the expenses of Civil Government.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.thecrownestate.co.uk/about_us/our_history.htm|title=Our history|publisher=The Crown Estate|year=2004|accessdate=2008-02-21}}</ref> It is claimed that George used the income to reward supporters with bribes and gifts,<ref>{{citation|author=Kelso, Paul|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/margaret/story/0,,420405,00.html|journal=The Guardian|title=The royal family and the public purse|date=6 March 2000|accessdate=2008-02-21}}</ref> though this is disputed by others who say such claims "rest on nothing but falsehoods put out by disgruntled opposition".<ref>Watson, p.88</ref> Debts amounting to over £3 million over the course of George's reign were paid by Parliament, and the Civil List annuity was increased from time to time.<ref>Medley, Dudley Julius (1902). [http://books.google.com/books?id=xi4GAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA501&lpg=PA501&dq=george+iii+crown+estate+debts&source=web&ots=TlpsTqmua0&sig=7iGsFpjmpQx7yykQd7Zd34e41sQ ''A Student's Manual of English Constitutional History''. p. 501]</ref>

{{House of Hanover|george3}}

==American Revolutionary War==
The [[American Revolutionary War]] began when armed conflict between British regulars and colonial militiamen broke out in [[New England]] in April 1775. After a year of fighting, the colonies [[United States Declaration of Independence|declared their independence]] from the Crown as "free and independent States" in July 1776, and listed grievances against the British King, legislature, and populace. Amongst George's other offences, the Declaration charged, "He has abdicated Government here&nbsp;... He has plundered our seas, ravaged our Coasts, burnt our towns, and destroyed the lives of our people." George was indignant when he learned of the opinions of the colonists. The British captured [[New York City]] in 1776, but the grand strategic plan of invading from Canada failed with the surrender of the British Lieutenant-General [[John Burgoyne]] at the [[Battle of Saratoga]]. In 1778, France (Great Britain's chief rival) signed a treaty of friendship with the newly independent American States. [[Lord North]] asked to transfer power to [[Lord Chatham]], whom he thought more capable. George, however, would hear nothing of such suggestions; he suggested that Chatham serve as a subordinate minister in Lord North's administration. Chatham refused to cooperate, and died later in the same year.<ref>Hibbert, pp.156–157</ref> Great Britain was then at war with France, and in 1779 it was also at war with Spain.

George III obstinately tried to keep Great Britain at war with the revolutionaries in America, despite the opinions of his own ministers. [[Granville Leveson-Gower, 1st Marquess of Stafford|Lord Gower]] and [[Thomas Thynne, 1st Marquess of Bath|Lord Weymouth]] both resigned rather than suffer the indignity of being associated with the war. Lord North's opinion matched that of his ministerial colleagues, which he appears to have told George III, but he stayed in office. The King was determined "never to acknowledge the independence of the Americans, and to punish their contumacy by the indefinite prolongation of a war which promised to be eternal."<ref>Trevelyan, vol.1 p.4</ref> His plan was to keep the 30,000 men garrisoned in [[New York]], [[Rhode Island]], Canada, and [[Florida]]; other forces would attack the [[French colonization of the Americas|French]] and [[Spanish colonization of the Americas|Spanish]] in the [[West Indies]]. To punish the Americans the King planned to destroy their coasting-trade, bombard their ports, sack and burn towns along the coast (like [[New London, Connecticut|New London]], [[Connecticut]]), and turn loose the [[Native Americans in the United States|Indians]] to attack civilians in frontier settlements. These operations, the King felt, would inspire the [[Loyalist (American Revolution)|Loyalists]], splinter the [[Second Continental Congress|Continental Congress]], and "keep the rebels harassed, anxious, and poor, until the day when, by a natural and inevitable process, discontent and disappointment were converted into penitence and remorse". They would beg to return to his authority.<ref>Trevelyan, vol.1 p.5</ref> The plan, however, meant destruction for the Loyalists and loyal Indians, and indefinite prolongation of a costly war, as well as the risk of disaster as the French and Spanish were assembling an [[armada]] to invade Britain and seize [[London]].

In 1781, the news of [[Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis|Lord Cornwallis's]] surrender at the [[Siege of Yorktown]] reached London; Lord North's parliamentary support ebbed away and he resigned the following year. Afterward, Lord North persuaded the king against abdicating,<ref>Hillenbrad, William (2001). ''[http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN1890642177&id=ryybAscQEpsC&printsec=frontcover&dq=%22born+in+battle%22 Born in Battle: A History of the American Revolution].'' Troubadour Interactive. ISBN 1890642177</ref> George III finally accepted the defeat in North America, and authorised the negotiation of a peace. The [[Treaty of Paris (1783)|Treaty of Paris]], by which Britain recognised the independence of the American states, and the associated [[Treaty of Versailles (1783)|Treaty of Versailles]], which required Great Britain to give up Florida to Spain and to grant access to the waters off [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]] to France, were ratified in 1783. When [[John Adams]] was appointed [[United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom|American Minister to Britain]] in 1785, George had become resigned to the new relationship between his country and the States. He told Adams, "I was the last to consent to the separation; but I would be the first to meet the friendship of the United States as an independent power."<ref>Hibbert, p.165</ref>

==Constitutional struggle==
With the collapse of Lord North's ministry in 1782, the Whig Lord Rockingham became Prime Minister for the second time, but died within months. The King then appointed [[William Petty, 2nd Earl of Shelburne|Lord Shelburne]] to replace him. [[Charles James Fox]], however, refused to serve under Shelburne, and demanded the appointment of the [[William Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland|Duke of Portland]]. In 1783, the [[British House of Commons|House of Commons]] forced Lord Shelburne from office and his government was replaced by the [[Fox-North Coalition]]. The Duke of Portland became Prime Minister; Fox and Lord North, Foreign Secretary and Home Secretary respectively, really held power, with Portland acting as a figurehead.<ref name="dnb" />

George III was distressed by the attempts to force him to appoint ministers not of his liking, but the Portland ministry quickly built up a majority in the House of Commons, and could not easily be displaced. He was, moreover, extremely dissatisfied when the government introduced the India Bill, which proposed to reform the government of India by transferring political power from the [[Honourable East India Company]] to Parliamentary commissioners.<ref>Hibbert, p.243 and Pares, p.120</ref> Immediately after the House of Commons passed it, George authorised [[George Nugent-Temple-Grenville, 1st Marquess of Buckingham|Lord Temple]] to inform the [[House of Lords]] that he would regard any peer who voted for the bill as his enemy. The bill was rejected by the Lords; three days later, the Portland ministry was dismissed, and [[William Pitt the Younger]] was appointed Prime Minister, with Temple as his Secretary of State. On 17 December 1783, Parliament voted in favour of a motion condemning the influence of the monarch in parliamentary voting as a "high crime" and Temple was forced to resign. Temple's departure destabilised the government, and three months later the government lost its majority and Parliament was dissolved; the subsequent [[British general election, 1784|election]] gave Pitt a firm mandate.<ref name="dnb" />

==William Pitt==
[[Image:National-Debt-Gillray.jpeg|thumb|300px|In ''A new way to pay the National Debt'' (1786), [[James Gillray]] caricatured [[Queen Charlotte]] and George III awash with treasury funds to cover royal debts, with Pitt handing them another moneybag.]]

For George III, Pitt's appointment was a great victory. It proved that he was able to appoint Prime Ministers on the basis of his own interpretation of the public mood without having to follow the choice of the current majority in the House of Commons. Throughout Pitt's ministry, George supported many of Pitt's political aims and created new peers at an unprecedented rate to increase the number of Pitt's supporters in the House of Lords.<ref>Watson, pp.272–279</ref> During and after Pitt's ministry, George III was extremely popular in Britain.<ref>Carretta, pp.262 and 297</ref> The public supported the exploratory voyages to the [[Pacific Ocean]] that he sanctioned. George also aided the [[Royal Academy]] with large grants from his private funds. The British people admired their King for remaining faithful to his wife, unlike the two previous Hanoverian monarchs.

However, by this time George III's health was deteriorating. He suffered from a mental illness, now widely believed to be a symptom of [[porphyria]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Röhl|first=John C. G.|authorlink=John C. G. Röhl|coauthors=Warren, Martin; Hunt, David|title=Purple Secret: Genes, "Madness" and the Royal Houses of Europe|year=1998|publisher=Bantam Press|location=London|id=ISBN 0-593-04148-8}}</ref> A study of samples of the King's hair published in 2005 revealed high levels of [[arsenic]], a possible trigger for the disease. The source of the arsenic is not known, but it could have been a component of medicines or cosmetics.<ref>Cox, Timothy M.; Jack, N.; Lofthouse, S.; Watling, J.; Haines, J.; Warren, M.J. (2005). "King George III: and porphyria: an elemental hypothesis and investigation". ''[[The Lancet]]'' ([[Elsevier]]) '''366''': 332–335.</ref> The King may have previously suffered a brief episode of the disease in 1765, but a longer episode began in the summer of 1788. George was sufficiently sane to [[Parliamentary session#Prorogation|prorogue]] Parliament on 25 September 1788, but his condition worsened and in November he became seriously deranged, sometimes speaking for many hours without pause. With his doctors largely at a loss to explain his illness, spurious stories about his condition spread, such as the claim that he shook hands with a tree in the mistaken belief that it was the King of Prussia.<ref>Hibbert, pp.262–267</ref> When Parliament reconvened in November, the King could not, as was customary, communicate to them the agenda for the upcoming legislative session. According to long-established practice, Parliament could not begin the transaction of business until the King had made the [[Speech from the Throne]]. Parliament, however, ignored the custom and began to debate provisions for a regency.

[[Image:GeorgeIIIGuinea.jpg|left|thumb|Gold guinea of George III, dated 1789]]

[[Charles James Fox]] and William Pitt wrangled over the terms of which individual was entitled to take over government during the illness of the Sovereign. Although both parties agreed that it would be most reasonable for George III's eldest son and [[heir apparent]], the Prince of Wales, to act as Regent, they disagreed over the basis of a regency. Fox suggested that it was the Prince of Wales's absolute right to act on his ill father's behalf; Pitt argued that it was for Parliament to nominate a Regent.<ref>Hibbert, p.273</ref> Proceedings were further delayed as the authority for Parliament to merely meet was questioned, as the session had not been formally opened by the Sovereign. As was well-established at the time, the Sovereign could delegate many of his functions to Lords Commissioners by [[letters patent]], which were validated by the attachment of the [[Great Seal of the Realm|Great Seal]]. Pitt proposed that the custodian of the Great Seal, the [[Lord Chancellor]], affix the Seal without the consent of the Sovereign. Although such an action would be unlawful, it would not be possible to question the validity of the letters patent, as the presence of the Great Seal would be deemed conclusive in court. George III's second son, the [[Prince Frederick, Duke of York]], denounced Pitt's proposal as "unconstitutional and illegal". Nonetheless, the Lords Commissioners were appointed and then opened Parliament. In February 1789, the Regency Bill, authorising the Prince of Wales to act as Prince Regent, was introduced and passed in the House of Commons. But before the House of Lords could pass the bill, George III recovered from his illness under the treatment of Dr [[Francis Willis]]. He confirmed the actions of the Lords Commissioners as valid, but resumed full control of government.

==French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars==
After George recovered from his illness, his popularity, and that of Pitt, continued to increase at the expense of Fox and the Prince of Wales.<ref>Carretta, p.285; Hibbert, pp.301–302 and Watson, p.323</ref> His humane and understanding treatment of two insane assailants, Margaret Nicolson in 1786 and John Frith in 1790, contributed to his popularity.<ref>Carretta, p.275</ref> The [[French Revolution]] of 1789, in which the [[French monarchy]] had been overthrown, worried many British landowners. France declared war on Great Britain in 1793; George allowed Pitt to increase taxes, raise armies, and suspend the right of ''[[habeas corpus]]'' in the war attempt. The [[first coalition|First Coalition]] to oppose revolutionary France, which included [[Austria]], [[Prussia]], and Spain, broke up in 1795 when Prussia and Spain made separate peace with France.<ref>Watson, pp.360–377</ref> The [[Second Coalition]], which included Austria, Russia, and the [[Ottoman Empire]], was defeated in 1800. Only Great Britain was left fighting [[Napoleon I of France|Napoleon Bonaparte]], the [[First Consul]] of the [[French First Republic|French Republic]].

A failed attempt to [[assassination|assassinate]] the King on 15 May 1800 was not political in origin but motivated by the [[religion|religious]] [[delusion]]s of [[James Hadfield]], who shot at the King in the [[Theatre Royal, Drury Lane|Drury Lane Theatre]].

A brief lull in hostilities allowed Pitt to concentrate effort on Ireland, where there had been an uprising in 1798. The British and Irish Parliaments passed the [[Act of Union 1800]], which, on 1 January 1801, united Great Britain and Ireland into a single nation, known as the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. George used the opportunity to drop [[English claims to the French throne|the claim to the Throne of France]], which English and British Sovereigns had maintained since the reign of [[Edward III of England|Edward III]]. It was suggested that George adopt the title "[[Emperor of the British and Hanoverian Dominions]]", but he refused.

As part of his Irish policy, Pitt planned to remove certain legal disabilities that applied to [[Roman Catholicism|Roman Catholics]]. George III claimed that to emancipate Catholics would be to violate his coronation oath, in which Sovereigns promise to maintain Protestantism.<ref name="rh" /> The King declared,
<blockquote>"Where is the power on Earth to absolve me from the observance of every sentence of that oath, particularly the one requiring me to maintain the Protestant Reformed Religion?&nbsp;… No, no, I had rather beg my bread from door to door throughout Europe, than consent to any such measure. I can give up my crown and retire from power. I can quit my palace and live in a cottage. I can lay my head on a block and lose my life, but I cannot break my oath."</blockquote>
Faced with opposition to his religious reform policies from both the King and the British public, Pitt threatened to resign.<ref>Hibbert, p.313</ref> At about the same time, the King suffered a relapse of his previous illness, which he blamed on worry over the Catholic question.<ref>Hibbert, p.315</ref> On 14 March 1801, Pitt was formally replaced by the [[Speaker of the British House of Commons|Speaker of the House of Commons]], [[Henry Addington, 1st Viscount Sidmouth|Henry Addington]]. Addington opposed emancipation, instituted annual accounts, abolished income tax and began a programme of disarmament. In October 1801, he made peace with the French, and in 1802 signed the [[Treaty of Amiens]].<ref>Watson, pp.402–409</ref>

[[Image:The king of Brobdingnag and Gulliver.jpg|thumb|Caricature of George holding Napoleon in the palm of his hand. [[James Gillray]], 1803.]]

George did not consider the peace with France as "real"; in his view it was an "experiment". In 1803, the two nations once again declared war on each other but public opinion distrusted Addington to lead the nation in war, and instead favoured Pitt. An invasion of England by Napoleon seemed imminent and a massive volunteer movement arose to defend England against the French. One of the best-attended royal events during this time was George's review of 27,000 volunteers in [[Hyde Park, London]] on 26 and 28 October 1803, during the height of the invasion scare. An estimated 500,000 people turned up on each day to watch.<ref>Colley, Linda (1994). ''Britons: Forging the Nation 1707–1837'' (Yale University Press), p. 225.</ref> ''The Times'' described it as:

<blockquote>"...a glorious day for Old England. It displayed the youth of the first city of the universe, assembled in military array round the person of their beloved and venerable Sovereign, and ready to devote themselves on the altar of their country&nbsp;... The enthusiasm of the multitude was beyond all expression. When his <small>MAJESTY</small> entered the Park, a burst of exultation seemed involuntarily to break forth".<ref>''The Times'' (27 October 1803), p. 2.</ref></blockquote>

George prepared to resist Napoleon. A courtier wrote on 13 November: "The King is really prepared to take the field in case of attack, his beds are ready and he can move at half an hour's warning".<ref>Brooke, John (1974). ''King George III'' (Panther), p. 597.</ref> George wrote to his friend [[Richard Hurd (clergyman)|Bishop Hurd]] on 30 November:

<blockquote>"We are here in daily expectation that Bonaparte will attempt his threatened invasion; the chances against his success seem so many that it is wonderful he persists in it.&nbsp;... Should his troops effect a landing, I shall certainly put myself at the head of mine, and my other armed subjects, to repel them".<ref>Wheeler, H. F. B.; Broadley, A. M. (1908). ''Napoleon and the Invasion of England. Volume I'' (London: John Lane The Bodley Head), p. xiii.</ref></blockquote>

The possibility of invasion was extinguished after [[Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson|Admiral Lord Nelson]]'s famous naval victory at the [[Battle of Trafalgar]].

In 1804, George was again affected by his recurrent illness; after his recovery, Addington resigned and Pitt regained power. Pitt sought to appoint Fox to his ministry, but George III refused as the King disliked Fox, who had encouraged the Prince of Wales to lead an extravagant and expensive life. [[William Wyndham Grenville, 1st Baron Grenville|Lord Grenville]] perceived an injustice to Fox, and refused to join the new ministry.<ref name="dnb" /> Pitt concentrated on forming a coalition with Austria, Russia, and [[Sweden]]. This [[Third Coalition]], however, met the same fate as the First and Second Coalitions, collapsing in 1805. The setbacks in Europe took a toll on William Pitt's health. Pitt died in 1806, once again reopening the question of who should serve in the ministry. Lord Grenville became Prime Minister, and his "[[Ministry of All the Talents]]" included Charles James Fox. The King was conciliatory towards Fox, after being forced to capitulate over his appointment. After Fox's death in September 1806, the King and ministry were in open conflict. To boost recruitment, the ministry had proposed a measure whereby Roman Catholics would be allowed to serve in all ranks of the Armed Forces. George instructed them not only to drop the measure, but also to agree never to set up such a measure again. The ministers agreed to drop the measure then pending, but refused to bind themselves in the future.<ref>Pares, p.139</ref> In 1807, they were dismissed and replaced by the Duke of Portland as the nominal Prime Minister, with actual power being held by the [[Chancellor of the Exchequer]], [[Spencer Perceval]]. Parliament was dissolved; the [[United Kingdom general election, 1807|subsequent election]] gave the ministry a strong majority in the [[British House of Commons|House of Commons]]. George III made no further major political decisions during his reign; the replacement of the Duke of Portland by Perceval in 1809 was of little actual significance.

==Later life==
[[Image:George IV bust1.jpg|thumb|right|George, Prince of Wales, acted as Prince-Regent from 1811 to 1820]]

In 1810, at the height of his popularity<ref>Carretta, p.340</ref> but already virtually blind with cataracts and in pain from rheumatism, George III became dangerously ill. In his view the malady had been triggered by the stress he suffered at the death of his youngest and favourite daughter, [[Princess Amelia of the United Kingdom|Princess Amelia]].<ref>Hibbert, p.396</ref> The Princess's nurse reported that "the scenes of distress and crying every day…were melancholy beyond description."<ref>Hibbert, p.394</ref> He accepted the need for the [[Regency Act 1811]],<ref>Hibbert, pp.397–398</ref> and the Prince of Wales acted as Regent for the remainder of George III's life. By the end of 1811, George III had become permanently insane and lived in seclusion at Windsor Castle until his death.<ref>Hibbert, pp.399–402</ref>

[[Spencer Perceval]] was [[assassination|assassinated]] in 1812 (the only British Prime Minister to have suffered such a fate) and was replaced by [[Robert Banks Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool|Lord Liverpool]]. Liverpool oversaw British victory in the Napoleonic Wars. The subsequent [[Congress of Vienna]] led to significant territorial gains for Hanover, which was upgraded from an electorate to a kingdom.

[[Image:george3coin.jpg|thumb|left|Half-Crown coin of George III, 1816. Click for notes.]]

Meanwhile, George's health deteriorated, and eventually he became completely blind and increasingly deaf. He never knew that he was declared King of Hanover in 1814, or of the death of his wife in 1818. Over Christmas 1819, he spoke nonsense for 58 hours, and for the last few weeks of his life was unable to walk. On 29 January 1820, he died at [[Windsor Castle]]. His favourite son, Frederick, Duke of York, was with him.<ref>Hibbert, p.408</ref> His death came six days after that of his fourth son, the [[Prince Edward Augustus, Duke of Kent and Strathearn|Duke of Kent]]. George III was buried on 15 February in [[St. George's Chapel, Windsor]].

George was succeeded by two of his sons [[George IV of the United Kingdom|George IV]] and [[William IV of the United Kingdom|William IV]], who both died without surviving legitimate children, leaving the throne to their niece, [[Queen Victoria|Victoria]], the last monarch of the House of Hanover and the only legitimate child of the Duke of Kent.

==Legacy==
George III lived for 81 years and 239 days and reigned for 59 years and 96 days—both his life and his reign were longer than any of his predecessors. Only George's granddaughter [[Victoria of the United Kingdom|Queen Victoria]] exceeded his record, though [[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Elizabeth II]] has lived longer.

While very popular at the start of his reign, by the mid-1770s George had lost the loyalty of revolutionary American colonists<ref>Carretta, pp.99–101 and 123–126</ref> (about a third of the population in the American colonies). The grievances in the [[United States Declaration of Independence]] were presented as "repeated injuries and usurpations" that he had committed to establish an "absolute Tyranny" over the colonies. The Declaration's wording has contributed to the American public's perception of George as a tyrant. Contemporary accounts of George III's life fall into two camps: one demonstrating "attitudes dominant in the latter part of the reign, when the king had become a revered symbol of national resistance to French ideas and French power" and the other "derived their views of the king from the bitter partisan strife of the first two decades of the reign, and they expressed in their works the views of the opposition".<ref>{{cite book|author=Reitan, E. A.|chapter=Introduction|pages=p.viii|editor=Reitan, E. A.|title=George III, Tyrant Or Constitutional Monarch?|year=1964|publisher=D. C. Heath and Company|location=Boston}}</ref> Building on the latter of these two assessments, British historians of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, such as [[Sir George Trevelyan, 2nd Baronet|Trevelyan]] and [[Erskine May, 1st Baron Farnborough|Erskine May]], promoted hostile interpretations of George III's life. However, in the mid-twentieth century the work of [[Lewis Namier]], who thought George was "much maligned", kick-started a re-evaluation of the man and his reign.<ref>Reitan, pp.xii–xiii</ref> Scholars of the later twentieth century, such as [[Herbert Butterfield|Butterfield]] and Pares, and Macalpine and Hunter, are inclined to treat George sympathetically, seeing him as a victim of circumstance and illness. Butterfield rejected the arguments of his Victorian predecessors with withering disdain: "Erskine May must be a good example of the way in which an historian may fall into error through an excess of brilliance. His capacity for synthesis, and his ability to dovetail the various parts of the evidence&nbsp;… carried him into a more profound and complicated elaboration of error than some of his more pedestrian predecessors&nbsp;… he inserted a doctrinal element into his history which, granted his original aberrations, was calculated to project the lines of his error, carrying his work still further from centrality or truth."<ref>Butterfield, p.152</ref> Today, the long reign of George III is perceived as a continuation of the reduction in the political power of monarchy, and its growth as the embodiment of national morality.<ref name="dnb" />

[[Image:1776KingGeorgeStatueNYC.jpg|thumb|An inaccurate engraving depicting the destruction of George's statue in New York City, 1776]]

There are many cities and towns in former British colonies named ''[[Georgetown]]'' in honour of George III or his son, [[George IV of the United Kingdom|George IV]]. Statues of George III include one in the courtyard of Somerset House in London and one in Weymouth, Dorset, which he popularised as one of the first seaside resorts in England.<ref>Watson, p.549</ref> A gilded equestrian statue of George III was pulled down in New York at the beginning of the War of Independence in 1776. Engravings of its destruction are wholly inaccurate.<ref>Carretta, pp.97, 98 and 367</ref>

George III was dubbed "Farmer George" by satirists, at first mocking his interest in mundane matters rather than politics but later to contrast his homely thrift with his son's grandiosity and to portray him as a man of the people.<ref>Carretta, pp.92–93, 267–273, 302–305 and 317</ref> Under George III, who was passionately interested in agriculture,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rbgkew.org.uk/heritage/timeline/1773to1820_farmer.html|title='Farmer' George and his 'ferme ornée'|publisher=[[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]]|accessdate=2008-02-21}}</ref> the [[British Agricultural Revolution]] reached its peak and great advances were made in fields such as science and industry. There was unprecedented growth in the rural population, which in turn provided much of the workforce for the concurrent [[Industrial Revolution]].<ref>Watson, pp.10–11</ref>

==Titles, styles, honours and arms==
{|align=right
|{{Infobox British Monarch Styles|
royal name=King George III of the United Kingdom|
dipstyle=[[Majesty|His Majesty]]|
offstyle=Your Majesty|
altstyle=Sir|}}
|}
===Titles and styles===
*'''4 June 1738 – 31 March 1751''': ''His Royal Highness'' Prince George<ref name="gaz" />
*'''31 March 1751 – 20 April 1751''': ''His Royal Highness'' The Duke of Edinburgh
*'''20 April 1751 – 25 October 1760''': ''His Royal Highness'' The Prince of Wales
*'''25 October 1760 – 29 January 1820''': ''His Majesty'' The King

In Great Britain, George III used the official [[Style (manner of address)|style]] "George the Third, by the Grace of God, [[List of British monarchs|King of Great Britain]], [[English Kings of France|France]] and [[King of Ireland|Ireland]], [[Fidei defensor|Defender of the Faith]], etc." In 1801, when [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]] united with [[Kingdom of Ireland|Ireland]], he took the opportunity to drop his claim to the French Throne. He also dispensed with the phrase "etc.," which had been added during the reign of [[Elizabeth I of England|Elizabeth I]]. His style became, "George the Third, by the Grace of God, King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, Defender of the Faith."

===Arms===
On 27 July 1749, George was granted use of the arms of the kingdom (as he later inherited), differenced by a ''label azure of five points, the centre point bearing a fleur-de-lys or''. Upon his father's death, and along with the dukedom of Edinburgh and the position of heir-apparent, he inherited his difference of a plain ''label argent of three points''.<ref>[http://www.heraldica.org/topics/britain/cadency.htm Marks of Cadency in the British Royal Family]</ref>

From the time of his coronation until 1800, George's [[heraldry|arms]] were: ''Quarterly, I Gules three lions passant guardant in pale Or (for England) impaling Or a lion rampant within a double-tressure flory-counter-flory Gules (for Scotland); II Azure three fleurs-de-lys Or (for France); III Azure a harp Or stringed Argent (for Ireland); IV tierced per pale and per chevron (for [[Hanover]]), I Gules two lions passant guardant Or (for [[Brunswick (city)|Brunswick]]), II Or a semy of hearts Gules a lion rampant Azure (for [[Lüneburg]]), III Gules a horse courant Argent (for [[Westfalen]]), overall an escutcheon Gules charged with the crown of [[Charlemagne]] Or (for the dignity of Arch[[treasurer]] of the [[Holy Roman Empire]])''.

Following the [[Act of Union 1800]], his arms were amended, dropping the French quartering. They became: ''Quarterly, I and IV Gules three lions passant guardant in pale Or (for England); II Or a lion rampant within a double tressure flory-counter-flory Gules (for Scotland); III Azure a harp Or stringed Argent (for Ireland); overall an escutcheon tierced per pale and per chevron (for Hanover), I Gules two lions passant guardant Or (for Brunswick), II Or a semy of hearts Gules a lion rampant Azure (for Lunenburg), III Gules a horse courant Argent (for Westfalen), the whole inescutcheon surmounted by an electoral bonnet.'' In 1816, two years after the [[Electorate of Hanover]] became a Kingdom, the electoral bonnet was changed to a crown.
<gallery>
Image:UK Arms 1714.svg|Arms of the kingdom pre-Union
Image:UK Arms 1801.svg|Arms of the kingdom post-Union
</gallery>

==Issue==
{| border=1 style="border-collapse: collapse;"
|- bgcolor=cccccc
! width="20%"|Name!! width="15%"|Birth!! width="15%"|Death!! width="50%"|Notes<ref>Weir, pp.286–299</ref>
|-
|[[George IV of the United Kingdom|George IV]]||12 August 1762||26 June 1830||married 1795, [[Caroline of Brunswick|Princess Caroline of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel]]; had issue; died aged 67
|-
|[[Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany|Frederick, Duke of York]]||16 August 1763||5 January 1827||married 1791, [[Princess Frederica of Prussia]]; no issue; died aged 53
|-
|[[William IV of the United Kingdom|William IV]]||21 August 1765||20 June 1837||married 1818, [[Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen]]; no legitimate surviving issue; died aged 71
|-
|[[Charlotte, Princess Royal]]||29 September 1766||6 October 1828||married 1797, [[Frederick I of Württemberg|Frederick, King of Württemberg]]; no issue; died aged 62
|-
|[[Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn|Edward Augustus, Duke of Kent]]||2 November 1767||23 January 1820||married 1818, [[Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld]]; had issue ([[Victoria of the United Kingdom|Queen Victoria]]); died aged 52
|-
|[[Princess Augusta Sophia of the United Kingdom|Princess Augusta Sophia]]||8 November 1768||22 September 1840||died aged 71
|-
|[[Princess Elizabeth of the United Kingdom|Princess Elizabeth]]||22 May 1770||10 January 1840||married 1818, [[Frederick VI of Hesse-Homburg|Frederick, Landgrave of Hesse-Homburg]]; no issue; died aged 69
|-
|[[Ernest Augustus I of Hanover]]||5 June 1771||18 November 1851||married 1815, [[Frederica of Mecklenburg-Strelitz|Princess Frederica of Mecklenburg-Strelitz]]; had issue; died aged 80
|-
|[[Prince Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex|Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex]]||27 January 1773||22 April 1843||married in contravention of the [[Royal Marriages Act 1772]], (1) 1793 [[Lady Augusta Murray]]; had issue; marriage declared void 1794; (2) 1831, [[Cecilia Underwood, Duchess of Inverness|Lady Cecilia Underwood]] (later [[Duchess of Inverness|1st Duchess of Inverness]]); no issue; died aged 70
|-
|[[Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge|Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge]]||24 February 1774||8 July 1850||married 1818, [[Princess Augusta of Hesse-Cassel]]; had issue; died aged 76
|-
|[[Princess Mary, Duchess of Gloucester and Edinburgh|Princess Mary, Duchess of Gloucester]]||25 April 1776||30 April 1857||married 1816, [[Prince William Frederick, Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh|Prince William, Duke of Gloucester]]; no issue; died aged 81
|-
|[[Princess Sophia of the United Kingdom|Princess Sophia]]||3 November 1777||27 May 1848||died aged 70
|-
|[[Prince Octavius of Great Britain|Prince Octavius]]||23 February 1779||3 May 1783||died aged 4
|-
|[[Prince Alfred of Great Britain|Prince Alfred]]||22 September 1780||20 August 1782||died aged 23 months
|-
|[[Princess Amelia of the United Kingdom|Princess Amelia]]||7 August 1783||2 November 1810||died aged 27
|}

==Ancestors==
{{ahnentafel top|width=100%}}
{{ahnentafel-compact5
|style=font-size: 90%; line-height: 110%;
|border=1
|boxstyle=padding-top: 0; padding-bottom: 0;
|boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc;
|boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9;
|boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc;
|boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc;
|boxstyle_5=background-color: #9fe;
|1= 1. '''George III of the United Kingdom'''
|2= 2. [[Frederick, Prince of Wales]]
|3= 3. [[Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha]]
|4= 4. [[George II of Great Britain]]
|5= 5. [[Caroline of Ansbach|Margravine Caroline of Brandenburg-Ansbach]]
|6= 6. [[Frederick II, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg]]
|7= 7. [[Magdalena Augusta of Anhalt-Zerbst|Princess Magdalena Augusta of Anhalt-Zerbst]]
|8= 8. [[George I of Great Britain]]
|9= 9. [[Sophia Dorothea of Celle]]
|10= 10. [[Johann Friedrich, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach|John Frederick, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach]]
|11= 11. [[Eleanor Erdmuthe Louise of Saxe-Eisenach]]
|12= 12. [[Frederick I, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg]]
|13= 13. [[Magdalena Sibylle of Saxe-Weissenfels]]
|14= 14. [[Karl of Anhalt-Zerbst|Charles of Anhalt-Zerbst]]
|15= 15. [[Sophia of Saxe-Weissenfels]]
|16= 16. [[Ernest Augustus, Elector of Hanover]]
|17= 17. [[Sophia of Hanover|Sophia, Princess Palatine of the Rhine]]
|18= 18. [[George William, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg]]
|19= 19. [[Eleonore d'Esmier d'Olbreuse]]
|20= 20. [[Albert, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach]]
|21= 21. [[Sophia Margaret of Oettingen-Oettingen]]
|22= 22. [[John George I, Duke of Saxe-Eisenach]]
|23= 23. [[Johanetta of Sayn-Wittgenstein]]
|24= 24. [[Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Gotha]]
|25= 25. [[Princess Elisabeth Sophie of Saxe-Altenburg]]
|26= 26. [[Augustus, Duke of Saxe-Weissenfels]]
|27= 27. [[Anna Maria of Mecklenburg-Schwerin]]
|28= 28. [[John VI, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst]]
|29= 29. [[Sophie Augusta, Princess of Holstein-Gottorp]]
|30= 30. Augustus, Duke of Saxe-Weissenfels (= 26)
|31= 31. Anna Maria of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (= 27)
}}</center>
{{ahnentafel bottom}}

==See also==
*[[List of British monarchs]]
*[[American Revolutionary War]]
*[[List of mentally ill monarchs]]
*[[Cultural depictions of George III of the United Kingdom]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}

==References==
*{{cite book|last=Butterfield|first=Herbert|authorlink=Herbert Butterfield|title=George III and the Historians|year=1957|publisher=Collins|location=London}} [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=15596315 online edition]
*{{citation|first=John |last=Cannon|title=George III (1738–1820)|journal=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=September 2004; online edn, January 2007 |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/10540|accessdate=2007-05-25}}
*{{cite book|last=Caretta|first=Vincent|year=1990|title=George III and the Satirists from Hogarth to Byron|publisher=The University of Georgia Press|location=Athens, Georgia|isbn=0-8203-1146-4}}
*{{cite book|last=Hibbert|first=Christopher|authorlink=Christopher Hibbert|title=George III: A Personal History|year=1999|publisher=Penguin Books|location=London|isbn=0140257373}}
*{{cite book|first=Richard|last=Pares|title=King George III and the Politicians|year=1953|publisher=Oxford University Press}} [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=7861542 online edition]
*{{cite book|author=Reitan, E. A. (editor)|title=George III, Tyrant Or Constitutional Monarch?|year=1964|publisher=D. C. Heath and Company|location=Boston}} A compilation of different essays encompassing the major assessments of George III up to 1964.
*{{cite book|last=Röhl|first=John C. G.|authorlink=John C. G. Röhl|coauthors= Warren, Martin; Hunt, David|title=Purple Secret: Genes, "Madness" and the Royal Houses of Europe|year=1998|publisher=Bantam Press|location=London|isbn=0-593-04148-8}}
*{{citation|last=Thomas|first=Peter D. G.|authorlink= |title=George III and the American Revolution|journal=History|volume=70|issue=228|pages=16–31|publisher=|date=1985}}
*{{cite book|first=George|last=Trevelyan|authorlink= Sir George Trevelyan, 2nd Baronet|title=George the Third and Charles Fox: The Concluding Part of the American Revolution|year=1912}}
*{{cite book|last=Watson|first=J. Steven|title=The Reign of George III, 1760–1815|year=1960|location=London|publisher=Oxford University Press}} [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=22810171 online edition]
*{{cite book|last=Weir|first=Alison|authorlink=Alison Weir (historian)|title=Britain's Royal Families: The Complete Genealogy, Revised edition|publisher=Random House|year=1996|isbn=0712674489}}

==Further reading==
{{wikiquote}}
{{Wikisource author}}
{{wikicommons}}
*{{cite book|last=Black|first=Jeremy|title=George III: America's Last King|location=New Haven|publisher=Yale University Press|year=2006|isbn=0-300-11732-9}}
*{{cite book|first=G. M.|last=Ditchfield|title=George III: An Essay in Monarchy|year=2002|publisher=Palgrave|location=Basingstoke|isbn=0-333-91962-9}}
**See also: {{cite web|url=http://www.history.ac.uk/reviews/paper/conwayS2.html|title=Book Review|publisher=Institute of Historical Research|author=Conway, Stephen|month=February|year=2003|accessdate=2008-02-25}}
*{{citation|last1=Macalpine|first1=Ida|last2=Hunter|first2=Richard|title=The 'insanity' of King George III: a classic case of porphyria|journal=Brit. Med. J.|volume=1|issue= |pages=65–71|publisher= |date=1966}}
*{{cite book|last=May|first=Thomas Erskine|authorlink=Erskine May, 1st Baron Farnborough|title=The Constitutional History of England Since the Accession of George the Third, 1760–1860|year=1896|edition=11th ed.|publisher=Longmans, Green and Co|location=London}}

==External links==
*[http://kinggeorgeiii.com Biography and signed documents]

{{start}}
{{s-hou | [[House of Hanover]] | 4 June | 1738 | 29 January | 1820 | [[House of Welf]] }}
{{s-reg}}
{{s-bef | rows=3 | before=[[George II of Great Britain|George II]] }}
{{s-ttl | title=[[List of British monarchs|King of Great Britain]] | years=25 October 1760 – 31 December 1800}}
{{s-non | rows=2 | reason=United together'''<br>by the [[Act of Union 1800]] '''&nbsp; }}
|-
{{s-ttl | title=[[King of Ireland]] | years=25 October 1760 – 31 December 1800}}
|-
{{s-ttl | title=[[Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg]],<br>[[Elector of Hanover]] | years=25 October 1760 – 6 August 1806}}
{{s-vac | su | reason=[[Confederation of the Rhine|Lost]] during the [[Great French War]] }}
|-
{{s-new | reason=[[Act of Union 1800]] united<br>[[Great Britain]] and [[Kingdom of Ireland|Ireland]] }}
{{s-ttl | title=[[List of British monarchs|King of the United Kingdom of<br>Great Britain and Ireland]] | years=1 January 1801 – 29 January 1820 | regent1=[[George IV of the United Kingdom|George, Prince of Wales<br>and Prince Regent]] | years1=1811–20 }}
{{s-aft | rows=2 | after=[[George IV of the United Kingdom|George IV]] }}
|-
{{s-vac | su | reason=[[Confederation of the Rhine|Lost]] during the [[Great French War]] }}
{{s-ttl | title=[[King of Hanover]] | years=1 October 1814 – 29 January 1820}}
{{s-roy | uk}}
{{s-bef | before=[[Frederick, Prince of Wales]] }}
{{s-ttl | title=[[List of heirs to the English and British thrones|Heir to the Thrones]] | creation=as [[heir apparent]] | years=1751–1760}}
{{s-aft | after=[[Prince Edward Augustus, Duke of York and Albany|Prince Edward, Duke of York]] }}
{{s-reg | gb}}
{{s-bef | rows=2 | before=[[Frederick, Prince of Wales|Prince Frederick,<br>Duke of Cornwall and Edinburgh]] }}
{{s-ttl | title=[[Prince of Wales]] | years=1751–1760}}
{{s-aft | after=[[George IV of the United Kingdom|Prince George, Duke of Cornwall]]'''<br><small>''later King George IV'' '''</small>}}
{{s-ttl | title=[[Duke of Edinburgh]] | creation=1st creation | years=1751–1760}}
{{s-non | reason=Merged in the Crown}}
{{end}}

{{British Monarchs}}
{{British princes}}
{{Princes of Wales}}
{{Dukes of Edinburgh}}
{{Rulers of Hanover}}

{{Persondata
|NAME=George III of the United Kingdom
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES= George William Frederick
|SHORT DESCRIPTION= King of the United Kingdom
|DATE OF BIRTH=4 June 1738
|PLACE OF BIRTH=[[Norfolk House]], [[London]], England
|DATE OF DEATH=29 January 1820
|PLACE OF DEATH=[[Windsor Castle]], [[Berkshire]], England
}}
[[Category:Monarchs of Great Britain]]
[[Category:Kings of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Pretenders to the throne of the kingdom of France (Plantagenet)]]
[[Category:Princes of Wales]]
[[Category:Kings of Hanover]]
[[Category:Knights of the Garter]]
[[Category:Regency era]]
[[Category:Protestant monarchs]]
[[Category:Dukes in the Peerage of Great Britain]]
[[Category:Dukes of Edinburgh|102]]
[[Category:People from Westminster]]
[[Category:Deafblind people]]
[[Category:1738 births]]
[[Category:1820 deaths]]

{{Link FA|zh}}
[[ar:جورج الثالث]]
[[bs:George III od Ujedinjenog Kraljevstva]]
[[bg:Джордж III]]
[[ca:Jordi III del Regne Unit]]
[[cs:Jiří III.]]
[[cy:Siôr III, brenin y Deyrnas Unedig]]
[[da:George 3. af Storbritannien]]
[[de:Georg III. (Vereinigtes Königreich)]]
[[et:George III]]
[[es:Jorge III del Reino Unido]]
[[fa:جرج سوم]]
[[fr:George III du Royaume-Uni]]
[[ga:Seoirse III na Ríochta Aontaithe]]
[[gd:Seòras III]]
[[gl:Xurxo III do Reino Unido]]
[[ko:영국의 조지 3세]]
[[hr:Đuro III.]]
[[id:George III dari Britania Raya]]
[[it:Giorgio III del Regno Unito]]
[[he:ג'ורג' השלישי, מלך הממלכה המאוחדת]]
[[ka:ჯორჯ III]]
[[la:Georgius III (rex Britanniarum)]]
[[lv:Džordžs III (Lielbritānija)]]
[[hu:III. György brit király]]
[[nl:George III van het Verenigd Koninkrijk]]
[[ja:ジョージ3世 (イギリス王)]]
[[no:Georg III av Storbritannia]]
[[nn:Georg III av Storbritannia]]
[[nrm:George III du Rouoyaume Unni]]
[[pl:Jerzy III Hanowerski]]
[[pt:Jorge III do Reino Unido]]
[[ro:George al III-lea al Regatului Unit]]
[[ru:Георг III (король Великобритании)]]
[[simple:George III of the United Kingdom]]
[[sl:Jurij III. Angleški]]
[[sr:Џорџ III]]
[[fi:Yrjö III (Iso-Britannia)]]
[[sv:Georg III av Storbritannien]]
[[tl:Haring George III]]
[[th:สมเด็จพระเจ้าจอร์จที่ 3 แห่งสหราชอาณาจักร]]
[[uk:Георг III]]
[[zh:喬治三世 (英國)]]

Revision as of 17:30, 13 October 2008

List of named Solar System objects

AfDs for this article:
List of named Solar System objects (edit | talk | history | protect | delete | links | watch | logs | views) (delete) – (View log)

I can't see the point of this article. There are only two reasons for someone to look up the name of a Solar System body: either one knows the name but doesn't know the object, or knows the object but not the name. If one knows the name, one can type it into the search engine and find the object in the disambig. If one knows the object, one can search for Moons of Jupiter, list of planets or whatever category one wishes, and find the name that way. This article is no help whatsoever. Serendipodous 12:52, 13 October 2008 (UTC)

  • Weak Keep I'm assuming the information is accurate. The list is somewhat interesting and does no harm. (A lot of work went into it too but I know that's not a reason to keep.) Northwestgnome (talk) 13:04, 13 October 2008 (UTC)
  • Comment Just because an article is used primarily to find objects is not a valid argument against its notability. As such, I would ask that additional reasons be brought forth as to clarify why it should be deleted. Thank you. Zidel333 (talk) 14:29, 13 October 2008 (UTC)
The point is not that it is used to find objects. The point is that it is absolutely useless at finding objects. There is no reason for anyone to use this page, other than curiosity value. No one who knew the name of the object would bother looking for it here when they could more easily find it on a disambig page. And if one were looking for an object, like a moon of Jupiter or an asteroid, but didn't know its name, this page is no help, because it's arranged by name, not by category. If you want additional reasons, fine. It's coverage is patchy; it seems to basically include everything that isn't an asteroid, but excludes comets. Serendipodous 15:15, 13 October 2008 (UTC)
You still haven't brought up good reasons as to why it should be deleted; where and why the article needs work, but not for deletion. Sorry, if you can't come up with anything better, I'm going to vote for keep. Zidel333 (talk) 17:30, 13 October 2008 (UTC)
  • Keep. "I can't see the point of this article" isn't a valid reason for deletion. Anyway, here's one use for such a list - suppose you want to know how many non-asteroid bodies in the Solar System have names that begin with the letter Z ? There's only one (I didn't know that before I browsed the list). Very hard to find that information through categories or other resources. Gandalf61 (talk) 16:13, 13 October 2008 (UTC)
  • Keep per my and Gandalf61's comments as well the lack of compelling evidence for deleting the article at this time. Zidel333 (talk) 17:30, 13 October 2008 (UTC)
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