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===[[Powers and abilities of the Hulk]]===
{{Current India COTW}}
{{REMOVE THIS TEMPLATE WHEN CLOSING THIS AfD|F}}
{{this|the area administered by [[India]]|Kashmir}}
{{Infobox Indian Jurisdiction
|type = state
|state_name = Jammu and Kashmir
|native_name = Jammu and Kashmir
|other_name =
|capital = • [[Jammu]] (winter)<br/>• [[Srinagar]] (summer)
|latd = 33.45 |longd = 76.24
|base_map = Kashmir map.svg<!--India-LADAKH Full.svg-->
|largest_city = Srinagar
|abbreviation = IN-JK
|official_languages = [[Urdu]], [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Dogri language|Dogri]]
|legislature_type = [[Bicameralism|Bicameral]]
|legislature_strength = 89 + 36
|leader_title_1 = [[Governors of Jammu and Kashmir|Governor]]
|leader_name_1 = [[Narinder Nath Vohra]]
|leader_title_2 = [[List of Prime and Chief Ministers of Jammu and Kashmir|Chief Minister]]
|leader_name_2 = [[President's rule|President's Rule]]
|established_date = [[1947-10-26]]
|area_total = 222236
|area_rank = 6
|area_magnitude = 11
|population_year = 2001
|population_total = 10069917
|population_rank = 18th
|population_density = 45.31
|districts = 22
|website = jammukashmir.nic.in
|seal = Jammu and KashmirSeal.jpg
|seal_size = 100px
|seal_caption = Seal of Jammu and Kashmir
|base_map_label = no
}}


:{{la|Powers and abilities of the Hulk}} (<span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Powers and abilities of the Hulk|wpReason={{urlencode: [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Powers and abilities of the Hulk]]}}&action=delete}} delete]</span>) – <includeonly>([[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Powers and abilities of the Hulk|View AfD]])</includeonly><noinclude>([[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Log/2008 October 13#{{anchorencode:Powers and abilities of the Hulk}}|View log]])</noinclude>
'''{{pagename}}'''{{audio|JammuKashmir.ogg| }} ([[Dogri language|Dogri]]: जम्मू और कश्मीर; [[Urdu]]: جموں و کشمیر) is the northernmost [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[India]]. It is situated mostly in the [[Himalayas|Himalayan]] mountains. Jammu and Kashmir shares a border with the [[People's Republic of China]] to the north-east , the states of [[Himachal Pradesh]] and [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]] to the south and Pakistani-administered territories of Kashmir, namely [[Azad Kashmir|Azad Kashmir]] and the [[Northern Areas]] to the west and north-west respectively. Formerly a part of the [[Kashmir and Jammu|erstwhile princely state of Jammu and Kashmir]], this territory is disputed between China, India and Pakistan. Jammu and Kashmir is referred to by Pakistan as "Indian-occupied Kashmir".<ref>[http://www.mofa.gov.pk/Pages/Brief.htm Kashmir Dispute: Background, Ministry of foreign affairs Pakistan]</ref>
This a folk of the incredible hulk article. The folk was created because found it difficult to keep unnecessary detail out of the main article - in effect, creating a dumping group for lavish over detail about fictional in-universe events. I had a go at cleaning up the article but even in a "clean" form, the article remains and will remain an entirely in-universe perspective on fictional events supported by readings of the primary sources. The material simply doesn't exist to turn this into an article that is based on real world commentary and analysis - it cannot meet the standards that we set for articles. Indeed, it's existance requires us to turn a blind eye to the MOS, our policies on sources, our core purpose as an encyclopedia. [[User:Cameron Scott|Cameron Scott]] ([[User talk:Cameron Scott|talk]]) 13:51, 13 October 2008 (UTC)

Jammu and Kashmir consist of three regions: [[Jammu]], the [[Kashmir|Kashmir valley]] and [[Ladakh]]. [[Srinagar]] is the summer capital, and Jammu, its winter capital. While the Kashmir valley, often known as ''Paradise on Earth'',<ref>[http://www.nysun.com/article/63944 Paradise on Earth - October 4, 2007 - The New York Sun]</ref> is famous for its beautiful mountainous landscape, Jammu's numerous [[shrine]]s attracts tens of thousands of [[Hindu]] and [[Muslim]] pilgrims every year. Ladakh, also known as "Little [[Tibet]]", is renowned for its remote mountain beauty and [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] culture.

== History ==
{{main|History of Kashmir}}

The Valley of Kashmir was once the great lake Satisar. According to [[Hindu mythology|Hindu texts]], the Hindu sage [[Kashyapa]] drained a lake lying north of the [[Pir Panjal Range]] by cutting the mountain near ''Varamulla''. The sage then encouraged people from India to settle in the valley that was formed after the lake was drained. The locals named the valley Kashyap-Mar and Kashyap-Pura in honour of the sage. The name Kashmir is derived from ''ka'' (the water) and ''shimeera'' (to desiccate), so the word Kashmir implies land desiccated from water. The lake was very holy to the population until it drained.

Kashmir was one of the major centres for Sanskrit scholars in ancient times. According to [[Mahābhārata]] evidence,<ref>Mahabharata 7.4.5.</ref> [[Kambojas]] had ruled over Kashmir during [[Indian epic poetry|epic]] times and it was a [[Republic]]an system of government under the [[Kamboj]].<ref>Mahabharata 7/91/39-40.</ref> The capital city of Kashmir (Kamboj) during epic times was Rajapura<ref> Asoka, 2001, p 31, R. G. Bhandarkar - Biography & Autobiography; Ancient Indian History , 1988, p 149, Madhavan Arjunan Pillai - History; Ancient Indian Republics: From the Earliest Times to the 6th century A.D, 1976, p 92, Misra, Shivenandan; Purana Index, 1992, p 79, A. B. L. Awasthi.</ref> e.g. Karna-Rajapuram-gatva-Kambojah-nirjitastava.<ref> Mahabharata 7.4.5</ref> Epic Rajapura is the same as ''Ho-lo-she-pu-lo'' of [[Xuanzang|Yuan Chawang]] and has been identified with modern [[Rajauri]].<ref>Watters, Yuan Chawang, Vol I, p 284.</ref> Later, the [[Panchala]]s are stated to have established their sway. The name ''Peer Panjal'', which is a part of modern Kashmir, is a witness to this fact. Panjal is simply a distorted form of the [[Sanskrit]]ic tribal term Panchala. The [[Muslim]]s had prefixed the word " peer " to it in memory of one Siddha Faqir and the name thence-after is said to have changed into Peer Panjal.<ref>[http://www.koausa.org/Crown/fountain.html Kashmir: The Fountainhead of Indian Culture]</ref>

[[Image:Gulab singh1847.jpg|left|thumb|Portrait of Maharaja Gulab Singh, former Governor of Jammu of the Sikh Empire of Ranjit Singh, in 1847. (Artist: James Duffield Harding)]]
The Kashmir valley was first incorporated into the [[Maurya Empire]] and then into the [[Kushan Empire]]. In the early 8th century, Kashmir became the center of Hindu warrior [[Lalitaditya Muktapida]]'s empire spanning much of [[North India|northern India]] and [[Central Asia]]. Kashmir was invaded in mid 12th century by the Muslim Turkish army but it was completely occupied by Turkish Zulkadur Khan in 1322. Later in 1394, another Turkish occupation took place by Sikandar who made [[Islam]] the state religion. Udayan Dev was the last Kashmiri ruler but after his death in 1338, Kashmir was completely occupied by the Muslims Turks. Turkish rule ended when the Mughal Emperor Akbar invaded Kashmir in 1586, led by Hindu King Bhagawant Das and his aide Ramchandra I. The Mughal army defeated Yusuf Khan of Kashmir. After the battle, Akbar appointed Ramchandra I as the governor of the Himalayan kingdom. Ramchandra I founded the city of Jammu (named after Hindu goddess ''Jamwa Mata'') south of the Pir Panjal range. Ramchandra was the ancestor of the last Maharaja of Jammu & Kashmir [[Hari Singh]].

In 1780, after the death of Ranjit Deo, a descendant of Ramchandra I, Jammu and Kashmir was captured by the [[Sikh Confederacy|Sikhs]] under [[Ranjit Singh]] of [[Lahore]] and afterwards, until 1846, became a tributary to the Sikh power.<ref name=imperialgazet-gulabsingh> ''Imperial Gazetteer of India, volume 15''. 1908. "Kashmir: History." page 94-95.</ref> Ranjit Deo's grand-nephew, [[Gulab Singh of Jammu and Kashmir|Gulab Singh]], subsequently sought service at the court of Ranjit Singh, distinguished himself in later wars, and was appointed as the Governor or Raja of Jammu in 1820. With the help of his able officer, [[General Zorawar Singh|Zorawar Singh]], Gulab Singh soon captured [[Ladakh]] and [[Baltistan]], regions to the east and north-east of Kashmir.<ref name=imperialgazet-gulabsingh/>

[[Image:NWFP-Kashmir1909-a.jpg|thumb|1909 Map of the [[Kashmir region|Princely State of Kashmir and Jammu]]. The names of different regions, important cities, rivers, and mountains are underlined in red]]
In 1845, the [[First Anglo-Sikh War]] broke out, and Gulab Singh contrived to hold himself aloof till the [[battle of Sobraon]] (1846), when he appeared as a useful mediator and the trusted advisor of Sir [[Henry Montgomery Lawrence|Henry Lawrence]]. Two treaties were concluded. In the first, the State of Lahore (''i.e.'' West [[Punjab region|Punjab]]) was handed over to the British, for an equivalent amount to one [[crore]] [[Indian rupee|rupees]] of indemnity, the hill countries between the [[Beas River]] and the [[Indus River]]; by the second the British made over to Gulab Singh for 75 [[lakh]]s rupees all the hilly or mountainous country situated to the east of the Indus River and west of the [[Ravi River]]" (''i.e.'', the [[Kashmir|Vale of Kashmir]]).<ref name=imperialgazet-gulabsingh/> Soon after Gulab Singh's death in 1857, his son, [[Ranbir Singh]], added the emirates of [[Hunza (princely state)|Hunza]], [[Gilgit]] and [[Nagar (princely state)|Nagar]] to the kingdom.

Hari Singh (Ranbir Singh's grandson) had ascended the throne of Kashmir in 1925 and was the reigning monarch at the conclusion of British rule in the subcontinent in 1947. As a part of the [[Partition of India|partition]] process, both countries had agreed that the rulers of princely states would be given the right to opt for either Pakistan or India or—in special cases—to remain independent. In 1947, Kashmir's population "was 77 per cent Muslim and it shared a boundary with Pakistan. On 20 October India violating the Stand-Still agreement invaded Jammu & Kashmir. Initially the Maharaja fought back but on 27 October appealed to [[Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma|Mountbatten]]<ref>Viscount Louis Mountbatten, the last Viceroy of British India, stayed on to serve as the first Governor-General of the Union of India from 1947 to 1948.</ref> for assistance, and the [[Governor-General of India|Governor-General]] agreed on the condition that the ruler accede to India."<ref name=stein> Stein, Burton. 1998. ''A History of India''. Oxford University Press. 432 pages. ISBN 0195654463. Page 368.</ref> Once the papers of accession to India were signed, "Indian soldiers entered Kashmir with orders to stop any further occupation, but they were not allowed to expel anyone from the state. India took the matter to the United Nations. The UN resolution asked Pakistan to vacate the areas it has occupied and asked India to assist the U.N. Plebiscite Commission to organize a plebiscite to determine the will of the people. Pakistan refused to vacate the occupied areas.

Diplomatic relations between India and Pakistan soured for many other reasons,"<ref name=stein/> and eventually resulted in three further wars in Kashmir during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]], [[Indo-Pakistan War of 1971]] and the [[Kargil War|Kargil War in 1999]]. India has control of 60 percent of the area of the former princely state of Jammu and Kashmir; Pakistan controls 30 percent of the region, collectively known as [[Pakistan-administered Kashmir]] and China has since occupied 10 percent of the state in 1962. According to Encyclopaedia Britannica, "Although there was a clear Muslim majority in Kashmir before the 1947 partition and its economic, cultural, and geographic contiguity with the Muslim-majority area of the Punjab (in Pakistan) could be convincingly demonstrated, the political developments during and after the partition resulted in a division of the region. Pakistan was left with territory that, although basically Muslim in character, was thinly populated, relatively inaccessible, and economically underdeveloped. The largest Muslim group, situated in the Vale of Kashmir and estimated to number more than half the population of the entire region, lay in Indian-administered territory, with its former outlets via the Jhelum valley route blocked."<ref name=britannica-kashmir/>

[[Image:Sheikh Abdullah addressing people.jpg|thumb|Influential Kashmiri leader [[Sheikh Abdullah]] addressing a rally in Srinagar. Though Abdullah favored Indian rule in Kashmir, he led the demand for greater autonomy for Jammu and Kashmir within the framework of Indian constitution.<ref>http://www.jstor.org/sici?sici=0004-4687(196905)9:5<382:SAATPO>2.0.CO;2-7</ref>]]
The eastern region of the erstwhile princely state of Kashmir has also been beset with a boundary dispute. In the late 19th- and early 20th centuries, although some boundary agreements were signed between Great Britain, Tibet, Afghanistan and Russia over the northern borders of Kashmir, China never accepted these agreements, and the official Chinese position did not change with the communist takeover in 1949. By the mid-1950s the Chinese army had entered the north-east portion of Ladakh:<ref name=britannica-kashmir>Kashmir. (2007). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved March 27, 2007, from [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-214222 Encyclopædia Britannica Online].</ref> "By 1956–57 they had completed a military road through the [[Aksai Chin]] area to provide better communication between [[Xinjiang]] and western [[Tibet]]. India's belated discovery of this road led to border clashes between the two countries that culminated in the Sino-Indian war of October 1962."<ref name=britannica-kashmir/> China has occupied Aksai Chin since 1962 and, in addition, an adjoining region, the [[Trans-Karakoram Tract]] was ceded by Pakistan to China in 1963.

For intermittent periods between 1957, when the state approved its own Constitution
<ref name = "Schofield">Victoria Schofield, "Kashmir in Conflict", I.B. Tauris, 2000;Pg 94 ISBN 1 86064 545 3</ref> to the death of [[Sheikh Abdullah]] in 1982, the state had alternating spells of stability and discontent. In the late 1980s however, simmering discontent over the high-handed policies of the [[Government of India|Union Government]]<ref name="Schofield_1">Victoria Schofield, "Kashmir in Conflict", I.B. Tauris, 2000;Pg 137 ISBN 1 86064 545 3</ref> and allegations of the rigging of the 1987 assembly elections<ref name="Schofield_1" /> triggered a violent uprising which was backed by [[Pakistan]]<ref name = "Schofield_3">Victoria Schofield, "Kashmir in Conflict", I.B. Tauris, 2000;Pg 210 ISBN 1 86064 545 3</ref>
. Since then, the region has seen a prolonged, bloody conflict between militants and the [[Indian Army]]. Both the militants and the army have been accused of widespread human rights abuses <ref name = "HRW_military">{{cite web| url = http://hrw.org/reports/2006/india0906/2.htm#_Toc144362271| title = India: "Everyone Lives in Fear": Patterns of Impunity in Jammu and Kashmir: I. Summary| accessdate = 2008-06-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.indiatogether.org/peace/kashmir/articles/indhr.htm| title = India and Human Rights in Kashmir - The Myth - India Together| accessdate = 2008-06-02}}</ref>, including abductions, massacres<ref name = "Schofield_4">Victoria Schofield, "Kashmir in Conflict", I.B. Tauris, 2000;Pg 148, 158 ISBN 1 86064 545 3</ref><ref name = "HRW_militants">{{cite web| url = http://hrw.org/reports/2006/india0906/7.htm#_Toc144362296| title = India: "Everyone Lives in Fear": Patterns of Impunity in Jammu and Kashmir: VI. Militant Abuses| accessdate = 2008-06-02}}</ref>, rape <ref>{{cite web| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/world/south_asia/1940088.stm| title = Kashmir troops held after rape| accessdate = 2008-06-02}}</ref>and looting.

==Politics and government==
{{main|Politics of Jammu and Kashmir}}
[[Image:Jammu-Kashmir-flag.svg|thumb|Flag of the State of Jammu and Kashmir]]
Jammu and Kashmir is the only state in India which enjoys special [[autonomy]] under [[Article 370]] of the [[Constitution of India]] according to which, no law enacted by the [[Parliament of India]], except for those in the field of defense, communication and foreign policy, will be extendable in Jammu and Kashmir unless it is ratified by the state legislature of Jammu and Kashmir. Subsequently, jurisdiction of the [[Supreme Court of India]] over Jammu and Kashmir has been extended.<ref>[http://www.indiatodaygroup.com/itoday/20000703/states.html States: Jammu & Kashmir: Repeating History:By Harinder Baweja (July 03, 2000)India Today]</ref> Jammu and Kashmir is also the only Indian state that has its own flag and constitution. Designed by the then ruling National Conference, the flag of Jammu and Kashmir features a [[plough]] on a red background symbolizing labor substituted the Maharaja's state flag. The three stripes represent the three distinct administrative divisions of the state, namely Jammu, Valley of Kashmir, and Ladakh.<ref>http://jkgad.nic.in/statutory/Rules-Costitution-of-J&K.pdf</ref> Since 1990, the [[Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act, 1958|Armed Forces Act]], which gives special powers to the Indian security forces, has been enforced in Jammu and Kashmir.<ref>[http://mha.nic.in/pdfs/Armed%20forces%20_J&K_%20Spl.%20powers%20act,%201990.pdf “(PDF) The Armed Forces (Jammu and Kashmir) Special Powers Act, 1990”] Indian Ministry of Law and Justice Published by the Authority of New Deli </ref> The decision to evoke this act was criticized by the [[Human Rights Watch]].<ref> [http://hrw.org/english/docs/2008/08/18/india19628.htm “India: Repeal Armed Forces Special Powers Act] [[Human Rights Watch]] retrieved September 11, 2008 ,</ref>

Like all the states of India, Jammu and Kashmir has a multi-party democratic system of governance. Influential political parties include the [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference]] (NC), the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC) and the [[Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party]] (PDP) besides BJP and other smaller regional parties. After dominating Kashmir's politics for years, National Conference's influence waned in 2002, when INC and PDP formed a political alliance and rose to power.<ref>[http://www.jammu-kashmir.com/insights/insight20021030.html Jammu and Kashmir Assembly Elections 2002: Ending National Conference's Reign:30 October 2002 By S.H.Imam (J&K Insight)]</ref> Under the power sharing agreement, INC leader [[Ghulam Nabi Azad]] replaced PDP's [[Mufti Mohammad Sayeed]] as the [[Chief Minister]] of Jammu and Kashmir in late 2005. However, in 2008, PDP withdrew its support from the government on the issue of temporary diversion of nearly 40 acres of land to Sri Amarnath Shrine Board and currently, the [[President's rule]] is imposed in the state as per the provisions of Jammu and Kashmir constitution.<ref>[http://www.rediff.com/news/2008/jun/28jk1.htm PDP withdraws support from J&K government(By Mukhtar Ahmad in Srinagar)June 28, 2008 19:03 IST (Rediff News)]</ref>

Some Muslim Kashmiris, especially those residing in Kashmir valley, demand greater autonomy, sovereignty and even independence from India. Due to the economic integration of Jammu and Kashmir with the rest of India, separatist movements across Kashmir valley were on a decline.<ref>[http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1719/17190890.htm The Hindu: Article 370 - Law and politics]</ref> However, following the [[2008 Kashmir unrest|Amarnath land transfer imbroglio]], secessionist movements gained a boost.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/In_Kashmir_theres_azadi_in_the_air/articleshow/3372070.cms In Kashmir, there's azadi in air-India-The Times of India(17 Aug 2008, 0247 hrs IST, Avijit Ghosh,TNN)]</ref>

==Geography and climate==
[[Image:Nageen Lake .jpg|thumb|Nageen Lake]]
Jammu and Kashmir is home to several valleys such as the Kashmir Valley, Tawi Valley, Chenab Valley, Poonch Valley, Sind Valley and Lidder Valley. The main Kashmir valley is {{convert|100|km|mi|abbr=on}} wide and {{convert|15520.3|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} in area. The Himalayas divide the Kashmir valley from Ladakh while the Pir Panjal range, which encloses the Valley from the west and the south, separates it from the Great Plains of northern India. Along the northeastern flank of the Valley runs the main range of the Himalayas. This densely settled and beautiful valley has an average height of {{convert|1850|m|ft}} above sea-level but the surrounding Pir Panjal range has an average elevation of {{convert|5000|m|ft}}.

The [[Jhelum River]] is the only major Himalayan river which flows through the Kashmir valley. The [[Indus River|Indus]], [[Tawi River|Tawi]], [[Ravi River|Ravi]] and [[Chenab River|Chenab]] are the major rivers flowing through the state. Jammu and Kashmir is home to several Himalayan glaciers. With an average altitude of {{convert|5753|m|ft}} above sea-level, the [[Siachen Glacier]] is {{convert|70|km|mi|abbr=on}} long making it the longest Himalayan glacier.
[[Image:Lake India.jpg|thumb|left|Lake Tso Mirori in Ladakh]]

The climate of Jammu and Kashmir varies greatly owing to its rugged topography. In the south around Jammu, the climate is typically monsoonal, though the region is sufficiently far west to average 40 to 50 mm (1.6 to 2 inches) of rain per months between January and March. In the hot season, Jammu city is very hot and can reach up to 40°C (104°F) whilst in July and August, very heavy though erratic rainfall occurs with monthly extremes of up to 650 millimetres (25.5 inches). In September, rainfall declines, and by October conditions are hot but extremely dry, with minimal rainfall and temperatures of around 29°C (84°F).
[[Image:Himalayan Valley.jpg|thumb|The Himalayas form much of Kashmir's landscape]]
Across from the Pir Panjal range, the South Asian monsoon is no longer a factor and most precipitation falls in the spring from southwest cloudbands. Because of its closeness to the [[Arabian Sea]], Srinagar receives as much as 25 inches (635 millimetres) of rain from this source, with the wettest months being March to May with around 85 millimetres (3.3 inches) per month. Across from the main Himalaya Range, even the southwest cloudbands break up and the climate of Ladakh and Zanskar is extremely dry and cold. Annual precipitation is only around 100 mm (4 inches) per year and humidity is very low. This region, almost all above 3,000 metres (9,750 ft) above sea level and winters are extremely cold. In Zanskar, the average January temperature is -20°C (-4°F) with extremes as low as -40°C (-40°F). All the rivers freeze over and locals actually do river crossings during this period because their high levels from glacier melt in summer inhibits crossing. In summer in Ladakh and Zanskar, days are typically a warm 20°C (68°F) but with the low humidity and thin air nights can still be cold.

==Economy==
[[Image:1350092312 c279a3d675 o.jpg|thumb|left|Jammu and Kashmir's mountainous landscape and extreme weather conditions have made construction of highways across the state extremely difficult]]
Jammu and Kashmir's economy is mostly dependent on farming, animal husbandry and tourism.<ref>[http://www.newkerala.com/oct.php?action=fullnews&id=408 Farooq dreams of taking golf in Kashmir higher @ NewKerala.Com News Channel]</ref> The Kashmir valley is known for its [[sericulture]], [[Fishery|cold water fisheries]] as well as agricultural produce like apples, pears and many temperate fruits as well as nuts. [[Wood]] from Kashmir is used to make high-quality [[cricket]] bats, popularly known as ''Kashmir Willow''. Kashmiri [[saffron]] is also very famous and brings the state a handsome amount of foreign exchange. Agricultural exports from Jammu and Kashmir include apples, barley, cherries, corn, millet, oranges, rice, peaches, pears, saffron, sorghum, vegetables, and wheat, while manufactured exports include handicrafts, rugs, and shawls. The region of Jammu is known for its [[horticulture]] industry<ref>[http://www.freshplaza.com/news_detail.asp?id=8849 India: Jammu registers 10,000 MTs increase in fruit production in 2 years(Source: greaterkashmir.com)Publication date: 10/8/2007(Fresh Plaza)]</ref> and is the wealthiest region in the state.<ref>[http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-2771649,prtpage-1.cms Demand for Mercedes in Jammu going up: Merc dealer- Automobiles-Auto-News By Industry-News-The Economic Times (10 Feb, 2008, 2034 hrs IST, PTI)]</ref> Though small, the manufacturing and services sector is growing rapidly, especially in the Jammu division. In recent years, several [[consumer goods]] companies have opened manufacturing units in the region. The union and state government have planned several industrial parks and [[special economic zones]] in Jammu and Kashmir.<ref>[http://jammukashmir.nic.in/industry/welcome.html Jammu & Kashmir Government : Industrial Scenario]</ref><ref>[http://www.newkerala.com/oct.php?action=fullnews&id=2943 Two marketing plazas to be set up in Jammu and Kashmir @ NewKerala.Com News Channel]</ref> In 2007, exports from the state amounted to Rs. 1,500 [[crore]].<ref>[http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/2130882.cms Kashmir, the economy looks up- Politics/Nation-News-The Economic Times(18 Jun, 2007, 1515 hrs IST, PTI)]</ref> However, industrial development in the state faces several major constraints including extreme mountainous landscape and power shortage.<ref>[http://www.rediff.com/money/2008/apr/02power.htm Power shortage to hit India Inc(April 02, 2008 14:47 IST)Rediff News]</ref>

[[Image:43265922 535b0fe937 o.jpg|thumb|Road-side truck stop in Ladakh]]
[[Image:Shalimar gardens.jpg|thumb|Tourism forms an integral part of the state's economy. Shown here is the [[Shalimar Gardens (Kashmir)|Shalimar Gardens]]. In a famous incident, a [[Persia|Persian Emperor]] claimed it to be a ''paradise on Earth''.]]
The [[Government of India]] has been keen to economically integrate Jammu and Kashmir with the rest of India. The state is one of the largest recipients of grants from New Delhi, totaling Rs. 9,754 per capita per year.<ref>[http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/FullcoverageStoryPage.aspx?sectionName=&id=37ea1a37-c222-41e7-8b19-859b5fd34cbdAmarnathLandRow_Special&&Headline=Think+the+Unthinkable Think the Unthinkable- Hindustan Times:Counterpoint By Vir Sanghvi)August 16, 200]</ref> In an attempt to improve the infrastructure in the state, the Indian government has commenced work on the ambitious [[Kashmir Railway]] project which is being constructed by Rites Limited of India at a cost of more than US$2.5 billion.<ref>[http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-30225089_ITM RITES WINS BE AWARD FOR KASHMIR RAILWAY PROJECT IN INDIA. (AsiaPulse News)April, 2007]</ref> The [[Jammu & Kashmir Bank]], which is listed as a [[S&P CNX 500]] conglomerate, is based in the state. It reported a gross income of Rs. 1,840 crores in 2005.

Before insurgency intensified in 1989, [[tourism]] formed an important part of the Kashmiri economy. The tourism economy in the Kashmir valley was worst hit. However, the holy shrines of Jammu and the Buddhist monasteries of Ladakh continue to remain popular pilgrimage and tourism destinations. Every year, thousands of Hindu [[pilgrim]]s visit holy shrines of [[Vaishno Devi]] and [[Amarnath]] which has had significant impact on the state's economy.<ref>[http://www.greaterkashmir.com/full_story.asp?Date=13_9_2007&ItemID=26&cat=5 Expert panel to study Amarnath yatra impact on Kashmir economy, Kashmir news Kashmir Discussion Forum, Kashmir Tour, Srinagar,Book hotel in Kashmir, Kashmir Bazaar, kashmir SMS, All about kashmir, Kashmir Gifts, Kashmir Websites, Great Kashmiris, kashmir travel forum, forum post, websites on kashmir, kashmiri websites, best website of Kashmir]</ref> The Vaishno Devi yatra alone injects Rs. 475 crore to the local ecnonomy annually.<ref>[http://www.merinews.com/catFull.jsp?articleID=126009 Vaishno Devi yatra injects Rs 475 cr to Katra economy annually(CJ: Rattan Sharma , 27 Aug 2007)]</ref> Tourism in other parts of Kashmir valley has rebounded somewhat in recent years, with [[Gulmarg]] emerging as one of the most popular [[ski resort]] destinations in India. Gulmarg is also home to the world's highest green [[golf course]].<ref>[http://online.wsj.com/article/SB119332713217271534.html?mod=googlenews_wsj Fairway to Heaven - WSJ.com]</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year || Gross State Domestic Product (in million [[INR]])
|-
| 1980 || 11,860
|-
| 1985 || 22,560
|-
| 1990 || 36,140
|-
| 1995 || 80,970
|-
| 2000 || 147,500
|-
| 2006 || 539,850
|}

==Demographics==
[[Image:Islam in India.jpg|thumb|[[Muslims]] praying in a [[mosque]] in [[Srinagar]]]]
Jammu and Kashmir is the only state in India that has a Muslim majority population. Though Islam is practiced by about 67% of the population of the state and by 95% of the population of the Kashmir valley,<ref name=BBC2003/> the state has large and vibrant communities of [[Buddhist]]s, [[Hindu]]s and [[Sikh]]s. In [[Jammu]], Hindus constitute 67% of the population and Muslims 27% and Sikhs, 5%; In Ladakh, Buddhists constitute about 51% of the population, the remaining being Muslims. The people of Ladakh are of [[Indo-Tibetan]] origin, while the southern area of Jammu includes many communities tracing their ancestry to the nearby Indian states of [[Haryana]] and [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], as well as the city of [[Delhi]]. In totality, the Muslims constitute 65% of the population, the Hindus about 30%, the Buddhists 3%, and the Sikhs 2% of the population.<ref>[http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LANCER/idr00013.htm Bharat Rakshat: Ethnic identities and political deadlock in Jammu and Kashmir]</ref>

In the 1901 Census of the British Indian Empire, the population of the princely state of Kashmir was 2,905,578. Of these 2,154,695 were Muslims, 689,073 Hindus, 25,828 Sikhs, and 35,047 Buddhists. The Hindus were found mainly in Jammu, where they constituted a little less than 50% of the population.<ref name=imperialgazetteerkashmir> ''Imperial Gazetteer of India, volume 15''. 1908. Oxford University Press, Oxford and London. pages 99-102.</ref> In the Kashmir Valley, the Hindus represented "only 524 in every 10,000 of the population (''i.e.'' 5.24%), and in the frontier ''wazarats'' of Ladhakh and Gilgit only 94 out of every 10,000 persons (0.94%)."<ref name=imperialgazetteerkashmir/> In the same Census of 1901, in the Kashmir Valley, the total population was recorded to be 1,157,394, of which the Muslim population was 1,083,766, or 93.6% of the population.<ref name=imperialgazetteerkashmir/> These percentages have remained fairly stable for the last 100 years.<ref name=mridurai/> In the 1941 Census of British India, Muslims accounted for 93.6% of the population of the Kashmir Valley and the Hindus constituted 4%.<ref name = mridurai> Rai, Mridu. 2004. ''Hindu Ruler, Muslim Subjects: Islam and the History of Kashmir''. Princeton University Press. 320 pages.

ISBN 0691116881. page 37.</ref> In 2003, the percentage of Muslims in the Kashmir Valley was 95%<ref name=BBC2003>BBC. 2003. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/south_asia/03/kashmir_future/html/default.stm ''The Future of Kashmir? In Depth.'']</ref> and those of Hindus 4%; the same year, in Jammu, the percentage of Hindus was 67% and those of Muslims 27%.<ref name=BBC2003/>

[[Image:Budshah's Tomb at Srinagar.jpg|thumb|Budshah's Tomb in Srinagar]]
In the same Census of 1901, four divisions were recorded among the Muslims of the princely state: [[Shaikh]]s, [[Sayyid|Saiyids]], [[Mughal (tribe)|Mughals]], and [[Pathans]]. The Shaikhs were the most numerous, with clan names (known as ''krams'') including "Tantre," "Shaikh," "Mantu," "Ganai," "Dar," "Damar," "Lon" etc.<ref name=imperialgazetteerkashmir/> The Saiyids, it was recorded "could be divided into those who follow the profession of religion and those who have taken to agriculture and other pursuits. Their ''kram'' name is "Mir." While a Saiyid retains his saintly profession Mir is a prefix; if he has taken to agriculture, Mir is an affix to his name."<ref name=imperialgazetteerkashmir/> The ''Mughals'' who were not numerous were recorded to have ''kram'' names like "Mir" (a corruption of "Mirza"), "Beg," "Bandi," "Bach," and "Ashaye." Finally, it was recorded that the Pathans "who are more numerous than the Mughals, ... are found chiefly in the south-west of the valley, where Pathan colonies have from time to time been founded. The most interesting of these colonies is that of Kuki-Khel Afridis at Dranghaihama, who retain all the old customs and speak Pashtu."<ref name=imperialgazetteerkashmir/>

The Hindu population of Kashmir Valley in 1901 was recorded to be 60,641.<ref name=imperialgazetteerkashmir/> Among the Hindus of ''Jammu'' province, who numbered 626,177 (or 90.87% of the Hindu population of the princely state), the most important castes recorded in the census were "[[brahmin|Brahmans]] (186,000), the [[Rajputs]] (167,000), the [[Khatri|Khattris]] (48,000) and the [[Thakur|Thakkars]] (93,000)."<ref name=imperialgazetteerkashmir/> According to political scientist Alexander Evans, approximately 95% of the total population of 160,000-170,000 of Kashmiri [[Brahmins]], also called [[Kashmiri Pandits]], (''i.e.'' approximately 250,000 to 360,000) left the Kashmir Valley in 1990 as militancy engulfed the state.<ref>Evans, Alexander. 2002. [http://taylorandfrancis.metapress.com/content/0nvv0dtreww897ax/ "A departure from history: Kashmiri Pandits, 1990-2001"] ''Contemporary South Asia'', 11(1):19-37.</ref> According to an estimate by the [[Central Intelligence Agency]], about 400,000 Kashmiri Pandits from the entire state of Jammu and Kashmir have been internally displaced due to the ongoing violence.<ref>[https://cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/in.html CIA - The World Factbook]</ref>

In Jammu and Kashmir, the principal spoken languages are [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Urdu]], [[Dogri]], [[Pahari]], [[Balti]], [[Ladakhi]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Gojri]] and [[Dadri]], Kishtwari. However, [[Urdu]] written in the Persian script is the official language of the state. Many speakers of these languages use [[Hindi]] or [[English language|English]] as a second language.<ref name="Ethnologue">{{cite web|url = http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=kas|title = Kashmiri: A language of India |publisher = Ethnologue |accessdate = 2007-09-16}}</ref>

== Culture ==
[[Image:Likir Buddha.jpg|thumb|Buddhism is an integral part of Ladakh's culture. Shown here is a statue of Buddha in a monastery in Likir]]
Ladakh is famous for its unique [[Culture of India|Indo]]-[[Tibetan culture]]. [[Chant]]ing in [[Sanskrit]] and [[Tibetan language]] forms an integral part of Ladakh's Buddhist lifestyle. Annual masked dance festivals, [[weaving]] and [[archery]] are an important part of traditional life in Ladakh. Ladakhi food has much in common with [[Cuisine of Tibet|Tibetan food]], the most prominent foods being [[thukpa]], noodle soup; and [[tsampa]], known in Ladakhi as ''Ngampe'', roasted barley flour. Typical garb includes gonchas of velvet, elaborately embroidered waistcoats and boots, and gonads or hats. People, adorned with gold and silver ornaments and turquoise headgears throng the streets during various Ladakhi festivals.

[[Image:Kashmir Dal lake boat.jpg|thumb|left|''[[Shikaras]]'' are a common feature in lakes and rivers across the Kashmir valley]]
The ''Dumhal'' is a famous dance in the Kashmir valley, performed by men of the Wattal region. The women perform the Rouff, another traditional folk dance. Kashmir has been noted for its fine arts for centuries, including poetry and handicrafts. ''[[Shikaras]]'', traditional small wooden boats, and [[houseboat]]s are a common feature in various lakes and rivers across the Valley. The [[Constitution of India]] does not allow people from regions other than Jammu and Kashmir to purchase land in the state. As a consequence, houseboats became popular among those who were unable to purchase land in the Valley and has now become an integral part of the Kashmiri lifestyle. ''Kawa'', traditional green tea with spices and almond, is consumed all through the day in the chilled winter climate of Kashmir. Most of the buildings in the Valley and Ladakh are made from softwood and is influenced by [[Architecture of India|Indian]], [[Tibetan culture|Tibetan]], and [[Islamic architecture]].

Jammu's Dogra culture and tradition is much similar to that of neighbouring [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]] and [[Himachal Pradesh]]. Traditional Punjabi festivals such as [[Lohri]] and [[Vaisakhi]] are celebrated with great zeal and enthusiasm throughout the region. After Dogras, ''[[Gujjar]]s'' form the second-largest ethnic group in Jammu. Known for their semi-nomadic lifestyle, Gujjars are also found in large numbers in the Kashmir valley. Similar to Gujjars, ''Gaddis'' are primarily herdsmen who hail from the Chamba region in Himachal Pradesh. Gaddis are generally associated with emotive music played on the [[flute]]. The ''Bakkarwala''s found both in Jammu and the Vale of Kashmir are wholly nomadic pastoral people who move along the Himalayan slopes in search for pastures for their huge flocks of goats and sheep.

== Divisions ==
[[Image:Zanskar.jpg|thumb|River [[rafting]] in the [[Zanskar]] subdistrict of Kargil]]
[[Image:India north.jpg|thumb|[[Tso Moriri]]]]
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[Image:Indian Army convoy in Kashmir.jpg|thumb|[[Indian Army]] convoy near Poonch]] -->
Jammu and Kashmir consists of three divisions: Jammu, Kashmir Valley and Ladakh, and is further divided into 22 districts:<ref name=MHA>{{cite web| url = http://mha.nic.in/uniquepage.asp?Id_Pk=306| title = ::Ministry of Home Affairs:: Department of Jammu & Kashmir Affairs| accessdate = 2008-08-28}}</ref> The [[Siachen Glacier]], although under Indian military control, does not lie under the administration of the state of Jammu and Kashmir. [[Kishtwar District|Kishtwar]], [[Ramban District|Ramban]], [[Reasi District|Reasi]], [[Samba District|Samba]], [[Bandipora District|Bandipora]], [[Ganderbal District|Ganderbal]], [[Kulgam District|Kulgam]] and [[Shopian District|Shopian]] are newly formed districts.<ref name=MHA/>

{|
|-style="height:200px" valign="top"
|'''[[Jammu]] region'''
#[[Kathua District]]
#[[Jammu District]]
#[[Samba District]]
#[[Udhampur District]]
#[[Reasi District]]
#[[Rajouri District]]
#[[Poonch District]]
#[[Doda District]]
#[[Ramban District]]
#[[Kishtwar District]]
|
|<ol start=10>'''[[Kashmir Valley]] region'''
<li> [[Anantnag District]]
<li> [[Kulgam District]]
<li> [[Pulwama District]]
<li> [[Shopian District]]
<li> [[Budgam District]]
<li> [[Srinagar District]]
<li> [[Ganderbal District]]
<li> [[Bandipora District]]
<li> [[Baramulla District]]
<li> [[Kupwara District]]
</ol>
|
|<ol start=20>'''[[Ladakh]] region'''
<li> [[Kargil District]]
<li> [[Leh District]]
</ol>
|}

==Education==
[[Image:Druk white lotus school.jpg|thumb|Pupils of [[The Druk White Lotus School]] near Shey]]
In 1970, the state government of Jammu and Kashmir established its own education board and university. Education in the state is divided into primary, middle, high secondary, college and university level. Jammu and Kashmir follows 10+2 pattern for education of children. This is handled by [[Jammu and Kashmir State Board of School Education]] (abbreviated as JKBOSE). Various private and public schools are recognized by the board to impart education to students. Board examinations are conducted for students in class VIII, X and XII. In addition there are various ''Kendriya Vidyalayas'' (run by the [[Government of India]]) and [[Indian Army]] schools that also impart secondary school education. These schools follow the [[Central Board of Secondary Education]] pattern.

Notable higher education or research institutes in Jammu and Kashmir include [[National Institutes of Technology|National Institute of Technology Srinagar]], Government College of Engineering and Technology of Jammu and the Government Medical College of Jammu. University-level education is provided by [[University of Jammu]], [[University of Kashmir]], [[Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu]], [[Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir]], [[Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University]], [[Islamic University of Science & Technology]], and [[Baba Ghulam Shah Badhshah University]].

== See also ==

{{Jammu and Kashmir topics}}

== Notes ==
{{citation style}}
<!--meaning, no un-encapsulated links: English titles, dates, publications, etc, for each and every one before removing this tag, please]-->
{{reflist|2}}

{{India}}

== External links ==
* {{wikitravel}}
* {{dmoz|Regional/Asia/India/Jammu_and_Kashmir/}}
* [http://jammukashmir.nic.in/ Government of Jammu and Kashmir, India]

[[Category:2005 Kashmir earthquake]]
[[Category:Kashmir]]
[[Category:Disputed territories in Asia]]
[[Category:States and territories of India]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir|*]]
[[Category:Divided regions|Kashmir, Jammu and]]
[[Category:Indian Princely States]]
[[Category:Independent India]]

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[[bn:জম্মু ও কাশ্মীর]]
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[[eo:Ĝamuo kaj Kaŝmiro]]
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[[fr:Jammu-et-Cachemire]]
[[gu:જમ્મુ અને કાશ્મીર]]
[[ko:잠무카슈미르 주]]
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[[hi:जम्मू और कश्मीर]]
[[bpy:জম্মু বারো কাশ্মির]]
[[id:Jammu dan Kashmir]]
[[it:Jammu e Kashmir]]
[[he:ג'אמו וקשמיר]]
[[ka:ჯამუ და ქაშმირი]]
[[lt:Džamu ir Kašmyras]]
[[hu:Dzsammu és Kasmír]]
[[ml:ജമ്മു-കശ്മീര്‍]]
[[mr:जम्मू आणि काश्मीर]]
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[[ja:ジャンムー・カシミール州]]
[[no:Jammu og Kashmir]]
[[nn:Jammu og Kashmir]]
[[pa:ਜੰਮੂ ਅਤੇ ਕਸ਼ਮੀਰ]]
[[pl:Dżammu i Kaszmir]]
[[pt:Jammu e Caxemira]]
[[ru:Джамму и Кашмир]]
[[simple:Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[sh:Jammu i Kashmir]]
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[[sv:Jammu och Kashmir]]
[[ta:ஜம்மு காஷ்மீர்]]
[[th:รัฐชัมมูและกัศมีร์]]
[[vi:Jammu và Kashmir]]
[[tg:Ҷоммӯ ва Кашмӣр]]
[[uk:Джамму й Кашмір]]
[[ur:جموں و کشمیر]]
[[zh:查谟-克什米尔邦]]

Revision as of 13:51, 13 October 2008

Powers and abilities of the Hulk

Powers and abilities of the Hulk (edit | talk | history | protect | delete | links | watch | logs | views) (delete) – (View log)

This a folk of the incredible hulk article. The folk was created because found it difficult to keep unnecessary detail out of the main article - in effect, creating a dumping group for lavish over detail about fictional in-universe events. I had a go at cleaning up the article but even in a "clean" form, the article remains and will remain an entirely in-universe perspective on fictional events supported by readings of the primary sources. The material simply doesn't exist to turn this into an article that is based on real world commentary and analysis - it cannot meet the standards that we set for articles. Indeed, it's existance requires us to turn a blind eye to the MOS, our policies on sources, our core purpose as an encyclopedia. Cameron Scott (talk) 13:51, 13 October 2008 (UTC)

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