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#REDIRECT [[Lyn Moran]]
==Later inventions==
Although Alexander Graham Bell is most often associated with the invention of the telephone, his interests were extremely varied. According to his biographer, Charlotte Gray, Bell's work ranged "unfettered across the scientific landscape" and he often went to bed voraciously reading the ''Encyclopaedia Britannica'', scouring it for new areas of interest.<ref>Gray 2006, p. 219.</ref> The range of Bell's inventive genius is represented only in part by the 18 patents granted in his name alone and the 12 he shared with his collaborators. These included 14 for the telephone and telegraph, four for the [[photophone]], one for the [[phonograph]], five for aerial vehicles, four for "hydroairplanes" and two for [[selenium]] cells. Bell's inventions spanned a wide range of interests and included a metal jacket to assist in breathing, the [[audiometer]] to detect minor hearing problems, a device to locate icebergs, investigations on how to separate salt from seawater, and work on finding alternative fuels.

Bell worked extensively in medical research and invented techniques for teaching speech to the deaf. During his Volta Laboratory period, Bell and his associates considered impressing a magnetic field on a record as a means of reproducing sound. Although the trio briefly experimented with the concept, they were unable to develop a workable prototype. They abandoned the idea, never realizing they had glimpsed a basic principle which would one day find its application in the [[tape recorder]], the [[hard disc]] and [[floppy disc]] drive and other [[magnetic medium|magnetic media]].

Bell's own home used a primitive form of [[air conditioning]], in which fans blew currents of air across great blocks of ice. He also anticipated modern concerns with fuel shortages and industrial pollution. [[Methane]] gas, he reasoned, could be produced from the waste of farms and factories. At his Canadian estate in Nova Scotia, he experimented with [[composting toilet]]s and devices to capture water from the atmosphere. In a magazine interview published shortly before his death, he reflected on the possibility of using [[Photovoltaic module|solar panel]]s to heat houses.

===Metal detector===
Bell is also credited with the invention of the [[metal detector]] in 1881. The device was quickly put together in an attempt to find the bullet in the body of [[President of the United States|U.S. President]] [[James Garfield]]. The metal detector worked flawlessly in tests but did not find the assassin's bullet partly because the metal bed frame the President was lying on disturbed the instrument, resulting in static.<ref name="Grosvenor and Wesson, p. 107">Grosvenor and Wesson 1997, p. 107.</ref> The president's surgeons, who were sceptical of the device, ignored Bell's requests to move the president to a bed not fitted with metal springs. Alternately, although Bell had detected a slight sound on his first test, the bullet may have lodged too deeply to be detected by the crude apparatus.<ref name="Grosvenor and Wesson, p. 107"/> Bell gave a full account of his experiments in a paper read before the [[American Association for the Advancement of Science]](AAAS) in August 1882.

===Hydrofoils===
{{main|Hydrofoil}}
[[Image:Bell HD-4.jpg|thumb|Bell HD-4 on a test run c. 1919]]
The March 1906 ''[[Scientific American]]'' article by American [[hydrofoil]] pioneer William E. Meacham explained the basic principle of [[hydrofoil]]s and [[hydroplane]]s. Bell considered the invention of the hydroplane as a very significant achievement. Based on information gained from that article he began to sketch concepts of what is now called a hydrofoil boat. Bell and assistant [[Frederick W. Baldwin|Frederick W. "Casey" Baldwin]] began hydrofoil experimentation in the summer of 1908 as a possible aid to airplane takeoff from water. Baldwin studied the work of the Italian inventor [[Enrico Forlanini]] and began testing models. This led him and Bell to the development of practical hydrofoil watercraft.

During his world tour of 1910&ndash;1911, Bell and Baldwin met with Forlanini in France. They had rides in the Forlanini hydrofoil boat over [[Lake Maggiore]]. Baldwin described it as being as smooth as flying. On returning to Baddeck, a number of initial concepts were built as experimental models, including the ''Dhonnas Beag'', the first self-propelled Bell-Baldwin hydrofoil.<ref> Boileau 2004, p. 18.</ref> The experimental boats were essentially proof-of-concept prototypes that culminated in the more substantial HD-4, powered by [[Renault]] engines. A top speed of 54 miles per hour (87&nbsp;km/h) was achieved, with the hydrofoil exhibiting rapid acceleration, good stability and steering along with the ability to take waves without difficulty.<ref> Boileau 2004, pp. 28–30.</ref> In 1913, Dr. Bell hired Walter Pinaud, a Sydney yacht designer and builder as well as the proprietor of Pinaud's Yacht Yard in Westmount, Nova Scotia to work on the pontoons of the HD-4. Pinaud soon took over the boatyard at Bell Laboratories on Beinn Bhreagh, Bell's estate near [[Baddeck, Nova Scotia]]. Pinaud's experience in boat-building enabled him to make useful design changes to the HD-4. After the [[World War I|First World War]], work began again on the HD-4. Bell's report to the U.S. Navy permitted him to obtain two 350 [[horsepower]] (260&nbsp;[[Watt|kW]]) engines in July 1919. On 9 September 1919, the HD-4 set a world's marine speed record of 70.86 miles per hour (114.04&nbsp;km/h).<ref>Boileau 2004, p. 30.</ref> This record stood for ten years.

===Aeronautics===
{{main|Aerial Experiment Association|AEA Silver Dart}}
[[Image:AEA Silver Dart.jpg|thumb|left|AEA Silver Dart c.1909]]

In 1891, Bell had begun experiments to develop motor-powered heavier-than-air aircraft.
The AEA was first formed as Bell shared the vision to fly with his wife, who advised him to seek "young" help as Alexander was at the graceful age of 60.

In 1898, Bell experimented with [[tetrahedral]] [[box kite]]s and wings constructed of multiple compound [[tetrahedral kite]]s covered in silk. The tetrahedral wings were named ''Cygnet'' I, II and III, and were flown both unmanned and manned (''Cygnet I'' crashed during a flight carrying Selfridge) in the period from 1907–1912. Some of Bell's kites are on display at the [[Alexander Graham Bell National Historic Site]].

Bell was a supporter of aerospace engineering research through the [[Aerial Experiment Association]] (AEA), officially formed at Baddeck, Nova Scotia, in October 1907 at the suggestion of Mrs. Mabel Bell and with her financial support. The AEA was headed by Bell and the founding members were four young men: American [[Glenn H. Curtiss]], a motorcycle manufacturer at the time termed the "world's fastest man" having had rode his self-constructed motor bicycle around in the shortest time, later was awarded the Scientific American Trophy for the first official one-kilometre flight in the [[Western hemisphere]] and became a world-renowned airplane manufacturer; Lieutenant [[Thomas Selfridge]], an official observer from the U.S. government and the ONLY person in the army who believed aviation was the future, [[Frederick W. Baldwin]], the first Canadian and first British subject to pilot a public flight in [[Hammondsport, New York]]; and [[J.A.D. McCurdy]]; both engineering students at University of Toronto.

The AEA's work progressed to heavier-than-air machines, applying their knowledge of kites to gliders. Moving to Hammondsport, the group then designed and built the [[AEA Red Wing|''Red Wing'']], framed in bamboo and covered in red silk and powered by a small air-cooled engine.<ref> Phillips 1977, p. 95.</ref> On 12 March 1908, over [[Keuka Lake]], the biplane lifted off on the first public flight in North America.<ref>"Selfridge Aerodrome Sails Steadily for {{convert|319|ft|m}}." ''[[Washington Post]]'' 13 May 1908. Quote: At 25 to 30 Miles an Hour. First Public Trip of Heavier-than-air Car in America. Professor Alexander Graham Bell's New Machine, Built After Plans by Lieutenant Selfridge, Shown to Be Practicable by Flight Over [[Keuka Lake]]. Portion of Tail Gives Way, Bringing the Test to an End. Views of an Expert. [[Hammondsport, New York]], 12 March 1908.</ref> The innovations that were incorporated into this design included a cockpit enclosure and tail rudder (later variations on the original design would add ailerons as a means of control). One of the AEA project's inventions, the [[aileron]], is a standard component of aircraft today. (The aileron was also invented independently by [[Robert Esnault-Pelterie]].) The ''White Wing'' and ''June Bug'' were to follow and by the end of 1908, over 150 flights without mishap had been accomplished. However, the AEA had depleted its initial reserves and only a $10,000 grant from Mrs. Bell allowed it to continue with experiments.<ref> Phillips 1977, p. 96.</ref>

Their final aircraft design, the [[AEA Silver Dart|''Silver Dart'']] embodied all of the advancements found in the earlier machines. On 23 February 1909, Bell was present as the ''Silver Dart'' flown by J.A.D. McCurdy from the frozen ice of Bras d'Or, made the first aircraft flight in Canada. Bell had worried that the flight was too dangerous and had arranged for a doctor to be on hand. With the successful flight, the AEA disbanded and the ''Silver Dart'' would revert to Baldwin and McCurdy who began the Canadian Aerodrome Company and would later demonstrate the aircraft to the Canadian Army.<ref>Phillips 1977, pp. 96–97.</ref>

==Eugenics==
<!--Bell's work with Eugenics is still considered contentious. Any submissions to this section should be documented in the "talk page" associated with this article.-->
Along with many very prominent thinkers and scientists of the time, Bell was connected with the [[eugenics]] movement in the United States. In his lecture ''Memoir upon the formation of a deaf variety of the human race'' presented to the [[United States National Academy of Sciences|National Academy of Sciences]] on 13 November 1883 he noted that congenitally deaf parents were more likely to produce deaf children and tentatively suggested that couples where both parties were deaf should not marry.<ref>Bell, Alexander Graham. [http://blog.deafread.com/pote/2008/05/30/bells-upon-the-formation-of-a-deaf-variety-of-the-human-race-paper/ "Memoir upon the formation of a deaf variety of the human race."] ''Alexander Graham Bell Association for the Deaf'', 1883.</ref> However, it was his hobby of livestock breeding which led to his appointment to biologist [[David Starr Jordan]]'s Committee on Eugenics, under the auspices of the [[American Breeders Association]]. The committee unequivocally extended the principle to man.<ref>Bruce 1990, pp. 410–417.</ref> From 1912 until 1918 he was the chairman of the board of scientific advisers to the [[Eugenics Record Office]] associated with [[Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory]] in [[New York]], and regularly attended meetings. In 1921, he was the honorary president of the [[Second International Congress of Eugenics]] held under the auspices of the [[American Museum of Natural History]] in New York. Organisations such as these advocated passing laws (with success in some states) that established the [[compulsory sterilization]] of people deemed to be, as Bell called them, a "defective variety of the human race". By the late 1930s, about half the states in the U.S. had eugenics laws, and the [[California]] laws were used as a model for eugenics laws in [[Nazi Germany]].

==Awards, honors and tributes==
{{main|Alexander Graham Bell honors and tributes}}

In 1880, Bell received the [[Volta Prize]] of 50,000 francs ($10,000) for the invention of the telephone from L’[[Académie française]], representing the French government, in [[Paris]]. Among the luminaries who judged were [[Victor Hugo]] and [[Alexandre Dumas, père]]. The Volta Prize was established by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1803 to honor [[Alessandro Volta]], an Italian physicist noted for developing the battery. (The modern usage of the word "[[volt]]" is derived from his name.) Since he was reaching affluent circumstances himself, Bell used the money from the Prize to create a number of social structures in and around Washington, D.C. using the symbolic "Volta": the "Volta Fund," "Volta Laboratories" and "Volta Bureau."

In partnership with Gardiner Hubbard, Bell established the publication ''Science'' in 1883. In 1888, Bell was one of the founding members of the [[National Geographic Society]] and became its second president (1897–1904) and Regent of the [[Smithsonian]] Institution (1898–1922). He was the recipient of many honours. The [[France|French]] government conferred on him the decoration of the [[Légion d'honneur]] (Legion of Honour); the [[Royal Society of Arts]] in London awarded him the [[Albert Medal (RSA)|Albert Medal]] in 1902; and the [[University of Würzburg]], [[Bavaria]], granted him a Ph.D. He was awarded the [[American Institute of Electrical Engineers|AIEE]]'s [[Edison Medal]] in 1914 "For meritorious achievement in the invention of the telephone."

The bel (B) is a unit of measurement invented by [[Bell Labs]] and named after Bell. The bel was too large for everyday use, so the [[decibel]] (dB), equal to 0.1 B, became more commonly used as a unit for measuring sound intensity.<ref>[http://www.sfu.ca/sonic-studio/handbook/Decibel.html Decibel] Note: The decibel is defined as one tenth of a bel.</ref>

The [[IEEE]]'s [[IEEE Alexander Graham Bell Medal|Alexander Graham Bell Medal]] has been presented since 1976 to an individual or team, honoring outstanding contributions in the field of telecommunications.

A number of historic sites and other marks commemorate Alexander Graham Bell, as well as the world's first telephone company:
* [[Parks Canada]] maintains the [http://www.pc.gc.ca/lhn-nhs/ns/grahambell/index_e.asp Alexander Graham Bell National Historic Site] which incorporates the Alexander Graham Bell Museum, in [[Baddeck, Nova Scotia]], close to the Bell estate [[Beinn Bhreagh]]. The National Historic Site in Baddeck is open to visitors, while Bell's descendant's still reside at Beinn Bhreagh;

* The world's first telephone company building, ''the Henderson Home'', of the nascent [[Bell Telephone Company]], originally built on Sheridan Street within the city of Brantford, Ontario, and then carefully relocated in 1969 to the historic Bell Homestead. Both the Bell Homestead and the Bell Telephone Company building, are maintained by the [http://www.bellhomestead.ca/index.htm Bell Homestead Society] and are open to visitors.

A large number of Bell's [http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/bellhtml/bellhome.html writings, notebooks, papers and other documents] rest at the United States [[Library of Congress]] Manuscript Devision, as the ''Alexander Graham Bell Family Papers''; the collection is available for online viewing. Another large collection of Bell's documents resides at the [http://www.cbu.ca/cbu/_main/default_main.asp?topic=major_centres&id=bell_institute Alexander Graham Bell Institute].

==Death==
Bell died of [[pernicious anemia]] on 2 August 1922, at his private estate, Beinn Bhreagh, Nova Scotia, at age 75.<ref>Gray 2006, p. 418.</ref> While tending to her husband after a long illness, Mabel whispered, "Don't leave me." By way of reply, Bell traced the sign for "No" – and promptly expired.<ref>Bruce 1990, p. 491.</ref>

Dr. Alexander Graham Bell was buried atop Beinn Bhreagh mountain overlooking Bras d'Or Lake. He was survived by his wife and his two daughters, Elisa May and Marion.<ref> [http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0303.html "Dr. Bell, Inventor of Telephone, Dies."] ''[[New York Times]]'', 3 August 1922. Retrieved: 21 July 2007. Quote: Dr. Alexander Graham Bell, inventor of the telephone, died at 2 o'clock this morning at Beinn Breagh, his estate near Baddeck.</ref>

==See also==
<div style="-moz-column-count:3; column-count:3;">
*[[Alexander Graham Bell Association for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing]]
*[[Invention of the telephone]]
*[[Emile Berliner]]
*[[Charles Bourseul]]
*[[Thomas Edison]]
*[[Elisha Gray]]
*[[Elisha Gray and Alexander Bell telephone controversy]]
*[[Innocenzo Manzetti]]
*[[Antonio Meucci]]
*[[Philipp Reis]]
*[[Graham Bell Island]]
*[[Oriental Telephone Company]]
</div>

==References==
===Notes===
{{reflist|3}}
===Bibliography===
{{refbegin}}
* ''Alexander Graham Bell'' (booklet). Halifax, Nova Scotia: Maritime Telegraph & Telephone Limited, 1979.
* Bruce, Robert V. ''Bell: Alexander Bell and the Conquest of Solitude''. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1990. ISBN 0-80149691-8.
* Black, Harry. ''Canadian Scientists and Inventors: Biographies of People who made a Difference''. Markham, Ontario: Pembroke Publishers Limited, 1997. ISBN 1-55138-081-1.
* Boileau, John. ''Fastest in the World: The Saga of Canada's Revolutionary Hydrofoils''. Halifax, Nova Soctia: Formac Publishing Company Limited, 2004. ISBN 0-88780-621-X.
* Dunn, Andrew. ''Alexander Graham Bell'' (Pioneers of Science series). East Sussex, UK: Wayland (Publishers) Limited, 1990. ISBN 1-8521-958-0.
* Eber, Dorothy Harley. ''Genius at Work: Images of Alexander Graham Bell''. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1982. ISBN 0-7710-3036-3.
* Evenson, A. Edward. ''The Telephone Patent Conspiracy of 1876: The Elisha Gray - Alexander Bell Controversy''. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland Publishing, 2000. ISBN 0-7864-0138-9.
* Gray, Charlotte. ''Reluctant Genius: Alexander Graham Bell and the Passion for Invention''. New York: Arcade Publishing, 2006. ISBN 1-55970-809-3.
* Groundwater, Jennifer. ''Alexander Graham Bell: The Spirit of Invention''. Calgary: Altitude Publishing, 2005. ISBN 1-55439-006-0.
* Grosvenor, Edwin S. and Wesson, Morgan. ''Alexander Graham Bell: The Life and Times of the Man Who Invented the Telephone''. New York: Harry N. Abrahms, Inc., 1997. ISBN 0-8109-4005-1.
* Mackay, James. ''Sounds Out of Silence: A life of Alexander Graham Bell''. Edinburgh: Mainstream Publishing Company, 1997. ISBN 1-85158-833-7.
* MacLeod, Elizabeth. ''Alexander Graham Bell: An Inventive Life''. Toronto: Kids Can Press, 1999. ISBN 1-55074-456-9.
* Matthews, Tom L. ''Always Inventing: A Photobiography of Alexander Graham Bell''. Washington, DC: National Geographic Society, 1999. ISBN 0-7922-7391-5.
* Micklos, John Jr. ''Alexander Graham Bell: Inventor of the Telephone''. New York: Harper Collins Publishers Ltd., 2006. ISBN 978-0-06-057618-9.
* Parker, Steve. ''Alexander Graham Bell and the Telephone''(Science Discoveries series). New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1995. ISBN 0-7910-3004-0.
* Petrie, A. Roy. ''Alexander Graham Bell''. Don Mills, Ontario: Fitzhenry & Whiteside Limited, 1975. ISBN 0-88902-209-7.
* Phillips, Allan. ''Into the 20th Century: 1900/1910'' (Canada's Illustrated Heritage). Toronto: Natural Science of Canada Limited, 1977. ISBN 0-9196-4422-8.
* Ross, Stewart. ''Alexander Graham Bell'' (Scientists who Made History series). New York: Raintree Steck-Vaughn Publishers, 2001. ISBN 0-7398-441-6.
* Shulman, Seth. ''The Telephone Gambit: Chasing Alexander Bell's Secret''. New York: Norton & Company, 2008. ISBN 978-0-393-06206-9.
* Town, Florida. ''Alexander Graham Bell''. Toronto: Grolier Limited, 1988. ISBN 0-7172-1950-X.
* Tulloch, Judith. ''The Bell Family in Baddeck: Alexander Graham Bell and Mabel Bell in Cape Breton''. Halifax: Formac Publishing Company Limited, 2006. ISBN 978-0-88780-713-8.
* Walters, Eric. ''The Hydrofoil Mystery''. Toronto: Puffin Books, 1999. ISBN 0-14-130220-8.
* Webb, Michael, ed. ''Alexander Graham Bell: Inventor of the Telephone''. Mississauga, Ontario, Canada: Copp Clark Pitman Ltd., 1991. ISBN 0-7730-5049-3.
* Winfield, Richard. ''Never the Twain Shall Meet: Bell, Gallaudet, and the Communications Debate''. Washington, DC: Gallaudet University Press, 1987. ISBN 0-913580-99-6.
* Wing, Chris. ''Alexander Graham Bell at Baddeck''. Baddeck, Nova Scotia: Christopher King, 1980.

===Further reading===
* Bender, Lionel. ''Invention'' (Eyewitness Books series). London: Dorling Kindersley Books, 1991. ISBN 0-7737-2464-8.
* Coe, Lewis. ''The Telephone and Its Several Inventors: A History''. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland Publishing, 1995. ISBN 0-7864-0138-9.
* Costain, Thomas. ''The Chord of Steel: Alexander Graham Bell and the Invention of the Telephone''. Garden City, New York: Doubleday and Company, 1960.
{{refend}}
* The Talking Wire (Biography)

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}{{commons|Alexander Graham Bell}}
*[http://www.biographi.ca/009004-119.01-e.php?&id_nbr=7894 Biography at the ''Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online'']
*[http://bell.uccb.ns.ca/ Alexander Graham Bell Institute]
*[http://www.aei.it/ita/museo/mam_graf.html (Italian) Timeline for Antonio Meucci]
*[http://www.bellhomestead.ca/ Bell Homestead, National Historic Site]
*[http://virtualology.com/ALEXANDERGRAHAMBELL.ORG/ Appleton's Biography edited by Stanley L. Klos]
*[http://www.pc.gc.ca/lhn-nhs/ns/grahambell/index_e.asp Alexander Graham Bell National Historic Site Museum located in [[Baddeck]], [[Nova Scotia]] containing many of Bell's experiments and models]
*[http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/bellhtml/bellhome.html Alexander Graham Bell family papers Online version at the Library of Congress comprises a selection of 4,695 items (totaling about 51,500 images) containing correspondence, scientific notebooks, journals, blueprints, articles, and photographs documenting Bell invention of the telephone and his involvement in the first telephone company, his family life, his interest in the education of the deaf and his aeronautical and other scientific work]
*[http://www3.iath.virginia.edu/albell/homepage.html Bell's path to the invention of the telephone]
*[http://histv2.free.fr/bell/bell1.htm Bell's speech before the American Association for the Advancement of Science in [[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]] on 27 August 1880, presenting the [[photophone]], very clear description; published as "On the Production and Reproduction of Sound by Light" in the ''American Journal of Sciences'', Third Series, vol. '''XX''', #118, October 1880, pp. 305-324 and as "Selenium and the Photophone" in ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'', September 1880]
*[http://www.alexanderbell.com/ AlexanderBell.com - Telecom pioneer]
*[http://fi.edu/case_files/bell/ Alexander Graham Bell Biographical information, science resources and information on 1912 Franklin Award for 'electrical transmission of articulate speech' at The Franklin Institute's Case Files online exhibit]
*[http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GScid=639385&GRid=2125& Alexander Graham Bell gravesite]
*[http://www.answers.com/topic/alexander-graham-bell Alexander Graham Bell: Biography and Much More from Answers.com Excellent summary of Alexander Graham Bell's life, has many useful dates for important parts of his life]
*[http://www.esanet.it/chez_basilio/us_bell.htm Basilio Catania, 2003 The United States Government vs. Alexander Graham Bell. An important acknowledgment for Antonio Meucci]
*[http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/bellhtml/agbtree.html Bell family tree]
*[http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/trr002.html ''American Treasures of the Library of Congress'', Alexander Graham Bell - Lab notebook I, pp. 40–41 (image 22)]
* [http://www.science.ca/scientists/scientistprofile.php?pID=120 Scientists' profile: Alexander Graham Bell]
*[http://www.telecomhall.ca/tour/inventors/bell/index.htm Biography and photos] at the [http://www.telecomhall.ca ''Canada's Telecommunications Hall of Fame '' website]
*[http://www.telecomhall.ca/video/bell.wmv Biographical video footage] at the [http://www.telecomhall.ca ''Canada's Telecommunications Hall of Fame '' website]

===Movie biographies===
* {{imdb title|id=0956089|title=Animated Hero Classics: Alexander Graham Bell (1995)}}
* ''The Story of Alexander Graham Bell'', 1939 film reformatted for VCR tape, Don Ameche playing Bell, (1966) ISBN 0-7939-1251-2
* ''Biography - Alexander Graham Bell'', A&E DVD biography based on historical footage and still pictures of Bell, (2005)
* The Sound and the Silence (1992) (TV) with John Bach as Alexander Graham Bell; Canada / New Zealand / Ireland [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0106241/ Sound and the Silence] {{ASIN|B0009K7RUW}}

==Bell's patents==
*[http://www.mall-usa.com/uspat/bell/ Complete list] of Bell patents
''U.S. patent images in [[TIFF]] format''
*{{US patent|161739}} ''Improvement in Transmitters and Receivers for Electric Telegraphs'', filed March 1875, issued April 1875 (multiplexing signals on a single wire)
*{{US patent|174465}} ''Improvement in Telegraphy'', filed 14 February 1876, issued 7 March 1876 (Bell's first telephone patent)
*{{US patent|178399}} ''Improvement in Telephonic Telegraph Receivers'', filed April 1876, issued June 1876
*{{US patent|181553}} ''Improvement in Generating Electric Currents'' (using rotating permanent magnets), filed August 1876, issued August 1876
*{{US patent|186787}} ''Electric Telegraphy'' (permanent magnet receiver), filed 15 January 1877, issued 30 January 1877
*{{US patent|235199}} ''Apparatus for Signalling and Communicating, called Photophone'', filed August 1880, issued December 1880
*{{US patent|757012}} ''Aerial Vehicle'', filed June 1903, issued April 1904

{{IEEE Edison Medal Laureates 1909-1925}}

{{start box}}
{{succession box
| before=[[Gardiner Greene Hubbard]]
| title=President of the [[National Geographic Society]]
| years= 1897–1904
| after= [[William John McGee]]}}
{{end box}}
<!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]] -->

{{Persondata
|NAME=Bell, Alexander Graham
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES=
|SHORT DESCRIPTION=[[Telephone]] inventor
|DATE OF BIRTH=3 March 1847
|PLACE OF BIRTH=[[Edinburgh]], [[Scotland]]
|DATE OF DEATH=2 August 1922
|PLACE OF DEATH=[[Baddeck, Nova Scotia|Baddeck]], [[Nova Scotia]]
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bell, Alexander Graham}}
[[Category:1847 births]]
[[Category:1922 deaths]]
[[Category:Alexander Graham Bell| ]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Edinburgh]]
[[Category:Alumni of University College London]]
[[Category:University of Toronto|Alumni]]
[[Category:American businesspeople]]
[[Category:American eugenicists]]
[[Category:American inventors]]
[[Category:American physicists]]
[[Category:Canadian Aviation Hall of Fame]]
[[Category:Légion d'honneur recipients]]
[[Category:National Geographic Society]]
[[Category:Naturalized citizens of the United States]]
[[Category:IEEE Edison Medal recipients|Bell]]
[[Category:People from Brantford]]
[[Category:People from Edinburgh]]
[[Category:People from Massachusetts]]
[[Category:People from Victoria County, Nova Scotia]]
[[Category:Royal High School alumni]]
[[Category:Scottish businesspeople]]
[[Category:Scottish Canadians]]
[[Category:Scottish inventors]]
[[Category:Scottish immigrants to Canada]]
[[Category:Scottish physicists]]
[[Category:Scottish immigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:Telecommunications history]]
[[Category:American Unitarians]]
[[Category:Canadians of Scottish descent]]
[[Category:Canadian immigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:Canadian inventors]]


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[[sv:Alexander Graham Bell]]
[[tl:Alexander Graham Bell]]
[[ta:அலெக்சாண்டர் கிரகாம் பெல்]]
[[th:อเล็กซานเดอร์ เกรแฮม เบลล์]]
[[vi:Alexander Graham Bell]]
[[tr:Alexander Graham Bell]]
[[uk:Александер Грем Белл]]
[[ur:الیگزنڈر گراہم بیل]]
[[zh:亚历山大·格拉汉姆·贝尔]]

Latest revision as of 23:14, 12 October 2008

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