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October 2008

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-The  '''Maastrichtian'''  is the last [[faunal stage|stage]] of the [[Cretaceous]] [[geologic period|period]], and therefore of the [[Mesozoic]] [[geologic era|era]].  It spanned from 70.6 ± 0.6 [[annum|Ma]] to 65.5 ± 0.3 Ma (million years ago). The '''Maastrichtian''' Stage was preceded by the [[Campanian]] Stage and succeeded by the [[Danian]] Stage of the [[Paleogene]] Period.  The Maastrichtian is named after the [[Netherlands|Dutch]] city [[Maastricht]], where many fossils from the period&mdash;most notably those of the [[mosasaur]]&mdash;were discovered.
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-At the end of this period, there was a [[mass extinction]] commonly referred to as the [[Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction event]] (or K/T).  At this extinction event, many commonly recognized groups such as non-avian [[dinosaur]]s, [[plesiosaur]]s and [[mosasaur]]s, as well as many other lesser known groups, died out.
-==Geography==
+== October 2008 ==
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-*[[Haţeg Island]]
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-==Maastrichtian Aged Geologic Formations==
-Geologic formations with strata dating back to the Maastrichtian stage come from a variety of locations, particularly in Asia and western North America.
-The following are summaries of the characteristics of specific Maastrichtian aged formations. More information can be found at those formations' respective main articles.
-===[[Bearpaw Formation]]===
-The '''Bearpaw Formation''', also called the '''Bearpaw Shale''', is a [[sedimentary]] [[geological formation|rock formation]] found in northwestern [[North America]]. It is exposed in the [[U.S.]] state of [[Montana]], as well as the [[Canada|Canadian]] provinces of [[Alberta]] and [[Saskatchewan]], east of the [[Rocky Mountains]]. It overlies the older [[Two Medicine Formation|Two Medicine]], [[Judith River Formation|Judith River]] and [[Dinosaur Park Formation]]s, and is in turn overlain by the [[Horseshoe Canyon Formation]] in Canada and the [[Fox Hills Sandstone]] in Montana. To the east and south it blends into the [[Pierre Shale]].
-A [[marine (ocean)|marine]] formation composed mostly of [[shale]], it represents the last major expansion of the [[Western Interior Seaway]] before it completely receded from northwestern North America by the end of the [[Cretaceous Period]]. It is famous for its well-preserved [[ammonite]] [[fossil]]s. Other fossils found in this formation include many types of [[shellfish]], [[bony fish]], [[shark]]s, [[Batoidea|rays]], [[bird]]s, and marine reptiles like [[mosasaur]]s, [[plesiosaur]]s and [[sea turtle]]s. The occasional [[dinosaur]] remains have also been discovered, presumably from carcasses washed out to sea.
-===[[Berivotra Formation]]===
-The '''Berivotra Formation''' is an Upper Cretaceous ([[Maastrichtian]]) sedimentary rock marine formation found in Madagascar, that is contemporary to the terrestrial [[Maevarano Formation]].
-===[[Hell Creek Formation]]===
-[[Image:Hell Creek.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Hell Creek Formation is well exposed in the badlands in the vicinty of Ft. Peck Reservoir.]]
-The '''Hell Creek Formation''' is an intensely-studied division of [[Upper Cretaceous]] to lower [[Paleocene]] rocks in North America, named for exposures studied along '''Hell Creek''', near [[Jordan, Montana]]. The Hell Creek Formation occurs in badlands of eastern [[Montana]] and portions of [[North Dakota]], [[South Dakota]], and [[Wyoming]]. In Montana, the Hell Creek Formation overlies the [[Fox Hills Formation]] and is the uppermost formation of the Cretaceous period.
-It is a series of fresh and brackish-water [[clays]], [[mudstone]]s, and [[sandstones]] deposited during the [[Maastrichtian]], the last part of the [[Cretaceous period]], by [[fluvial]] activity in fluctuating river channels and deltas and very occasional peaty swamp deposits along the low-lying eastern [[continental margin]] fronting the late Cretaceous [[Western Interior Seaway]]. The climate was mild<ref>The presence of [[crocodylians]] suggests a sub-tropical climate, with no prolonged annual cold.</ref>. The famous [[iridium]]-enriched [[K-T boundary]], which separates the Cretaceous from the [[Cenozoic]], occurs as a discontinuous but distinct thin marker bedding within the Formation, near its uppermost strata.
-===[[Horseshoe Canyon Formation]]===
-The '''Horseshoe Canyon Formation''' is part of the [[Edmonton Series]] and is up to 230 m in depth. It is Late Campanian to Early [[Maastrichtian]] in age (Edmontonian Land Mammal Age) and is composed of [[mudstone]], [[sandstone]], and [[carbonaceous]] [[shale]]s. There are a variety of environments, which have yielded a diversity of fossil material. The Horseshoe Canyon Formation outcrops extensively in the area of Drumheller, Alberta, as well as further north along the Red Deer River near Trochu, and also in the city of Edmonton.
-===[[Lameta Formation]]===
-The '''Lameta Formation''' is a [[sedimentary]] [[geological formation|rock formation]] found in [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Gujarat]], and [[Maharashtra]], [[India]].  It is of [[Maastrichtian]] age ([[Upper Cretaceous]]), and is notable for its [[dinosaur]] [[fossil]]s.  Many [[nomen dubium|dubious]] names have been created for isolated bones, but several [[genus|genera]] of dinosaurs from these rocks are well-supported, including the [[titanosaur]] [[sauropod]] ''[[Isisaurus]]'' and the [[abelisaur]]s ''[[Indosaurus]]'', ''[[Indosuchus]]'', ''[[Laevisuchus]]'', and ''[[Rajasaurus]]''.<ref name=DBWetal04>{{cite book |last=Weishampel |first=David B. |authorlink=David B. Weishampel |coauthors=Barrett, Paul M.; Coria, Rodolfo A.; Le Loueff, Jean; Xu Xing; Zhao Xijin; Sahni, Ashok; Gomani, Elizabeth M.P.; and Noto, Christopher N. |editor=Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; and Osmólska, Halszka (eds.)|title=The Dinosauria |edition=2nd |year= 2004|publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |isbn=0-520-24209-2 |pages=517-606 |chapter=Dinosaur distribution }}</ref>
-===[[Maevarano Formation]]===
-The '''Maevarano Formation''' is an [[Upper Cretaceous]] [[sedimentary]] [[formation (geology)|rock formation]] found in the [[Mahajanga Province]] of northwestern [[Madagascar]]. It is most likely [[Maastrichtian]] in age, and records a seasonal, [[semiarid]] environment with [[river]]s that had greatly varying [[discharge (hydrology)|discharges]]. Notable animal [[fossil]]s recovered include the [[theropod]] [[dinosaur]] ''[[Majungasaurus]]'' and the early [[bird]]s ''[[Rahonavis]]'' and ''[[Vorona]]'', and the [[titanosaur]]ian [[sauropod]] ''[[Rapetosaurus]]''.
-===[[Sarir field]]===
-The '''Sarir Field''' was discovered in southern [[Cyrenaica]] during 1961 and is considered to be the largest [[oil field]] in [[Libya]], with estimated oil reserves of {{convert|12|Goilbbl|km3|abbr=on}}.<ref>OGJ 2004</ref> Sarir is operated by the [[Arabian Gulf Oil Company]] (AGOCO), a subsidiary of the state-owned [[National Oil Corporation]] (NOC).
-The Sarir stratigraphic column generally resembles succession patterns throughout the Sirte Basin, with some variations. In the early regressive phase, basal sandstones were deposited on a [[Precambrian]] basement of [[igneous]] and [[metamorphic]] rocks. Sandstones are dated on [[angiosperm]] [[pollen]] as younger than [[Albian]], probably from the Late Cretaceous. After a lengthy hiatus, represented by unconformity and sandstone erosion, a transgressive sequence of red, green, and purple [[Anhydrite]] shales was laid. Variegated bed remnants occur in crestal sections of many northern structures, such as in wells B-1-65 and C-1-80.
-Above the transgressive sequence are Late Cretaceous shales with tight, micritic carbonate, marking the top of the [[Mesozoic]]. These shales thicken into troughs, providing the field's sole source rock. The youngest [[fauna]] are [[Maastrichtian]], with an apparent disconformity between the Late Cretaceous and [[Paleocene]], marked by high levels of [[gamma radiation]] on logs.
-===Uncertain Formations===
-The following formations dating is somewhat uncertain, but very likely are of Maastrichtian age.
-====[[Barun Goyot Formation]]====
-The '''Barun Goyot Formation''', dating from the Late [[Cretaceous]] [[Period (geology)|Period]], is located within and is widely represented in the [[Gobi Desert]] basin, in the [[Ömnögovi Province]] of [[Mongolia]].
-It was previously known as the '''"Lower Nemegt Beds"''', occurring beneath the [[Nemegt Formation]] and above the [[Djadokhta Formation]]. It is approximately {{convert|4|in|mm}} in thickness and was laid down roughly 80-71 [[mya (unit)|mya]], making it uncertain whether it should be classed as [[Campanian]] or [[Maastrichtian]], although the latter is less likely. The Barun Goyot Formation preserves an environment of [[Dune|sand dunes]], created from wind-eroded rocks ([[Eolian|aeolian]] dunes).
-===[[Nemegt Formation]]===
-The '''Nemegt Formation''' is a Late [[Cretaceous]] [[Sedimentary rock|sedimentary]] [[Deposition (sediment)|formation]] in the [[Gobi Desert]] of [[Mongolia]]. It overlies, and in some places interdigitates with, the [[Barun Goyot Formation]]. It consists of river channel sediments and contains [[fossil]]s of [[fish]], [[turtle]]s, [[crocodilian]]s, [[bird]]s and a diverse [[fauna]] of [[dinosaur]]s. The [[climate]] was wetter than when the preceding formations were deposited; there seems to have existed at least some degree of forest cover.
-The absolute age of the Nemegt Formation is unknown but it is thought to be [[Maastrichtian]] or maybe late [[Campanian]] in age, very roughly some 76-65 million years old. The presence of ''[[Saurolophus]]'', a taxon also known from the [[Horseshoe Canyon Formation]] of [[Alberta]], may indicate an Early Maastrichtian age, about 70 million years old.
-==Vertebrate Fauna==
-See Main Article: [[Flora and fauna of the Maastrichtian stage]].
-====Birds====
-[[Image:Hesperornis BW.jpg|thumb|right|200px|''[[Hesperornis]] regalis'']]
-Several lineages of modern birds existed, though many were of lineages that differed profoundly from their relatives of today and thus are not their ancestors, but became extinct in the [[Cenozoic]]. For example, ''[[Vegavis iaai]]'' indicates that at least four lineages of [[Anseriformes]] were distinct: [[Anhimidae]], [[Anatidae]], [[Anseranatidae]] and [[Presbyornithidae]] (and possibly [[Dromornithidae]]), and that there was at least one [[Galliformes]] lineage too, and apparently the [[Gastornithiformes]] were also distinct. It is also highly likely that there was at least one, and probably several, lineages of [[Charadriiformes]], that [[penguin]]s were about to split from their closest relatives or had already done so, and that if the [[Metaves]] are a valid group they would presumably have been distinct too. Also, [[paleognath]]s were of course long distinct from [[neognath]]s.
-==Flora==
-See Main Article: [[Flora and fauna of the Maastrichtian stage]].
-*[[Metasequoia]]
-{{MEA-expand}}
-==References==
-<references />
-[[Category:Cretaceous]]
-[[Category:Maastricht]]
-[[ast:Maastrichianu]]
-[[ca:Maastrichtià]]
-[[de:Maastrichtium]]
-[[es:Maastrichtiano]]
-[[eu:Maastrichtiar]]
-[[fr:Maastrichtien]]
-[[it:Maastrichtiano]]
-[[he:מאסטריכט (גיל גאולוגי)]]
-[[la:Epocha Mosatraiectina]]
-[[li:Maastrichtien]]
-[[hu:Maastrichti (korszak)]]
-[[nl:Maastrichtien]]
-[[ja:マストリヒシアン]]
-[[nn:Maastrichtium]]
-[[pl:Mastrycht]]
-[[pt:Maastrichtiano]]
-[[sh:Maastrichtij]]
-[[fi:Maastricht-vaihe]]
-[[vi:Tầng Maastricht]]
-[[uk:Маастрихтський ярус]]
-[[zh:馬斯垂克階]]