Para Para and Migrant worker: Difference between pages

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The term migrant worker has different official meanings and connotations in different parts of the world; the United Nations' definition is very broad, essentially including anyone working outside of their home country. In some countries, notably the U.S., the term has a specific connotation that the work will be low paid. The term can also be used to describe someone who migrates within a country, possibly their own, in order to pursue work such as seasonal work.

United Nations' definition

web/gAdvocacy and Resource Centre on the Human Rights of Migrant Workers.

National perspectives

Asia

China

It is also used currently for workers from China's impoverished regions who go to work in the more prosperous coastal regions. People like Wang Binyu, whose case became newsworthy in 2005. According to State statistics, the current number of migrant workers in China is estimated at 150 million, that is to say nearly 11.5% of the population. China’s urban migrants sent home the equivalent of almost 300 billion US$ in 2005.

Europe

The recent expansions of the European Union have provided opportunities for many people to be able to migrate to other EU countries for work. For both the 2004 and 2007 enlargements existing states were given the rights to impose various transitional arrangements to limit access to their labour markets.

North America

Canada

In Canada companies are beginning to recruit temporary foreign workers under Services Canada's recent expansion of an immigration program for migrant workers.

United States

The term foreign worker is generally used in the United States to refer to people fitting the international (UN) definition of migrant worker. The term migrant worker, in the U.S., refers to someone who regularly works away from home, if they have a home at all.^[1]

In the United States, this term is commonly used to describe low-wage workers performing manual labor in the agriculture field; these are often immigrants who are not working on valid work visas. The United States has enacted the Migrant and Seasonal Agricultural Worker Protection Act to remove the restraints on commerce caused by activities detrimental to migrant and seasonal agricultural workers; to require farm labor contractors to register; and to assure necessary protections for migrant and seasonal agricultural workers, agricultural associations, and agricultural employers. Most migrant workers in America are people from Mexico and Central America.

The term migrant worker sometimes may be used to describe any worker who moves from one seasonal job to another.^[1] This use is generally confined to lower-wage fields, perhaps because the term has been indelibly linked with low-wage farmworkers and illegal immigrants.^[1] Examples of professions which could be called migrant workers, some of them quite lucrative, include: Electricians in the construction industry; other construction workers who travel from one construction job to another, often in different cities; wildland firefighters in the western United States; temporary/roving consulting work; and possibly even interstate truck drivers.

In America's history, starting at the end of the Civil War, hobos were the migrant workers who performed much of this agricultural work, using freight railroads as their means of transportation to new jobs. During the Great Depression, Okies who fled the dust bowl were a significant source of temporary farm labor.

References

^ ^a ^b ^c Newport City Refugees and Asylum Seekers

[newp-1] Newport City Refugees and Asylum Seekers

[1]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+[[Image:Migrant Worker by David Shankbone.JPG|thumb|Migrant farm worker, New York]]
-{{Unreferenced|date=April 2007}}
-{{Two_other_uses|1=the Japanese group dance|2=the video game|3=ParaParaParadise|4=the Sailor Moon character|5=Amazoness Quartet}}
+The term '''migrant worker''' has different official meanings and connotations in different parts of the world; the United Nations' definition is very broad, essentially including anyone working outside of their home country.  In some countries, notably the U.S., the term has a specific connotation that the work will be low paid. The term can also be used to describe someone who migrates within a country, possibly their own, in order to pursue work such as seasonal work.
-'''Para Para''' (Japanese: パラパラ; also "Para-Para" or "ParaPara") is a popular [[Japan]]ese synchronised [[group dance]]. Unlike most [[club dance|club dancing]] and [[rave party|rave]] dancing, there are specific, preset movements for each song, and everyone does the same moves at once, much like [[line dance|line dancing]]. Para Para is said to have existed since the early 80's, when Europe started selling [[Italo Disco]], [[Euro Disco]], and later [[New Wave music]] in Japan (New Wave came about in the mid-80's), but did not achieve much popularity outside of Japan until the late 90's, when the popularity boom of para para took place. Today, it is known throughout the world, especially the [[Pacific Rim]].
+==United Nations' definition==
-==Description==
+web/gAdvocacy and Resource Centre on the Human Rights of Migrant Workers.
-Para Para is performed using mostly arm movements; very little lower body movement is involved save for perhaps moving one's hips or stepping in place, although a few routines require more detailed leg motions. It has been speculated that it is a descendant of the traditional [[Bon Odori]] dance.  The dance originated from the early days in the 80's when men working in the VIP room in clubs would choreograph dances to impress the women{{Fact|date=May 2008}}. The dance style then grew from there. The dances are performed to fast, upbeat [[music]] such as [[Eurobeat]]. Fans of Para Para dancing often call themselves "Paralists".
+==National perspectives==
-==Variants==
+===Asia===
-Some variants of Para Para are also present, such as ''TechPara'' (which would be danced to Hyper [[techno music|techno]]) and ''TraPara'' (which would be danced to [[trance music|trance]]). This is also known as ''Torapara'' due to trance being written as トランス (''toransu'') in Japanese.
+====China====
+It is also used currently for workers from China's impoverished regions who go to work in the more prosperous coastal regions.  People like [[Wang Binyu]], whose case became newsworthy in 2005. According to State statistics, the current number of migrant workers in China is estimated at 150 million, that is to say nearly 11.5% of the population. China’s urban migrants sent home the equivalent of almost 300 billion US$ in 2005.
-==Para para in popular culture==
-*Para Para experienced a huge boom in Japan in 1998–1999 when pop idol [[Takuya Kimura]] of [[SMAP]] performed it on television. It was such a great impact that even [[Mickey Mouse]] danced it in [[Tokyo Disneyland]]. People in [[Mickey Mouse]] and other Tokyo Disneyland costumes appeared on television dancing it with [[Takuya Kimura]].
+===Europe===
-*The Japanese [[video game]] company [[Konami]] has released a series of video games called ''[[ParaParaParadise]]'' as part of its [[Bemani]] series of music-based games. The game features an octagonal platform with [[motion detection|motion detecting]] sensors above it. Players must trigger the sensors by moving their arms (or other body parts) under the sensors when a corresponding arrow reaches the top of the screen placed at the front of the platform.
+The recent [[Enlargement of the European Union|expansions of the European Union]] have provided opportunities for many people to be able to migrate to other EU countries for work. For both the 2004 and 2007 enlargements existing states were given the rights to impose various transitional arrangements to limit access to their labour markets.
-*'''''[[Para Para Sakura]]''''', a [[film]] starring [[Aaron Kwok]], features some Para Para dancing in the context of a romantic plot. The [[theme song]] for the film, ''Para Para Sakura'', is not related to any form of Para Para based music. Paralists do not consider the film to be of any relation to the original Para Para.
+===North America===
-*In Chapter 30 of the [[manga]] series Bobobo-bo Bo-bobo, Don Patch performs the Para Para with a group of [[cat]]s.
+====Canada====
+In Canada companies are beginning to recruit temporary foreign workers under Services Canada's recent expansion of an immigration program for migrant workers.
-*In one episode of the [[anime]] ''[[Dragon Ball GT]]'', Goku, his granddaughter Pan, their friend Trunks, and even the robot Giru are put under a Para Para-type dance by the three Para Para Brothers.
+====United States====
-*In a number of Japanese [[pop star]] [[Ayumi Hamasaki]]'s concerts, Ayumi taught her fans the routines for her songs 'Trauma' and 'Independent' and got her fans to dance along with her.
+[[Image:DorotheaLangeMigrantWorkersChildren.jpg|thumb|Children of migrant cotton field workers from [[Sweetwater, Oklahoma]]. May 1937]]
+The term [[foreign worker]] is generally used in the United States to refer to people fitting the international (UN) definition of migrant worker. The term ''migrant worker'', in the U.S., refers to someone who regularly works away from [[home]], if they have a home at all.<ref name="newp"/>
+In the United States, this term is commonly used to describe low-wage workers performing manual labor in the [[agriculture]] field; these are often [[immigrants]] who are not working on valid work visas. The United States has enacted the [http://finduslaw.com/migrant_and_seasonal_agricultural_worker_protection_msawp_29_u_s_code_chapter_20 Migrant and Seasonal Agricultural Worker Protection Act] to remove the restraints on commerce caused by activities detrimental to migrant and seasonal agricultural workers; to require farm labor contractors to register; and to assure necessary protections for migrant and seasonal agricultural workers, agricultural associations, and agricultural employers. Most migrant workers in America are people from Mexico and Central America.
-*In the [[anime]] ''[[School Rumble|School Rumble - Second Term]]'', [[Tenma Tsukamoto]] does the para para in Episode 17 in an attempt to ruin an arranged marriage between [[Eri Sawachika]], who she is posing as, and an unnamed groom, whom [[Kenji Harima]] is posing as.
+The term migrant worker sometimes may be used to describe any worker who moves from one seasonal job to another.<ref name="newp"/>  This use is generally confined to lower-wage fields, perhaps because the term has been indelibly linked with low-wage [[farmworker]]s and illegal immigrants.<ref name="newp">[http://www.newport.gov.uk/_dc/index.cfm?fuseaction=refugeesasylum.frequentquestions Newport City Refugees and Asylum Seekers<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>  Examples of professions which could be called migrant workers, some of them quite lucrative, include: [[Electrician]]s in the construction industry; other [[construction worker]]s who travel from one construction job to another, often in different cities; [[wildfire|wildland firefighters]] in the western United States; temporary/roving [[consulting]] work; and possibly even interstate [[truck driver]]s.
-*In the [[anime]] ''[[Super Gals!]]'', para para dancing is a popular pastime for the main character, Kotobuki Ran.
+In America's history, starting at the end of the [[American Civil War|Civil War]], [[hobo|hobos]] were the migrant workers who performed much of this agricultural work, using freight [[railroad|railroads]] as their means of transportation to new jobs.  During the [[Great Depression]], [[Okie|Okies]] who fled the [[dust bowl]] were a significant source of temporary farm labor.
-*Para Para dancing can be seen in parts of the [[2006]] film ''[[The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift]]''.
-*Para Para dancing was also meant to have appeared in one of the bonus features from [[The fast and The Furious: Tokyo Drift]] DVD,where one of the co-actors gives the viewer a short lesson of Para Para Basic Dance. However, this feature has been cut from the final release.
-*A line of Yoko Ishida CDs have remixes of anime songs with a Para Para beat, appropriately named Para Para.
-*In the video game [[Rumble Roses XX]], one of the [[penalty game]]s of Queen's Match is Para-Para Dancing and that girl who lost is forced to perform it and depending on the costume the player chose, the girl may have a positive, neutral or negative reaction.
-*In the video game Gitaroo Man, on the second level, the background characters are doing para para.
-*Para Para dancing is performed and mentioned in the [[2001]] [[Hello! Project]] Shuffle Group song {{nihongo|'''Dancing! Natsu Matsuri'''|ダンシング! 夏祭り|Danshingu! Natsu Matsuri}} by {{nihongo|'''Juunin Matsuri'''|10人祭|}}.
-*Para Para is also used in the [[Soran Happies]] Video for Odore! Soran Parapara.
-*Para Para dancing appears briefly near the end of the video for the [[KT Tunstall]] song [[Hold On (KT Tunstall song)|Hold On]].
-*Para Para dancing is featured heavily in the [[2006]] Japanese [[dorama]] '''Gal Circle'''. Many of the episodes revolve around it and nearly all of the major characters belong to a gal circle that is dedicated to it.
-*Para para is dancing in '''La Revolución Sexual''' music video by the Spanish Group [[La Casa Azul]]
-==Current trends==
-In April 2005, the Para Para dance for "[[Dragostea Din Tei]]" was aired on the popular show [[SMAP×SMAP]] in Japan (the same programme which created the '98 boom). The [[Para Para Paradise]] video series has since been replaced by the [[Gazen Para Para!!]] series of CDs and DVDs, marketed to younger teens using popular [[ganguro]] models from [[Egg magazine]]. However, as with past trends, the boom has quieted down, though Avex continues to promote Para Para through its [[Super Eurobeat]], [[We Love Techpara]], and [[Gazen Para Para!!]] compilation series.
-==Para Para outside of Japan==
-Para para has devoted fan bases in all countries outside Japan.  Many paralists often gather a few times a year for performances and events at conventions and parties.
-The United Kingdom, the United States, Finland, Norway and Russia are notable for having para para teams and more active fanbases.
-However, most events in the United States occur at anime conventions, due to the fan base being very scattered.  Many fans have seen a desire for club events in the United States.
-In the United States, [[Geneon Entertainment]] has released the ''Para Para MAX US Mix'' series of CDs. The discs contain [[remix]]es of [[anime]] [[theme music]] from ''[[Neon Genesis Evangelion franchise|Neon Genesis Evangelion]]'', ''[[Pokémon]]'', ''[[Magic Knight Rayearth]]'', and many other different anime productions. Volumes 1, 2 and 3 were released in August, October, and December 2005, respectively. Geneon also help contests to promote the CD and its anime series. 2005's contest was held at [[Otakon]] on [[20 August]] [[2005]]. Geneon's efforts failed to expand the reach of Para Para in the United States, and the series is generally considered a failure by American fans. Regardless of this, Geneon released a Para Para instructional DVD called ''ParaPara MAX: The Moves 101'', featuring several well-known United States paralists. The DVD did not sell well due to an exclusive sales agreement with Media Play, Sam Goody and Suncoast, because they soon went out of business. The DVD can still be purchased online or from various vendors at anime conventions. After the Anime Fusion Tour's conclusion in the summer of 2006, [[Yoko Ishida]]'s management changed, which lead to the end of Geneon's promotion of Para Para in the United States.
 ==See also==
+* [[3D's]] "Dirty, Dangerous and Demeaning" work, also known as 3K's in Japan
-* [[Gazen ParaPara!!]]
+* [[Cesar Chavez]] migrant worker organizer in US
-* [[Para Para Paradise]]
+* Easton, Terry. "[http://www.southernspaces.org/contents/2007/easton/1a.htm Geographies of Hope and Despair: Atlanta's African American, Latino, and White Day Laborers]." ''Southern Spaces'', December 21, 2007.
-* [[AVEX Records]]
+* [[Migrant domestic workers]]
-* [[Eurobeat]]
+* Odem, Mary. "[http://www.southernspaces.org/contents/2006/odem/1a.htm Global Lives, Local Struggles: Latin American Immigrants in Atlanta]" ''Southern Spaces'', May 19, 2006.
+* [[Raj Chouhan]] migrant worker union organizer in Canada
-==External links==
+* [[Patrick Chamusso]] migrant worker union organizer in South Africa
-* [http://www.paraparachile.com/ ParaParaChile.com] Chile Based South American Para Para Forum.
+* [[Army of Hope]]
-* [http://www.paraparaparadise.net/ ParaParaParadise.net] provides many para para routines video.
+* [http://www.politicoslatinos.com/2008candidates-videos.html PoliticosLatinos.com] Videos of 2008 US Presidential Election Candidates' Positions regarding Immigration
-* [http://www.parapara.us/ Parapara dot US] provides many para para routines video.
-* [http://www.eurobeat-prime.com/ Eurobeat Prime] contains information about many eurobeat albums.
+* [http://www.december18.net December 18] Multilingual site on migrants' rights issues.
-* [http://www.newfield.it/ Akyrmusic] Label for ParaPara Eurobeat & Hypertechno.
-* [http://www.paraparastage.com/ Para Para Stage] A forum with members from across the globe. Referenced for fan opinions, though forum has since been reset due to old forum not functioning. Old forum can be seen at [http://www.paraparastage.com/forum/index.php]
-* [http://www.parapara.com.br/ ParaPara.com.br] A Brazilian ParaPara site and forum.
-* [http://www.para2mahou.com] The site of the US ParaPara team "Para²Mahou".
-* [http://www.kirakira.org/XD/] The site of the US ParaPara team "EKS-D ParaPara"
-* [http://www.candy-cadet.net/parapara/] The site of the US ParaPara team "American Dream".
-* [http://www.supereuroflash.nl Super Euro Flash] Para Para Dutch team. They give also practices at conventions like AbunaiCon, AnimeCon, Chibicon and others. Here is their official website.
-* [http://parahina.de.gg/ Para Hina] Para Hina is the first and only German Para Para Dance Group(the English site coming soon)
-* [http://www.newparapara.net/ New ParaPara], a very recent chilean forum that joins some old and new chilean dancers. Includes a Downloads Zone and info about Eurobeat and ParaPara.
+==References==
-[[Category:Dances of Japan]]
+{{reflist}}
-[[Category:Geneon]]
-[[Category:Japanese subcultures]]
-[[Category:Musical subcultures]]
-[[de:Para Para]]
+[[Category:Immigration]]
-[[es:Para para]]
+[[ja:民工]]
-[[it:Para Para]]
+[[zh:农民工]]
+[[ru:Трудящийся-мигрант]]
-[[ja:パラパラ]]
-[[no:Para Para]]
-[[pl:Para para]]
-[[pt:Para Para]]
-[[fi:Para Para]]
-[[th:ปาราปารา]]
-[[zh:Para Para]]