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{{Infobox Military Conflict
{{Infobox Company
|conflict=Battle of Khafji
|name = Signature BioScience
|partof=the [[Gulf War]]
|type =Private
|image=[[Image:Khafji-31-jan.jpg|300px]]
|foundation = 1998
|caption=Military operations during liberation of Khafji.
|location_city = San Francisco (initially Hayward)
|date=[[January 29]] - [[February 1]], [[1991]]
|location_country = USA
|place=[[Khafji]], [[Saudi Arabia]]
|location =<!--modifies "Headquarters" entry-->
|casus=
|key_people = Mark McDade
|territory=
|industry = BioPharmaceutical Discovery and Development
|result=Decisive Coalition victory
|dissolved = 2003
|combatant1={{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} [[Saudi Arabia]],<br>{{flagicon|USA}} [[United States]],<br>{{flagicon|Qatar}} [[Qatar]]<ref>[http://www.afa.org/magazine/feb1998/0298epic.asp The Epic Little Battle of Khafji<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
|combatant2= {{flagicon|Iraq|1991}} [[Iraq]]
|commander1={{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} Sultan Al-Mutairi <ref name="Joint-Forces-Command-East - www.tim-thompson.com">{{cite news |url=http://www.tim-thompson.com/gwobjfg.html |title=Joint-Forces-Command-East - www.tim-thompson.com}}</ref>
|commander2={{flagicon|Iraq|1991}} Salah Abud Mahmud <ref name="Desert Storm operation - www.tim-thompson.com">{{cite news |url=http://www.tim-thompson.com/desert-storm.html |title=Battle of Khafji - www.tim-thompson.com}}</ref>
|strength1=
|strength2=
|casualties1=36 dead,</br>32 wounded,</br>2 POW
|casualties2=2000+ dead,</br>400 POW<ref name="Titus">Titus, James. ''[https://research.au.af.mil/papers/ay1996/ari/titusj.pdf The Battle of Khafji: An Overview and Preliminary Analysis]''. 1996.</ref>
|casualties3=
|notes=
}}
}}
{{Campaignbox Gulf War}}
<!-- Commented out because image was deleted: [[Image:Khafji saudi tanks.jpg|thumbnail|right|310px|[[Saudi Arabian Army|Saudi]] Tanks during the battle.]] -->
The '''Battle of Khafji''' was the first major ground engagement of the [[Gulf War]]. It took place in the [[Saudi Arabia]]n city of [[Khafji]], from [[January 29]] to [[February 1]], [[1991]].


'''Signature BioScience Inc.''' was a [[biotechnology]] company based in [[San Francisco]] and carried out clinical trials on [[Digitoxin]] as a potential treatment for [[cancer]]. It was formed in 1998 but closed in 2003.
The battle began when [[Iraq]]i troops unexpectedly invaded Khafji. Forces from [[Saudi Arabia]] and [[Qatar]], backed by [[United States|American]] artillery and air strikes, evicted Iraqi troops and tanks, and freed two trapped [[U.S. Marine]] [[reconnaissance]] teams.


==History==
==Surprise advance into Saudi Arabia==
The Iraqi advance caught the U.S.-led Coalition almost completely by surprise, and the initial hours of the battle were marked by confusion and disarray on the Coalition side. Numerous [[United States Marine Corps|U.S. Marine]] and [[Special Forces]] positions along the [[Kuwait]]-Saudi Arabian border were overrun by the Iraqi forces, and the city of Khafji, which had been largely abandoned by the Coalition, fell with little resistance.


===Timeline===
By taking Khafji, the Iraqis trapped (but did not capture) two U.S. Marine reconnaissance teams of the [[U.S. 3rd Marine Regiment]] inside the town. [[Corporal]] Lawrence Lentz led one team with Corporal Chuck Ingraham leading the other. The presence of the Marine teams complicated the recapture effort, although the two teams reported on Iraqi activities inside the town and directed numerous effective artillery and [[airstrike]]s on the occupying Iraqis.The capture of Khafji infuriated the Saudis, who dispatched a national guard unit. The Iraqis repulsed the attack, and the Saudis kept adding mechanized and marine units under American air support. Another Iraqi armored column met Saudi and Qatari armor, and the Qatari tanks shot up the Iraqi column and stopped it dead in its tracks. An amphibious Iraqi landing force was sent in boats, its objective was to land at Khafji and support the Iraqi units fighting inside the city. American and British naval aircraft destroyed the amphibious force. After house-to house fighting, the American, Saudi, and Qatari forces retook the town. The Iraqis lost more than 2000 killed in Al-Khafji, while the Americans lost 26 dead, 14 to Iraqi fire. The Saudis and Qataris lost 10 dead.
[[Image:Timeline_1.jpg|400px|right]]
The ill-fated Iraqi foray into Khafji is believed to have been ordered to forestall the coming Coalition attack on Iraqi positions in Kuwait and to test Coalition strength. Many observers saw the Iraqi Army, and especially its [[Iraqi Republican Guard|Republican Guard units]], as the best military force in the Gulf region, after its performance in the [[Iran–Iraq War]] and the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait. Observers also had doubts about how the U.S. military would perform, after not having been seriously tested since the [[Vietnam War]] almost 20 years earlier.


Signature Bioscience (Signature) was founded by John Hefti, a theoretical physicist by training who studied medicine and worked at Stanford, in Redwood, CA in 1998. Signature’s main business model was to become a drug development company with preclinical leads available for licensing to pharmaceutical and biotech partners. Their main focus area was cancer, although they were in the process of developing some compounds in other therapeutic areas. Andrew Sandham later became president of the company and John Hefti became the CTO, with Mark McDade taking over as the CEO in late 2000.<ref>Huggett, B. “Signature Raises $17 M Privately For PhenoDynamic Technology.” ''Bioworld Today Archives.'' September 7, 2000.</ref><ref>“Signature Bio” 10/10/08 <http://www.archives.org.> Archived webpage: <http://signaturebio.com></ref> Towards the end of 2002, Robert J. Zimmerman succeeded Mark McDade, who left SBS to go to Protein Design Labs. Zimmerman became the President and a member of the Board of Directors, while maintaining his position as the COO; he had also formerly held the positions of EVP of Research & Development at Signature.<ref> “Signature BioScience CEO Goes to Protein Design Labs.” ''San Francisco Business Times.'' November 5, 2002.</ref><ref>Article reference number: 112943. “Signature BioScience Announces Management Team Changes.” ''Biomedical NewsSearcher.'' November 5, 2002.</ref> (See '''Key People''' below for more about others in the company.)
The success of the Marines at Khafji was seen as proof that the Iraqi war machine had been vastly overrated, and it led Coalition commanders to change their offensive plans to allow for large-scale prisoner collection. As one U.S. veteran of the battle put it, "Get in the first shot at [an Iraqi soldier] and the rest will run away." The battle was the deadliest and most intense firefight that U.S. forces had seen since the [[Vietnam War]]. Some Gulf War [[veteran]]s point to Khafji as an engagement that refutes the commonly-held notion that the war was a push-button, [[video game]]-like enterprise. It was the largest military engagement on Saudi Arabian soil since that nation gained independence.


In September 2001, Signature entered into a collaboration agreement with Micralyne, a leading company in microfluidics and “lab-on-a-chip.”<ref>Article reference number: 92485. "Micralyne and Signature Bioscience Announce Research and Development Agreement"</ref> Signature acquired the entirety of PrimeCyte’s stock in the beginning of Januray 2002. PrimeCyte was a private oncology-based company located in Seattle, WA, that focused on drug discovery. Signature wanted the newly acquired company to help advance its detection-based, cell-oriented drug discovery program WaveScreen.<ref>Start-up/Emerging. "KE Biomedical Deals." January 8, 2002.</ref> Signature then acquired Protein Design Labs’ Small Molecule Group (SMG) at the end of January, 2002; SMG specialized in developing humanized antibodies.<ref>Article reference number: 47955. "Signature Acquires Protein Design Labs’ Small Molecule Group." ''Biomedical NewsSearcher.'' January 29, 2002.</ref> (See '''Acquisitions and Partnerships''' for the complete list of companies.)
==U.S. friendly fire==
The battle of Khafji saw the worst cases of [[friendly fire]] between U.S. forces since Vietnam. A total of 11 U.S. Marines were killed in two separate incidents on [[January 31]] [[1991]] at a position known as Observation Post 4, some thirty miles west of Khafji. Both involved [[LAV 25|Light armored vehicle]]s, one was destroyed by friendly surface fire killing 4, the other by an errant [[AGM-65 Maverick]] missile launched by an [[A-10 Thunderbolt II|A-10]], killing seven. A 12th Marine was killed on February 2nd when an A-10 struck his vehicle.<ref name="Titus">Titus, James. ''[https://research.au.af.mil/papers/ay1996/ari/titusj.pdf The Battle of Khafji: An Overview and Preliminary Analysis]''. 1996.</ref>


Signature became the first biotechnology company in San Francisco after acquiring 67,000 square feet of office and space in the city. They signed a 10-year lease in October 2001.<ref>Article reference number: 47955. "Signature Acquires Protein Design Labs’ Small Molecule Group." ''Biomedical NewsSearcher.'' January 29, 2002.</ref><ref>Bishop, A. "Signature Bioscience Signs 475 Brannan Lease." ''San Francisco Business Times.'' October 22, 2001.</ref> Before all the employees and equipment moved into the new facility in May 2002, Signature increased its lease space to 100,000 square feet.<ref>Doherty, B. "San Francisco Seeks Biotech Buy-In." ''San Francisco Business Times.'' March 1, 2002.</ref> In April of 2003, Signature decided to cease all operations when investors decided not to give the company a $10 million bridge loan.<ref> Levine, D. "Signature Bio’s Burnout Singes City’s Ambition." ''Business Times.'' April 28, 2003.</ref> The company likely became impaired due to market conditions for their particular industry, quick turnover of management, and the company’s poorly projected performance and expected cash needs. (See '''Financing''' below.)
The battle was also notable for the capture of [[Melissa Rathbun-Nealy]], the first female U.S. [[prisoner of war]] since the [[Second World War]]. She was captured in a manner virtually identical to Private [[Jessica Lynch]] twelve years later at [[An Nasiriyah, Iraq]]. Rathbun-Nealy was released on [[March 4]], [[1991]] after spending over a month in a [[Baghdad]] prison.


===Key People===
==Criticism of U.S. media policy==
*Mark McDale, MBA ('''CEO''') - Graduated from Dartmouth College; received his MBA from Harvard.
Some media critics (including [[Chris Hedges]], then of the [[New York Times]]) complained that the battle of Khafji demonstrated the flawed U.S. press pooling policy of the time and that it prevented the full story of the battle from being widely reported upon. The only published photos of the battle were taken by two [[France|French]] journalists that defied U.S. press controls and entered the battlefield without official authorization.
*John Hefti, MD ('''CTO''') - Founder
*Andrew P. Sandham ('''President''' and '''CBO''')
*Richard Neele, PhD, J.D. - Executive Vice President of Intellectual Property
*David Balaban, PhD - Vice President of Informatics and Computational Biology
*Mark Rhodes, PhD - Vice President of Advanced Technologies
*Joseph Heanue, PhD - Vice President of Product Engineering
*David C Spellmeyer, PhD ('''CSO''') - Vice President of Drug Discovery
*Nancy E.Pecota – Senior Director of Finance and Administration<ref>Business Wire ( May 1, 2001) 10/10/08 <http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0EIN/is_2001_May_1/ai_73880681></ref>
*Frances K. Heller, J.D., MA – Vice President, Corporate Development and Legal Affairs
**J.D. from Golden gate Univ school of law, an MA in biology from American Univ and BS in biology from Tulane University (Jan 2002)<ref>“Signature BioSciences” - Knowledge Express 2008 10/12/08 <http://www.knowledgeexpress.com/resultlist.asp?ListIndex=49&SourceFilter></ref>


===Acquisitions and Partnerships===
==Estimated battle losses==
*'''''MDS Inc. and Signature BioScience Inc.''''' MDS Inc., a company focused on products and services for development of drugs, diagnosis and treatment of diseases. It has departments which work on analytical instruments, molecular imaging, and contract research. MDS paid an upfront fees of $10 million and undisclosed milestone and royalty payments to Signature BioScience in exchange for its MCS technology. The product development work was divided between the two companies. MDS was solely responsible for sales, marketing and service of the instrumentation. MDS’ products will have Signature’s WaveSpec technology as part of their product line. This partnership was done in August 2001.
* '''Iraq''': more than 2,000 dead, more than 400 taken prisoner<ref name="Titus">Titus, James. ''[https://research.au.af.mil/papers/ay1996/ari/titusj.pdf The Battle of Khafji: An Overview and Preliminary Analysis]''. 1996.</ref>
* '''United States''': 26 dead, two taken prisoner
* '''Saudi Arabia''' and '''Qatar''': 10 dead, 32 wounded


*'''''Micralyne and Signature BioScience Inc.''''' Micralyne, microfluids or lab-on-chip company and Signature Bioscience entered into a collaboration agreement where Micralyne will give microfluidic and micromachining technology and development services to Signature for it to develop miniaturized platforms for certain drug discovery allplications. The deal was done in September 2001.
==References==
{{reflist|2}}


*'''''Cambridge and Signature BioScience''''' Signature bought Cambridge Discovery Chemistry (CDC) from Millennium to strengthen its drug discovery infrastructure in July 2001.
==Sources==

{{refbegin}}
*'''''Primecyte Inc. and Signature BioScience''''' Signature BioScience acquired 100% of the stock of PrimeCyte Inc., a drug discovery company focused on cancer. PrimeCyte’s Cytection technology was for producing high throughput drug discovery screens that use primary cells. Signature was getting a pipeline of several compounds with anti-tumor activity. Signature also got a drug candidate PC4071 which was in Phase II clinical trials then for treatment of ovarian cancer and sarcomas. (Jan 2002)
*{{cite journal

| last = Freedman
*'''''Protein design labs and Signature BioScience''''' Signature BioSciences acquired Protein Design Lab’s Small Molecule Group access its high throughput screening and small molecule drug discovery efforts. (Jan 2002)
| first = Lawrence

| coauthors = Efraim Karsh
*'''''Sunesis Pharmaceuticals and Signature BioScience''''' Signature BioSciences formed a collaboration with Sunesis Pharmaceuticals to access their small molecule inhibitors for protein-protein interaction within inflammation pathways. The company was forced to shut down as a $10 million bridge loan to the company did not go through. This loan was supposed to be used until the company completed a $30 million private equity from S.G. Capital Partners.<ref>“Signature BioSciences” - Knowledge Express 2008 10/12/08 <http://www.knowledgeexpress.com/resultlist.asp?ListIndex=49&SourceFilter></ref><ref>Daniel Levine, “Signature Bioscience to shut down” ''San Francisco Business Times.'' April 17th 2003 <http://www.bizjournals.com/sanfrancisco/stories/2003/04/14/daily46.html></ref>
| title = How Kuwait Was Won: Strategy in the Gulf War

| journal = International Security
===Financing===
| volume = 16
After leaving his work at Stanford and filing a patent, John Hefti raised $1 million in funding from Prospect Venture Partners (PVP) and Abingworth Management Inc.<ref>Huggett, B. “Signature Raises $17 M Privately For PhenoDynamic Technology.” ''Bioworld Today Archives.'' September 7, 2000.</ref> In September 2000, Signature raised $17 million in a Series C private funding , which was led by Atlas Venture, and included CIBC Capital Partners and Coral Ventures as well as the company's original investors, ProspectVenture Partners and Abingworth Management.<ref>"Signature BioScience Raises $17 million." ''San Francisco Business Times.'' September 6, 2000</ref> In July of 2001, Signature raised $43 million in a 4th round (Series D) of financing. The fund was led by SG Capital Partners, with the other existing investors participating in the round including PVP, Atlas Venture, Abinworth Management, CIBC Capital Partners, and Coral Ventures. The new investors in this round included SG Capital Partners, Vulcan Ventures Inc., MDS Capital Corp, China Development Industrial Bank, Tallwood Venture Capital, Lehman Brothers, Lotus BioScience, Ventures, Ltd., and IRR. At this point, the company had raised a total of $64 million since its beginning in 1998.<ref>Article reference number: 35208. "Signature Closes $43 million Series D Financing Round." ''Biomedical NewsSearcher.'' July 9, 2001.</ref> Signature had assumed that their revenues, which would include the fees from pharmaceutical device companies, would reach $10 million at the end of 2001 and expected the numbers to skyrocket to $100 million by 2004.<ref>Smith, L. "The Innovators: Meet the 65 Companies and Their Owners Who Have Conjured up the Latest Wave of Products, Services, and Technologies." (May 1, 2001.) 10/10/08 <http://www.cnnmoney.com></ref> However, the company dissolved after it failed to obtain a necessary bridge loan in 2003.
| issue = 2

| pages = 5–41
==Technology==
| publisher = The MIT Press
===WaveScreen===
| date = Autumn 1991
Signature’s detection-based, cell-oriented drug discovery platform, WaveScreen™, integrates Signature's portfolio of complementary screening technologies; including its proprietary spectroscopy, MCS, and Cytection with assays. The technologies evaluates both cellular and molecular responses to compounds at the beginning of the drug discovery process. The company used WaveScreen to drive lead compound discovery for pharmaceutical and biotech partnership opportunities, while globally commercializing its MCS-based WaveSpec™ instrumentation in collaboration with its partner MDS Sciex.<ref>"Signature to Acquire PrimeCyte, Inc. to Rapidly Advance its Drug Discovery Platform, WaveScreen™" ''New England Partners.'' (1-8-02) Retrieved on 10/11/2008 <http://www.nepartners.com/news/1-8-02_signaturebio.html>.</ref>
| accessdate = 10 October 2008}}

*{{cite journal
===Cytection===
| last = Mahnken
Cytection™ assays were a part of Signature’s drug discovery and development program. The technology was based on their proprietary screening platform which was used to rapidly discover and efficiently optimize highly qualified small molecules. Cytection™ used diseased and normal patient-derived primary cells, rather than immortalized cell lines, to identify compounds that were selectively active against diseased tissues compared to normal tissues. Signature used the platform for hit identification when screening potential drug compounds as well as for structure activity relationship (SAR) lead optimization.
| first = Thomas G.
===Multipole Coupling Spectroscopy===
| coauthors = Barry D. Watts
Signature also developed a cellular detection system based on its proprietary Multipole Coupling Spectroscopy (MCS) technology. The MCS technology was used for applications in drug discovery and is based upon dielectric spectroscopy.<ref>"Signature BioScience." Knowledge Express® 2008.10/11/2008 <http://www.knowledgeexpress.com/recordview.asp?rid=4509&dbid=56&ListLoc=23&SourceFilter=>.</ref> MCS uses microwave and radio frequencies which can be used to scan proteins and cells. The response signal indicates whether there's an interaction, the change in the structure of the protein or cell and the resulting change in function.<ref>"MARK MCDADE - SIGNATURE BIOSCIENCE: TWST." 10/11/2008 <http://www.twst.com/notes/articles/nah364.html>.</ref> Signature used the technology to look at the effect on a given protein or a given cell caused by the addition of another molecule. The system operates in real time with no labels or tags necessary. Compounds can be profiled against many cellular systems, in primary cells, in immortalized cells with the target in its native state, or in cell lines in which the target is artificially introduced. The system allows detection of physical and biological properties of molecules and cells, including target drug receptors and the interactions of two molecules with each other in real time (such as the binding of a test compound to a target drug receptor. ) Signature's patent portfolio relating to MCS consisted of five issued patents: four in the United States, one in the United Kingdom.
| title = What the Gulf War Can (and Cannot) Tell Us about the Future of Warfare

| journal = International Security
===MDS Sciex===
| volume = 22
In 2003, MDS Sciex, a Toronto-based manufacturer of mass spectrometers, bought the MCS technology and hired 12 former Signature employees. After two years of continued research and development, the bioimpedance technology was launched as a radically new cellular assay for drug discovery.<ref> "Welcome to CellKey.com." 10/11/2008 <http://www.cellkey.com/></ref> It is now market as the CellKey™384 System. One of MDS’ developers, Dr. Simon Pitchford, was a recipient of the PolyPops Foundation Award of the 2008 Society for Biomolecular Sciences (SBS) for his contribution to the development of the CellKey™ System.<ref>"CellKey News and Press Release." 10/11/2008 <http://www.cellkey.com/press_release.html?id=8></ref>
| issue = 2

| pages = 151–162
:'''CellKey<sup>TM</sup> 384 System'''
| publisher = The MIT Press
[[Image:CellKey384.jpg|frame|right|MDS Sciex's CellKey<sup>TM</sup> 384 System<ref>"CellKey - Technology." 10/11/08 <http://www.cellkey.com/technology.html></ref>]]
| date = Autumn 1997
:After, mammalian cells are seeded onto a custom 96-well microtiter plate that contains electrodes at the bottom of each well. The CellKey™ System then supplies a constant voltage, producing a current that at low frequencies flows both around and between cells (extracellular current, Ziec) and at high frequencies through cells (transcellular current, Zitc).<ref>“CellKey - Technology.” 10/11/08 <http://www.cellkey.com/technology.html></ref> Impedance changes can then be linked to changes in cell-substrate adherence, changes in cell shape and volume, and changes in cell-cell interactions. These factors individually or collectively affect the flow of extracellular and transcellular current, influencing the magnitude and characteristics of the signal measured. Activation of cell receptors results in characteristic bioimpedance measurements corresponding to the signaling pathway being activated. These are unique to the main subsets of G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) and tyrosine kinase receptors (TKRS).
| accessdate = 10 October 2008 }}

*{{cite journal
==Market Assessment==
| last = Press

| first = Daryl G.
===Diamond Model===
| title = The Myth of Air Power in the Persian Gulf War and the Future of Warfare

| journal = International Security
[[Image:Sbschart.jpg|120px|none|frame|Porter's Diamond Model]]
| volume = 26

| issue = 2
===Potential Reasons for Dissolving the Venture===
| pages = 4–44

| publisher = The MIT Press
==References==
| date = Autumn 2001
| accessdate = 10 October 2008}}
*{{cite paper
| first = James
| last = Titus
| title = The Battle of Khafji: An Overview and Preliminary Analysis
| publisher = College of Aerospace Doctrine, Research and Education Air University
| date = September 1996
| accessdate = 10 October 2008 }}
*{{cite book
| last = Westermeyer
| first = Paul W.
| title = U.S. Marines in Battle: Al-Khafji, 28 January – 1 February 1991
| publisher = History Division, U.S. Marine Corps
| location = Washington D.C., United States of America}}
*{{cite paper
| first = Scott
| last = Williams
| title = The Battle of Al-Khafji
| publisher = Naval Postgraduate School
| date = June 2002
| accessdate = 10 October 2008}}
{{refend}}


*{{cite web |url=http://www.bizjournals.com/sanfrancisco/stories/2003/04/14/daily46.html
[[Category:1991 in Saudi Arabia]]
|title=Signature BioScience to shut down |accessdate=2008-10-10 |last=Levine |first=Daniel|coauthors= |date=April 17, 2003 |work=San Francisco Business Times |publisher=}}
[[Category:Battles of the Gulf War|Khafji]]
[[Category:Battles involving the United States|Khafji]]
[[Category:Battles involving Saudi Arabia|Khafji]]


<references/>
[[ar:معركة الخفجي]]
[[it:Battaglia di Khafji]]
[[no:Slaget ved Khafji]]
[[de:Schlacht von Khafji]]

Revision as of 22:13, 12 October 2008

Signature BioScience
Company typePrivate
IndustryBioPharmaceutical Discovery and Development
Founded1998
Defunct2003
Headquarters
San Francisco (initially Hayward)
,
USA
Key people
Mark McDade

Signature BioScience Inc. was a biotechnology company based in San Francisco and carried out clinical trials on Digitoxin as a potential treatment for cancer. It was formed in 1998 but closed in 2003.

History

Timeline

Signature Bioscience (Signature) was founded by John Hefti, a theoretical physicist by training who studied medicine and worked at Stanford, in Redwood, CA in 1998. Signature’s main business model was to become a drug development company with preclinical leads available for licensing to pharmaceutical and biotech partners. Their main focus area was cancer, although they were in the process of developing some compounds in other therapeutic areas. Andrew Sandham later became president of the company and John Hefti became the CTO, with Mark McDade taking over as the CEO in late 2000.[1][2] Towards the end of 2002, Robert J. Zimmerman succeeded Mark McDade, who left SBS to go to Protein Design Labs. Zimmerman became the President and a member of the Board of Directors, while maintaining his position as the COO; he had also formerly held the positions of EVP of Research & Development at Signature.[3][4] (See Key People below for more about others in the company.)

In September 2001, Signature entered into a collaboration agreement with Micralyne, a leading company in microfluidics and “lab-on-a-chip.”[5] Signature acquired the entirety of PrimeCyte’s stock in the beginning of Januray 2002. PrimeCyte was a private oncology-based company located in Seattle, WA, that focused on drug discovery. Signature wanted the newly acquired company to help advance its detection-based, cell-oriented drug discovery program WaveScreen.[6] Signature then acquired Protein Design Labs’ Small Molecule Group (SMG) at the end of January, 2002; SMG specialized in developing humanized antibodies.[7] (See Acquisitions and Partnerships for the complete list of companies.)

Signature became the first biotechnology company in San Francisco after acquiring 67,000 square feet of office and space in the city. They signed a 10-year lease in October 2001.[8][9] Before all the employees and equipment moved into the new facility in May 2002, Signature increased its lease space to 100,000 square feet.[10] In April of 2003, Signature decided to cease all operations when investors decided not to give the company a $10 million bridge loan.[11] The company likely became impaired due to market conditions for their particular industry, quick turnover of management, and the company’s poorly projected performance and expected cash needs. (See Financing below.)

Key People

  • Mark McDale, MBA (CEO) - Graduated from Dartmouth College; received his MBA from Harvard.
  • John Hefti, MD (CTO) - Founder
  • Andrew P. Sandham (President and CBO)
  • Richard Neele, PhD, J.D. - Executive Vice President of Intellectual Property
  • David Balaban, PhD - Vice President of Informatics and Computational Biology
  • Mark Rhodes, PhD - Vice President of Advanced Technologies
  • Joseph Heanue, PhD - Vice President of Product Engineering
  • David C Spellmeyer, PhD (CSO) - Vice President of Drug Discovery
  • Nancy E.Pecota – Senior Director of Finance and Administration[12]
  • Frances K. Heller, J.D., MA – Vice President, Corporate Development and Legal Affairs
    • J.D. from Golden gate Univ school of law, an MA in biology from American Univ and BS in biology from Tulane University (Jan 2002)[13]

Acquisitions and Partnerships

  • MDS Inc. and Signature BioScience Inc. MDS Inc., a company focused on products and services for development of drugs, diagnosis and treatment of diseases. It has departments which work on analytical instruments, molecular imaging, and contract research. MDS paid an upfront fees of $10 million and undisclosed milestone and royalty payments to Signature BioScience in exchange for its MCS technology. The product development work was divided between the two companies. MDS was solely responsible for sales, marketing and service of the instrumentation. MDS’ products will have Signature’s WaveSpec technology as part of their product line. This partnership was done in August 2001.
  • Micralyne and Signature BioScience Inc. Micralyne, microfluids or lab-on-chip company and Signature Bioscience entered into a collaboration agreement where Micralyne will give microfluidic and micromachining technology and development services to Signature for it to develop miniaturized platforms for certain drug discovery allplications. The deal was done in September 2001.
  • Cambridge and Signature BioScience Signature bought Cambridge Discovery Chemistry (CDC) from Millennium to strengthen its drug discovery infrastructure in July 2001.
  • Primecyte Inc. and Signature BioScience Signature BioScience acquired 100% of the stock of PrimeCyte Inc., a drug discovery company focused on cancer. PrimeCyte’s Cytection technology was for producing high throughput drug discovery screens that use primary cells. Signature was getting a pipeline of several compounds with anti-tumor activity. Signature also got a drug candidate PC4071 which was in Phase II clinical trials then for treatment of ovarian cancer and sarcomas. (Jan 2002)
  • Protein design labs and Signature BioScience Signature BioSciences acquired Protein Design Lab’s Small Molecule Group access its high throughput screening and small molecule drug discovery efforts. (Jan 2002)
  • Sunesis Pharmaceuticals and Signature BioScience Signature BioSciences formed a collaboration with Sunesis Pharmaceuticals to access their small molecule inhibitors for protein-protein interaction within inflammation pathways. The company was forced to shut down as a $10 million bridge loan to the company did not go through. This loan was supposed to be used until the company completed a $30 million private equity from S.G. Capital Partners.[14][15]

Financing

After leaving his work at Stanford and filing a patent, John Hefti raised $1 million in funding from Prospect Venture Partners (PVP) and Abingworth Management Inc.[16] In September 2000, Signature raised $17 million in a Series C private funding , which was led by Atlas Venture, and included CIBC Capital Partners and Coral Ventures as well as the company's original investors, ProspectVenture Partners and Abingworth Management.[17] In July of 2001, Signature raised $43 million in a 4th round (Series D) of financing. The fund was led by SG Capital Partners, with the other existing investors participating in the round including PVP, Atlas Venture, Abinworth Management, CIBC Capital Partners, and Coral Ventures. The new investors in this round included SG Capital Partners, Vulcan Ventures Inc., MDS Capital Corp, China Development Industrial Bank, Tallwood Venture Capital, Lehman Brothers, Lotus BioScience, Ventures, Ltd., and IRR. At this point, the company had raised a total of $64 million since its beginning in 1998.[18] Signature had assumed that their revenues, which would include the fees from pharmaceutical device companies, would reach $10 million at the end of 2001 and expected the numbers to skyrocket to $100 million by 2004.[19] However, the company dissolved after it failed to obtain a necessary bridge loan in 2003.

Technology

WaveScreen

Signature’s detection-based, cell-oriented drug discovery platform, WaveScreen™, integrates Signature's portfolio of complementary screening technologies; including its proprietary spectroscopy, MCS, and Cytection with assays. The technologies evaluates both cellular and molecular responses to compounds at the beginning of the drug discovery process. The company used WaveScreen to drive lead compound discovery for pharmaceutical and biotech partnership opportunities, while globally commercializing its MCS-based WaveSpec™ instrumentation in collaboration with its partner MDS Sciex.[20]

Cytection

Cytection™ assays were a part of Signature’s drug discovery and development program. The technology was based on their proprietary screening platform which was used to rapidly discover and efficiently optimize highly qualified small molecules. Cytection™ used diseased and normal patient-derived primary cells, rather than immortalized cell lines, to identify compounds that were selectively active against diseased tissues compared to normal tissues. Signature used the platform for hit identification when screening potential drug compounds as well as for structure activity relationship (SAR) lead optimization.

Multipole Coupling Spectroscopy

Signature also developed a cellular detection system based on its proprietary Multipole Coupling Spectroscopy (MCS) technology. The MCS technology was used for applications in drug discovery and is based upon dielectric spectroscopy.[21] MCS uses microwave and radio frequencies which can be used to scan proteins and cells. The response signal indicates whether there's an interaction, the change in the structure of the protein or cell and the resulting change in function.[22] Signature used the technology to look at the effect on a given protein or a given cell caused by the addition of another molecule. The system operates in real time with no labels or tags necessary. Compounds can be profiled against many cellular systems, in primary cells, in immortalized cells with the target in its native state, or in cell lines in which the target is artificially introduced. The system allows detection of physical and biological properties of molecules and cells, including target drug receptors and the interactions of two molecules with each other in real time (such as the binding of a test compound to a target drug receptor. ) Signature's patent portfolio relating to MCS consisted of five issued patents: four in the United States, one in the United Kingdom.

MDS Sciex

In 2003, MDS Sciex, a Toronto-based manufacturer of mass spectrometers, bought the MCS technology and hired 12 former Signature employees. After two years of continued research and development, the bioimpedance technology was launched as a radically new cellular assay for drug discovery.[23] It is now market as the CellKey™384 System. One of MDS’ developers, Dr. Simon Pitchford, was a recipient of the PolyPops Foundation Award of the 2008 Society for Biomolecular Sciences (SBS) for his contribution to the development of the CellKey™ System.[24]

CellKeyTM 384 System
File:CellKey384.jpg
MDS Sciex's CellKeyTM 384 System[25]
After, mammalian cells are seeded onto a custom 96-well microtiter plate that contains electrodes at the bottom of each well. The CellKey™ System then supplies a constant voltage, producing a current that at low frequencies flows both around and between cells (extracellular current, Ziec) and at high frequencies through cells (transcellular current, Zitc).[26] Impedance changes can then be linked to changes in cell-substrate adherence, changes in cell shape and volume, and changes in cell-cell interactions. These factors individually or collectively affect the flow of extracellular and transcellular current, influencing the magnitude and characteristics of the signal measured. Activation of cell receptors results in characteristic bioimpedance measurements corresponding to the signaling pathway being activated. These are unique to the main subsets of G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) and tyrosine kinase receptors (TKRS).

Market Assessment

Diamond Model

Porter's Diamond Model

Potential Reasons for Dissolving the Venture

References

  • Levine, Daniel (April 17, 2003). "Signature BioScience to shut down". San Francisco Business Times. Retrieved 2008-10-10. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  1. ^ Huggett, B. “Signature Raises $17 M Privately For PhenoDynamic Technology.” Bioworld Today Archives. September 7, 2000.
  2. ^ “Signature Bio” 10/10/08 <http://www.archives.org.> Archived webpage: <http://signaturebio.com>
  3. ^ “Signature BioScience CEO Goes to Protein Design Labs.” San Francisco Business Times. November 5, 2002.
  4. ^ Article reference number: 112943. “Signature BioScience Announces Management Team Changes.” Biomedical NewsSearcher. November 5, 2002.
  5. ^ Article reference number: 92485. "Micralyne and Signature Bioscience Announce Research and Development Agreement"
  6. ^ Start-up/Emerging. "KE Biomedical Deals." January 8, 2002.
  7. ^ Article reference number: 47955. "Signature Acquires Protein Design Labs’ Small Molecule Group." Biomedical NewsSearcher. January 29, 2002.
  8. ^ Article reference number: 47955. "Signature Acquires Protein Design Labs’ Small Molecule Group." Biomedical NewsSearcher. January 29, 2002.
  9. ^ Bishop, A. "Signature Bioscience Signs 475 Brannan Lease." San Francisco Business Times. October 22, 2001.
  10. ^ Doherty, B. "San Francisco Seeks Biotech Buy-In." San Francisco Business Times. March 1, 2002.
  11. ^ Levine, D. "Signature Bio’s Burnout Singes City’s Ambition." Business Times. April 28, 2003.
  12. ^ Business Wire ( May 1, 2001) 10/10/08 <http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0EIN/is_2001_May_1/ai_73880681>
  13. ^ “Signature BioSciences” - Knowledge Express 2008 10/12/08 <http://www.knowledgeexpress.com/resultlist.asp?ListIndex=49&SourceFilter>
  14. ^ “Signature BioSciences” - Knowledge Express 2008 10/12/08 <http://www.knowledgeexpress.com/resultlist.asp?ListIndex=49&SourceFilter>
  15. ^ Daniel Levine, “Signature Bioscience to shut down” San Francisco Business Times. April 17th 2003 <http://www.bizjournals.com/sanfrancisco/stories/2003/04/14/daily46.html>
  16. ^ Huggett, B. “Signature Raises $17 M Privately For PhenoDynamic Technology.” Bioworld Today Archives. September 7, 2000.
  17. ^ "Signature BioScience Raises $17 million." San Francisco Business Times. September 6, 2000
  18. ^ Article reference number: 35208. "Signature Closes $43 million Series D Financing Round." Biomedical NewsSearcher. July 9, 2001.
  19. ^ Smith, L. "The Innovators: Meet the 65 Companies and Their Owners Who Have Conjured up the Latest Wave of Products, Services, and Technologies." (May 1, 2001.) 10/10/08 <http://www.cnnmoney.com>
  20. ^ "Signature to Acquire PrimeCyte, Inc. to Rapidly Advance its Drug Discovery Platform, WaveScreen™" New England Partners. (1-8-02) Retrieved on 10/11/2008 <http://www.nepartners.com/news/1-8-02_signaturebio.html>.
  21. ^ "Signature BioScience." Knowledge Express® 2008.10/11/2008 <http://www.knowledgeexpress.com/recordview.asp?rid=4509&dbid=56&ListLoc=23&SourceFilter=>.
  22. ^ "MARK MCDADE - SIGNATURE BIOSCIENCE: TWST." 10/11/2008 <http://www.twst.com/notes/articles/nah364.html>.
  23. ^ "Welcome to CellKey.com." 10/11/2008 <http://www.cellkey.com/>
  24. ^ "CellKey News and Press Release." 10/11/2008 <http://www.cellkey.com/press_release.html?id=8>
  25. ^ "CellKey - Technology." 10/11/08 <http://www.cellkey.com/technology.html>
  26. ^ “CellKey - Technology.” 10/11/08 <http://www.cellkey.com/technology.html>
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