User:Shem1805/Workbox4 and Setea Mare River: Difference between pages
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{{Geobox River |
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{{Template:UserWorkInProgress|Lieutenant}} |
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<!-- *** Name section *** --> |
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{{Military ranks}} |
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| name = Setea Mare River |
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'''Lieutenant''' (abbreviated '''Lt.''' or '''Lieut.''') is a [[military]], [[naval]], [[paramilitary]], [[fire service]] or [[police]] [[commissioned officer|officer]] [[military rank|rank]]. |
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<!-- *** Country etc. *** --> |
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| country_type = Countries |
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| district_type = Counties |
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| city_type = Villages |
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| country = [[Romania]] |
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| country1 = |
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| state = |
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| region = |
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| district = [[Gorj County]] |
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<!-- *** Geography *** --> |
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| length = |
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<!-- *** Source *** --> |
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<!-- *** Mouth *** --> |
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| mouth_name = [[Gilort River|Gilort]] |
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<!-- *** Tributaries *** --> |
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<!-- *** Free fields *** --> |
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| free = |
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| free_type = Official River Code |
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<!-- *** Map section *** --> |
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}} |
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The '''Setea Mare River''' is a [[tributary]] of the [[Gilort River]] in [[Romania]]. |
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Lieutenant may also appear as part of a title used in various other organizations with a codified command structure. It often designates someone who is "second-in-command," and as such, may precede the name of the rank directly above it. For example, a "Lieutenant Master" is likely to be second-in-command to the "Master" in an organization utilizing both such ranks. Notable uses include [[Lieutenant Governor]] in various governments, and [[Quebec lieutenant]] in Quebecois politics. |
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== |
==References== |
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The word ''lieutenant'' derives from [[French language|French]]; the ''lieu'' meaning "place" as in a position; and ''tenant'' meaning "holding" as in "holding a position"; thus a "lieutenant" is somebody who holds a position in the absence of his or her superior (compare the cognate Latin ''[[locum tenens]]''). The [[Arabic language|Arabic]] word for lieutenant, ''mulāzim'' ({{lang-ar|ملازم}}), also means "holding a place". |
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* Administraţia Naţională Apelor Române - Cadastrul Apelor - Bucureşti |
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In the nineteenth century those British writers who either considered this word an imposition on the English language or difficult for common soldiers and sailors argued for it to be replaced by the [[calque]] "steadholder" but failed and the French word is still used as well as its [[Lieutenant-Colonel]] variation in both the Old and the [[New World]]. |
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* Institutul de Meteorologie şi Hidrologie - Rîurile României - Bucureşti 1971 |
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== |
== Maps == |
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Pronunciation of ''lieutenant'' is generally split between the forms ''left-tenant'' ({{IPA|/lɛv'tɛnənt/}} or {{IPA|/lɪv'tɛnənt/}}) and ''lieu-tenant'' ({{IPA|/lu'tɛnənt/}} or {{IPA|/lju'tɛnənt/}}), with the former generally associated with the United Kingdom and her former dominions, and the later generally associated with the USA. |
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* Harta Munţilor Parâng [http://harti.mielu.ro/parang.html] |
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===Early Pronunciation=== |
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The earlier history of the pronunciation is unclear; [[Middle English]] spellings included both forms like ''lutenand'' and ''lyeutenaunt'' suggesting the {{IPA|/lju-/}} pronunciation and those like ''leeftenant'' and ''luftenand'' suggesting {{IPA|/lɛf-/}}.<ref name="oed" /> The hypothesis that the [[labial consonant|labial]]-terminated initial syllable arose as a [[spelling pronunciation]] conflating [[vowel|vocalic]] and [[consonant]]al ''[[v]]'' (the letters ''u'' and ''v'' were not distinguished before the [[18th century|eighteenth century]]) is rejected by the [[Oxford English Dictionary]] as "not [in] accord with the facts".<ref name="oed" /> The rare [[Old French]] variant spelling ''luef'' for [[Modern French]] ''lieu'' "place", on the other hand, supports the suggestion that the final {{IPA|/w/}} of the Old French word was in certain environments apprehended as a {{IPA|/f/}} {{IPA|/v/}}.<ref name="oed" /> The development of the αυ and ευ [[diphthong]]s in the [[Greek language]], pronounced {{IPA|/av/}} and {{IPA|/ɛv/}}, respectively, in [[Modern Greek]], may lend plausibility to this explanation. |
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{{Gorj-geo-stub}} |
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===British and Commonwealth English=== |
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In 1791, English [[lexicographer]] [[John Walker (lexicographer)|John Walker]] lamented that the "regular sound" – {{IPA|/lju'tɛnənt/}} – was not in general employ, giving the pronunciation current at the time as {{IPA|/lɛv'tɛnənt/}} or {{IPA|/lɪv'tɛnənt/}}.<ref name="oed" /> This is still the dominant pronunciation in English-speaking countries outside the USA. [[Royal Navy|British naval]] tradition preserved an intermediate pronunciation: {{IPA|/lə'tɛnənt/}}. This is not recognized as current by the [[Oxford English Dictionary|OED]], however, and by 1954 the [[Royal Canadian Navy]], at least, regarded it as "obsolescent" even while regarding "the army's 'LEF-tenant'" to be "a corruption of the worst sort".<ref name="taylor">A. D. Taylor, ''[http://www.readyayeready.com/tradition/customs-of-the-navy/4-ranks.htm Customs of the Navy],'' 1954.</ref> |
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===American English=== |
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In contemporary American English, the word is usually {{pronounced|ˈ/lu'tɛnənt/}}({{audio|ltent.ogg|Audio}}).<ref name="oed">[[Oxford English Dictionary]].</ref><ref name="ahd">[[American Heritage Dictionary]], s.v. "[http://www.bartleby.com/61/73/L0157300.html Lieutenant]".</ref> Walker's [[linguistic prescription|prescriptive]] pronunciation – which represents the regular English naturalization of the modern [[French language|French]] word – took hold in the United States over the course of the [[19th century|nineteenth century]]; while an American [[dictionary]] of 1813 gives {{IPA|/lɛv'tɛnənt/}}<ref name="clemens">J. R. Clemens, ''American Speech'' 7 (1932), 438.</ref> |
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and [[New York City|New Yorker]] [[Richard Grant White]], born in 1822, claimed never to have heard the {{IPA|/lju-/}} form in his youth,<ref name="mencken">[[H. L. Mencken]], ''[http://www.bartelby.net/185/30.html The American Language],'' 1921; 4th edition (1936), p. 345.</ref> the {{IPA|/lɛv-/}} or {{IPA|/lɛf-/}} form was by 1893 considered old-fashioned.<ref name="oed" /> The great influence exercised on American English by [[Noah Webster]], who insisted (but inconsistently) on the congruence of orthography and pronunciation, may be partly responsible for the eventual triumph of the "regular" pronunciation in the United States.<ref name="maven">''The Maven's Word of the Day,'' [http://www.randomhouse.com/wotd/index.pperl?date=20000107 7 January 2000].</ref> |
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==Army Ranks== |
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Conventionally, armies and other services or branches which use army-style rank titles have two grades of Lieutenant, but a few also use a third, more junior, rank. |
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Historically the "Lieutenant" was the deputy to a "Captain", and as the rank structure of armies began to formalise, this came to mean that a [[Captain (Land)|Captain]] commanded a [[company (military unit)|company]] and had several Lieutenants, each commanding a [[platoon]]. Where more junior officers were employed as deputies to the Lieutenant, they went by many names, including Second Lieutenant, Sub-Lieutenant, [[Ensign (rank)|Ensign]] and [[Cornet (military rank)|Cornet]]. Some parts of the [[British Army]], including the [[Royal Artillery]], [[Royal Engineers]], and [[fusilier]] [[regiment]]s, used First Lieutenant as well as Second Lieutenant until the end of the 19th century, and some British Army regiments still preserve Cornet as an official alternative to Second Lieutenant. |
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===Lieutenant/First Lieutenant=== |
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{{main|First Lieutenant}} |
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The senior grade of Lieutenant is known as First Lieutenant in the [[United States]], and as Lieutenant in the [[United Kingdom]] and the rest of the [[English language|English-speaking]] world. In countries which do not speak English, the rank title usually translates as "Lieutenant", but may also translate as "First Lieutenant" or "Senior Lieutenant". |
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There is great variation in the insignia used world-wide. In most English-speaking and Arabic-speaking countries, as well as a number of European and South American nations, full lieutenants (and equivalents) usually wear two stars and second lieutenants (and equivalents) one. The United States Army, Air Force and Marine Corps are notable exceptions. These services distinguish their lieutenant ranks with one silver bar for First Lieutenant and one gold (brass) bar for Second Lieutenant. In the [[British Army]] and [[Royal Marines]] a Lieutenant is distinguished by two diamond-shaped bath stars (or colloquially, "pips") on the rank slide. |
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<gallery Caption="UK, US and Commonwealth - Army Lieutenant Rank Insignia"> |
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Image:UK-Army-OF1a.gif|British Lieutenant |
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Image:US Army O2 shoulderboard.svg|US Lieutenant |
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Image:CA-Army-OF1a.gif|Canadian Lieutenant |
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</gallery> |
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<gallery Caption="Other Nations - Army Lieutenant Rank Insignia"> |
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Image:SP-Army-OF1a.gif|Spanish Teniente |
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Image:SL-Army-OF1a.gif|Slovenian Nadporočnik |
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Image:DM-Army-OF1a.gif|Danish Premierløjtnant |
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</gallery> |
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===Second Lieutenant=== |
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{{Main|Second Lieutenant}} |
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Second Lieutenant is usually the most junior grade of commissioned officer. In most cases, newly commissioned officers do not remain at the rank for long before being promoted, and both graduates and officers commissioned from the ranks may skip the rank altogether. In non-English-speaking countries, the equivalent rank title may translate as "Second Lieutenant", "Lieutenant", "Sub-Lieutenant" or "Junior Lieutenant". Non-English terms include ''Alférez'' (Spanish Army and Air Force), ''Fenrik'' (Norwegian Army), ''Ensign'', or ''Leutnant'' (German Army). In the US Army a Second Lieutenant may be referred to as a "butter bar" because of the gold bar that represents their rank. |
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<gallery Caption="UK, US and Commonwealth - Army Second Lieutenant Rank Insignia"> |
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Image:UK-Army-OF1b.gif|British Second Lieutenant |
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Image:US Army O1 shoulderboard.svg|US Second Lieutenant |
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Image:CA-Army-OF1b.gif|Canadian Second Lieutenant or Sous-lieutenant |
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</gallery> |
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<gallery Caption="Other Nations - Army Second Lieutenant Rank Insignia"> |
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Image:SP-Army-OF1b.gif|Spanish Alférez |
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Image:SL-Army-OF1b.gif|Slovenian Poročnik |
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Image:DM-Army-OF1b.gif|Danish Flyverløjtnant |
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</gallery> |
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===Third Lieutenant=== |
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A few non-English-speaking militaries maintain a lower rank, frequently translated as "Third Lieutenant". The rank title may actually translate as "Second Lieutenant", "Junior Lieutenant", "Sub-Lieutenant" or "Ensign". The [[Soviet Union]] used three ranks of Lieutenant, and [[Warsaw Pact]] countries similarly standardised their ranking system. Some of the former Soviet and Warsaw Pact nations have now discarded the third rank. |
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Countries with Third Lieutenant equivalent ranks include: |
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*[[Afghanistan]]: ''Dreyom Baridman'' |
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*[[Armenia]]: կրտոեր լեյտենանտ (''Krtoyr Leytenant'') |
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*[[Azerbaijan]] and [[Uzbekistan]]: ''Kiçik Leytenant'' |
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*[[Bulgaria]]: младши лейтенант (transl. junior lieutenant) |
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*[[Czech Republic]], [[Slovakia]] and [[Czechoslovakia]]: ''Podporučík'' |
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*[[Estonia]]: ''Lipnik'' |
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*[[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]: უმცროსი ლეიტენანტი (''Umts'rosi Leytenanti'') |
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*[[German Democratic Republic]]: ''Unterleutnant'' (Warsaw Pact)(until its end of existence in 1990) |
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*[[Hungary]]: ''Alhadnagy'' (Warsaw Pact; no longer used) |
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*[[Iran]]: ستوان سوم (''Sotvan Sevvom'') |
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*[[Poland]]: ''[[Chorąży]]'' (Warsaw Pact; no longer used for an officer rank; now a [[Warrant Officer]] rank) |
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*[[Russia]], [[Belarus]], [[Kazakhstan]] and [[Soviet Union]]: Младший Лейтенант (''Mladshiy Leytenant'') |
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*[[Taiwan]]: ''Wei'' |
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*[[Turkey]]: ''Asteğmen'' (transl. Sub-Lieutenant) |
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*[[Ukraine]]: Молодший Лейтенант (''Molodshiyy Leytenant'') |
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Throughout the 19th century, the [[United States Army]] sometimes referred to [[Brevet (military)|Brevet]] [[Second Lieutenant]]s as "Third Lieutenants." These were typically newly commissioned officers for which no authorized Second Lieutenant position existed. Additionally, the [[Confederate States Army]] also used "Third Lieutenant", typically as the lowest ranking commissioned officer in an infantry company. |
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In the US Air Force , the Third Lieutenant Program refers specifically to a training program at active duty bases for cadets the [[United States Air Force Academy|Air Force Academy]], Air Force ROTC the summer before their fourth and final year before graduation and commissioning. A single silver or subdued pip is used to designate this rank. |
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<gallery Caption="Other Nations - Army Third Lieutenant Rank Insignia"> |
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Image:BG-Army-OF1c.gif|Bulgarian младши лейтенант |
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Image:GE-Army-OR6b.gif|German Fähnrich |
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Image:POR-Army-OF1c.gif|Portuguese Aspirante-a-Oficial |
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Image:TR-Army-OF1c.gif|Turkish Asteğmen |
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</gallery> |
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==Naval Rank== |
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Origins |
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===Lieutenant Commander=== |
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{{main|Lieutenant Commander}} |
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Lieutenants were commonly put in command of smaller vessels not warranting a Commander or Captain: such a Lieutenant was called a "Lieutenant Commanding" or "Lieutenant Commandant" in the United States Navy, and a "Lieutenant in Command" or "Lieutenant and Commander" in the Royal Navy. The USN settled on "Lieutenant Commander" in 1862, and made it a distinct rank; the RN followed suit in March 1914. The insignia of an additional half-stripe between the two full stripes of a Lieutenant was introduced in 1877 for a Royal Navy Lieutenant of 8 years seniority, and used for Lieutenant Commanders upon introduction. |
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==="First Lieutenant" in Naval Usage=== |
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The '''First Lieutenant''' (1st Lt) in the [[Royal Navy]] and other Commonwealth Navies is a post or appointment, rather than a rank. Historically the Lieutenants in a ship were ranked in accordance with seniority, with the most senior being termed the First Lieutenant and acting as the [[second-in-command]]. Although Lieutenants are no longer ranked by seniority, the post of "First Lieutenant" remains. In Minor War Vessels, [[Destroyer]]s and [[Frigate]]s the First Lieutenant is second in command, [[Executive Officer]] (XO) and head of the executive branch; in larger ships where a Commander of the warfare specialisation is appointed as the Executive Officer, a First Lieutenant is appointed as his deputy. The post of First Lieutenant in a [[shore establishment]] carries a similar responsibility to the First Lieutenant of a [[Capital Ship]]. |
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===Lieutenant=== |
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OF-2 |
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Insert naval stuff here |
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The insignia of a Lieutenant in many navies, including the Royal Navy<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.royal-navy.mod.uk/server/show/nav.3761|title=Uniforms and Badges of Rank - Royal Navy website|accessdate=2008-10-05}}</ref>, consists of two medium [[gold braid]] stripes (top stripe with loop) on a 'navy blue'/black background. This pattern was copied by the United States Navy and various Air Forces for their equivalent ranks grades (see [[Flight Lieutenant]]). |
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<gallery Caption="UK, US and Commonwealth - Naval Lieutenant Rank Insignia"> |
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Image:UK-Navy-OF2.svg|British Lieutenant, Royal Navy |
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Image:US Navy O3 insignia.svg|US Navy Lieutenant |
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Image:UK-Navy-OF2.svg|Sri Lanka Navy Lieutenant |
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</gallery> |
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<gallery Caption="Other Nations - Naval Lieutenant Rank Insignia"> |
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Image:RO-Navy-OF-3s.png|Romanian Căpitan |
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Image:POL PMW pagon1 kapitan marynarki.svg|Polish Kapitan marynarki |
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Image:Nl-marine-vloot-luitenant ter zee der 2e klasse oudste categorie.svg|Netherlands Luitenant ter zee (der 2de klasse oudste categorie) |
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Image:GE-NAVY-OF-2a KptLt.png|German Kapitänleutnant |
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</gallery> |
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===Sub-Lieutenant=== |
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{{main|Sub-Lieutenant}} |
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In the Royal Navy the commissioned rank of Mate was created in 1840, and was renamed Sub-Lieutenant in 1860. In many navies, a Sub-Lieutenant is a naval [[commissioned officer|commissioned]] or [[subordinate officer]], ranking below a lieutenant, but in Brazil it is the highest non-commissioned rank, and in Spain it is the second highest non-commissioned rank. |
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==Marine Rank== |
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{{see also|United States Marine Corps officer rank insignia}} |
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The [[United States Marine Corps]] and [[Royal Marines]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.royal-navy.mod.uk/server/show/nav.00h001004001009|title=RM Officers & Other Ranks Badges of Rank - Royal Navy website|accesdate=2008-10-05}}</ref> both use army ranks, while many former Eastern-Bloc marine forces retain the naval form. Before 1999 the Royal Marines enjoyed the same rank structure as the army, but at a grade lower; thus a Royal Marine Captain ranked with and was paid the same as an British Army Major. This historical remnent caused increasing confusion in multi-national operations and was abolished. |
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==Air Force Rank== |
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{{main|RAF officer ranks|United States Air Force officer rank insignia}} |
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While some air forces use the army rank system, the [[Royal Air Force]] and some other [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] air forces use another rank system in which [[Flight Lieutenant]] ranks with an army Captain or naval Lieutenant, a [[Flying Officer]] ranks with an army Lieutenant, and a [[Pilot Officer]] with an army Second Lieutenant. |
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<gallery Caption="US Air Force Insignia"> |
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Image:US-OF1A.svg|USAF First Lieutenant |
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Image:US-OF1B.svg|USAF Second Lieutenant |
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</gallery> |
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<gallery Caption="UK Royal Air Force Insignia"> |
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Image:UK-Air-OF2.svg|UK Royal Air Force Flight Lieutenant |
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Image:UK-Air-OF1A.svg|UK Royal Air Force Flying Officer |
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Image:UK-Air-OF1B.svg|UK Royal Air Force Pilot Officer |
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</gallery> |
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==Police Rank== |
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The rank of Police Lieutenant is used in some police forces in the United States. It is normally roughly equivalent to the British Police [[Inspector]]. |
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<gallery Caption="Police Lieutenant and equivalent insignia"> |
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Image:US-OF1A.svg|US Police Lieutenant |
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Image:UKPoliceInspector.gif|UK Police Inspector |
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Image:Inspector.jpg|Romanian Inspector de poliţie |
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</gallery> |
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==Fire Services Rank== |
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{{main|Firefighter#Ranks|l1=Firefighter Ranks}} |
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In the US the junior officer grade of the Fire Service is Lieutenant, and he is identified by a single bugle and a red helmet. Many cities and towns, however, employ a wide variety of other ranks and insignia. The US rank corresponds roughly with the traditional UK Fire Brigade [[Sub-Officer]], which had now been discontinued. |
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==Other Uses== |
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The [[British monarch]]'s representatives in the counties of the [[United Kingdom]] are called [[Lord Lieutenant|Lords Lieutenant]]. The [[Lord Lieutenant of Ireland]] performed the function of [[viceroy]] in [[Ireland]]. In [[History of France|French history]], "lieutenant du roi" was a title borne by the officer sent with military powers to represent the king in certain provinces. It is in the sense of a deputy that it has entered into the titles of more senior officers, [[Lieutenant General]] and [[Lieutenant Colonel]]. |
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==See also== |
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{{wiktionary}} |
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*[[Military rank]] |
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*[[Comparative military ranks]] |
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*[[United Kingdom and United States military ranks compared]] |
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*[[Ranks and insignia of NATO armies officers]] |
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*[[Ranks and insignia of NATO Air Forces Officers]] |
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*[[Ranks and insignia of NATO Navies Officers]] |
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*[[U.S. Navy officer rank insignia]] |
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==References== |
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{{reflist}} |
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{{coord missing|Romania}} |
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<nowiki>[[Category:Military ranks]] |
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[[Category:Police ranks]] |
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[[Category:Military ranks of Australia]] |
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[[Category:Military ranks of Canada]] |
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[[Category:Military ranks of the United Kingdom]] |
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[[Category:Military ranks of the United States Navy]] |
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[[Category:Military ranks of the United States Coast Guard]] |
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</nowiki> |
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[[Category:Rivers of Romania]] |
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[[ar:ملازم (رتبة عسكرية)]] |
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[[Category:Rivers of the Jiu subbasin]] |
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[[bn:লেফটেনেন্ট]] |
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[[Category:Rivers of Gorj County]] |
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[[bg:Лейтенант]] |
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[[ |
[[ro:Râul Setea Mare]] |
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[[cs:Poručík]] |
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[[da:Løjtnant]] |
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[[de:Leutnant]] |
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[[et:Leitnant]] |
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[[el:Ανθυπολοχαγός]] |
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[[es:Teniente]] |
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[[fa:ستوان]] |
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[[fr:Lieutenant (grade militaire)]] |
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[[it:Tenente]] |
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[[he:לוטננט]] |
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[[ka:ლეიტენანტი]] |
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[[nl:Luitenant]] |
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[[ja:中尉]] |
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[[no:Løytnant]] |
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[[pl:Podporucznik]] |
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[[pt:Tenente]] |
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[[ru:Лейтенант]] |
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[[simple:Lieutenant]] |
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[[sl:Poročnik]] |
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[[fi:Luutnantti]] |
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[[sv:Löjtnant]] |
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[[tr:Teğmen]] |
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[[uk:Лейтенант]] |
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[[ur:نقیب]] |
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[[zh:中尉]] |
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Revision as of 05:10, 13 October 2008
The Setea Mare River is a tributary of the Gilort River in Romania.
References
- Administraţia Naţională Apelor Române - Cadastrul Apelor - Bucureşti
- Institutul de Meteorologie şi Hidrologie - Rîurile României - Bucureşti 1971
Maps
- Harta Munţilor Parâng [1]
 | This Gorj County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. |