Wikipedia:WikiProject Red Link Recovery/Capitalisation/2 and Profibus: Difference between pages

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{{Infobox Fieldbus Protocol
{{Wikipedia:WikiProject Red Link Recovery/Capitalisation/Header}}
| Name = PROFIBUS
| Type_of_Network = Device Bus, Process Control
| Physical_Media = Twisted pair, fiber
| Network_Topology = Bus
| Device_Addressing = DIP Switch or hardware/software
| Governing_Body = PROFIBUS&PROFINET International (PI)
| URL = [http://www.profibus.com/ www.profibus.com]
}}


'''PROFIBUS''' (Process Field Bus) is a standard for field bus communication in automation technology and was first promoted (1989) by [[BMBF]] (German department of education and research). It should not be confused with the [[PROFINET]] standard for industrial Ethernet.
=== 500 - 519 ===
* <s>[[VG-lista_1960]] links to [[A_Voice_In_The_Wilderness]], try [[A_Voice_in_the_Wilderness]]</s> Song vs TV episode
* <s>[[List_of_best-selling_singles_worldwide]] links to [[A_Walk_In_The_Park]], try [[A_Walk_in_the_Park]]</s> Nick Straker Band single vs Namie Amuro single
* <s>[[List_of_best-selling_singles_worldwide]] links to [[A_Walk_In_The_Park]], try [[A_walk_in_the_park]]</s> Nick Straker Band single vs Namie Amuro single


=== 520 - 529 ===
== Origin ==
The history of PROFIBUS goes back to a publicly promoted plan for an association started in Germany in 1987 and for which 21 companies and institutes devised a master project plan called "field bus". The goal was to implement and spread the use of a bit-serial field bus based on the basic requirements of the field device interfaces. For this purpose, respective company members agreed to support a common technical concept for production and process automation. First, the complex communication protocol Profibus FMS (Field bus Message Specification), which was tailored for demanding communication tasks, was specified. Subsequently in 1993, the specification for the simpler and thus considerably faster protocol PROFIBUS DP (Decentralized Peripherals) was completed. It replaced FMS.
*<s>[[The_Jungle_Book_Groove_Party]] links to [[A_brand_new_day]], try [[A_Brand_New_Day]]</s> Groove song from Disney video game vs. gospel album


=== 530 - 539 ===
== Use ==
There are two variations of PROFIBUS; the most commonly used DP, and the lesser used PA variations:
*<s>[[María_Teresa_Campos]] links to [[A_mi_manera]], try [[A_Mi_Manera]]</s> Spanish TV show vs translated Sinatra song
* '''PROFIBUS DP''' (Decentralized Peripherals) is used to operate sensors and actuators via a centralized controller in production technology. The many standard diagnostic options, in particular, are focused on here. Other areas of use include the connection of "distributed intelligence", i.e. the networking of multiple controllers to one another (similar to PROFIBUS FMS). Data rates up to 12 Mbit/s on twisted pair cables and/or fiber optics are possible.
*<s>[[The_Stories_of_Vladimir_Nabokov]] links to [[A_slice_of_life]], try [[A_Slice_of_Life]]</s> 1924+ Nabokov story vs 1914 film
* '''PROFIBUS PA''' (Process Automation) is used to monitor measuring equipment via a process control system in process engineering. This PROFIBUS variant is ideal for explosion-hazardous areas (Ex-zone 0 and 1). Here, a weak current flows through bus lines in an intrinsically safe circuit so that explosive sparks are not created, even if a malfunction occurs. The disadvantage of this variant is the slower data transmission rate of 31.25 kbit/s.
*<s>[[Bosnian-Herzegovinian_Film_Festival]] links to [[A_trip_to_the_Moon]], try [[A_trip_to_the_moon]]</s> 2005 Bosnian film vs 1902 French film
PROFIBUS is the only field bus that can be used in equal measure in production automation and process automation and has since become a global market leader. Worldwide, over 20 million PROFIBUS devices are in use (as of 2007).
*<s>[[Bagha-Chall]] links to [[Aadu_puli_aattam]], try [[Aadu_Puli_Aattam]]</s> board game vs film


== Technology ==
<center>
'''PROFIBUS Protocol (OSI reference model)'''
{| border="0" cellspacing="3"
|-----
! colspan="2" | OSI-Layer
! colspan="5" align="center" | PROFIBUS
|-----
| align="center" bgcolor="#ffff99" | 7
| align="center" bgcolor="#ffff99" | Application
| align="center" bgcolor="#ffcc99" |
| align="center" bgcolor="#ffcc99" | DPV0
| align="center" bgcolor="#ffcc99" | DPV1
| align="center" bgcolor="#ffcc99" | DPV2
| align="center" bgcolor="#ffcc99" |
| rowspan="7" align="center" bgcolor="#cccccc" | Management
|-----
| align="center" bgcolor="#ffff99" | 6
| align="center" bgcolor="#ffff99" | Presentation
| colspan="5" rowspan="4" align="center" bgcolor="#dddddd" | --
|-----
| align="center" bgcolor="#ffff99" | 5
| align="center" bgcolor="#ffff99" | Session
|-----
| align="center" bgcolor="#ffff99" | 4
| align="center" bgcolor="#ffff99" | Transport
|-----
| align="center" bgcolor="#ffff99" | 3
| align="center" bgcolor="#ffff99" | Network
|-----
| align="center" bgcolor="#ffff99" | 2
| align="center" bgcolor="#ffff99" | Data Link
| colspan="5" align="center" bgcolor="#ffcc99" | FDL
|-----
| align="center" bgcolor="#ffff99" | 1
| align="center" bgcolor="#ffff99" | Physical
| colspan="2" align="center" bgcolor="#ffcc99" | [[EIA-485]]
| align="center" bgcolor="#ffcc99" | Optical
| colspan="2" align="center" bgcolor="#ffcc99" | MBP
|}
<br />
</center>




=== Application layer ===
To utilize these functions, various service levels of the DP protocol were defined:
* DP-V0 for cyclic exchange of data and diagnosis
* DP-V1 for acyclic and cyclic data exchange and alarm handling
* DP-V2 for isochronous mode and data exchange broadcast (slave-to-slave communication)


=== Security layer ===
The security layer '''FDL''' (Field bus Data Link) works with a hybrid access method that combines token passing with a master-slave method. In a PROFIBUS DP network, the controllers or process control systems are the masters and the sensors and actuators are the slaves.


=== 560 - 569 ===
*<s>[[Pierre_Schoendoerffer]] links to [[Above_the_clouds]], try [[Above_The_Clouds]]</s> film vs song
*<s>[[Pierre_Schoendoerffer]] links to [[Above_the_clouds]], try [[Above_the_Clouds]]</s> film vs song


Various telegram types are used. They can be differentiated by their start delimiter (SD):
=== 570 - 579 ===
*<s>[[Kabaddi_at_the_2006_Asian_Games]] links to [[Abrar_Khan]], try [[Abrar_khan]]</s> medal winner vs. musician
*<s>[[Townes_Van_Zandt]] links to [[Absolutely_Nothing]], try [[Absolutely_nothing]]</s> album vs redirect to Nothing
*<s>[[James_Stinson]] links to [[Abstract_Thought]], try [[Abstract_thought]]</s> Music act vs. concept of abstractio


No data:
=== 610 - 619 ===
SD1 = 0x10
*<s>[[List_of_Nigerian_films]] links to [[Accidental_Discharge]], try [[Accidental_discharge]]</s> Film vs. weaponry term
{| border = "1"
|bgcolor="#ffff99"|SD1
|bgcolor="#ffcc99"|DA
|bgcolor="#ffcc99"|SA
|bgcolor="#77ffff"|FC
|bgcolor="#ff7777"|FCS
|bgcolor="#ffff99"|ED
|}
Variable length data:


SD2 = 0x68
=== 620 - 629 ===
*<s>[[The_Big_Apple_Rotten_to_the_Core]] links to [[Ace_In_The_Hole]], try [[Ace_in_the_Hole]]</s> Butch Lust & The Hypocrites band member vs. disamb.


{| border = "1"
=== 630 - 639 ===
|bgcolor="#ffff99"|SD2||LE||LEr||bgcolor="#ffff99" |SD2
*<s>[[Eagle_Brand_Medicated_Oil]] links to [[Aches_and_pains]], try [[Aches_and_Pains]]</s> Illness vs. book
|bgcolor="#ffcc99"|DA
*<s>[[GWO]] links to [[Acid_Burn]], try [[Acid_burn]]</s> Wrestler vs. chemistry term
|bgcolor="#ffcc99"|SA
*<s>[[Bath]] links to [[Acid_bath]], try [[Acid_Bath]]</s> Chemical process vs. sludge metal group
|bgcolor="#77ffff"|FC
*<s>[[List_of_loudspeaker_manufacturers]] links to [[Acoustic_Energy]], try [[Acoustic_energy]]</s> Company name vs physics concept
||PDU
|bgcolor="#ff7777"|FCS
|bgcolor="#ffff99"|ED
|}
Fixed length data:


SD3 = 0xA2
=== 640 - 649 ===
*<s>[[Rachael_Bell]] links to [[Acoustic_soul]], try [[Acoustic_Soul]]</s> Genre vs. album
*<s>[[Michael_Rothenstein]] links to [[Acquainted_with_the_Night]], try [[Acquainted_With_the_Night]]</s> 1949 book by Nancy Price vs. Robert Frost poem
*<s>[[The_Boxer]] links to [[Across_The_Border]], try [[Across_the_Border]]</s> Band vs. song


{| border = "1"
=== 650 - 659 ===
|bgcolor="#ffff99"|SD3
*[[Joseph_D'Amico]] links to [[Acting_boss]], try [[Acting_Boss]]
|bgcolor="#ffcc99"|DA
|bgcolor="#ffcc99"|SA
|bgcolor="#77ffff"|FC
||PDU
|bgcolor="#ff7777"|FCS
|bgcolor="#ffff99"|ED
|}
Token:


SD4 = 0xDC
=== 660 - 669 ===
*[[List_of_PlayStation_2_CD-ROM_games]] links to [[Action_Replay_Max]], try [[Action_replay_max]]
*<s>[[List_of_Microïds_games]] links to [[Action_Sport]], try [[Action_sport]]</s> Game vs. sport
*[[List_of_video_games:_A-C]] links to [[Action_in_New_York]], try [[Action_in_new_york]]


{| border = "1"
=== 670 - 679 ===
|bgcolor="#ffff99"|SD4
*<s>[[Selected_Reserve]] links to [[Active_Component]], try [[Active_component]]</s> Military term vs. engineering term
|bgcolor="#ffcc99"|DA
*<s>[[Colleen]] links to [[Active_Suspension]], try [[Active_suspension]]</s> Record label vs. automotive technology
|bgcolor="#ffcc99"|SA
*[[Camille_Desmoulins]] links to [[Active_and_passive_Citizens]], try [[Active_and_passive_citizens]]
|}
*[[Greater_Baltimore_Medical_Center]] links to [[Acute_Care]], try [[Acute_care]]


Brief acknowledgement:
=== 680 - 689 ===
*[[List_of_people_from_the_Dominican_Republic]] links to [[Ada_Aimee_De_La_Cruz]], try [[Ada_Aimee_de_la_Cruz]]
*<s>[[Architectural_projects_under_construction_in_Belgrade]] links to [[Ada_Bridge]], try [[Ada_bridge]]</s> bridge in Belgrade vs. bridge in Michigan
*<s>[[The_Beatles_outtakes]] links to [[Adagio_For_Strings]], try [[Adagio_for_Strings]]</s> Beatles song vs. Samuel Barber composition
*[[Rhinolophus]] links to [[Adam's_horseshoe_bat]], try [[Adam's_Horseshoe_Bat]]
*<s>[[List_of_automotive_superlatives]] links to [[Adams_Brothers]], try [[Adams_brothers]]</s> Car manufacturer vs. crime syndicate


SC = 0xE5
=== 690 - 699 ===
*[[Alvin_Adams]] links to [[Adams_Express]], try [[Adams_express]]
*[[List_of_academic_disciplines]] links to [[Adapted_physical_education]], try [[Adapted_Physical_Education]]
*[[List_of_acronyms_and_initialisms:_A]] links to [[Adaptive_Modulation_and_Coding]], try [[Adaptive_modulation_and_coding]]
*<s>[[Reed_Hastings]] links to [[Adaptive_Technology]], try [[Adaptive_technology]]</s> Company vs. technological term
*[[Association_of_Young_Americans]] links to [[Addicted_to_Oil]], try [[Addicted_to_oil]]
*<s>[[List_of_medical_journals]] links to [[Addictive_Behavior]], try [[Addictive_behavior]]</s> Medical journal vs. medical term


{| border = "1"
=== 700 - 709 ===
|bgcolor="#ffff99"|SC
*[[Henry_Ford_II_High_School]] links to [[Adlai_E._Stevenson_high_school]], try [[Adlai_E._Stevenson_High_School]]
|}
*[[University_do_Vale_do_Paraíba]] links to [[Administrative_Center]], try [[Administrative_center]]
*[[Ignaz_Jastrow]] links to [[Administrative_science]], try [[Administrative_Science]]
*[[Grey_Stakes]] links to [[Admiral_Gano]], try [[Admiral_gano]]
*[[John_Holloway_(governor)]] links to [[Admiral_of_the_blue]], try [[Admiral_of_the_Blue]]


=== 710 - 719 ===
*[[History_of_sonata_form]] links to [[Adolph_Bernhard_Marx]], try [[Adolph_bernhard_marx]]
*[[Caribbean_Court_of_Justice]] links to [[Adrian_Saunders]], try [[Adrian_saunders]]
*<s>[[In_the_Summertime_(song)]] links to [[Adrian_Van_De_Velde]], try [[Adrian_Van_de_Velde]]</s> Contemporary music video director vs. 17th century painter
*<s>[[In_the_Summertime_(song)]] links to [[Adrian_Van_De_Velde]], try [[Adrian_van_de_Velde]]</s> Contemporary music video director vs. 17th century painter
*[[List_of_endangered_animal_species]] links to [[Adriatic_Salmon]], try [[Adriatic_salmon]]


SD: Start Delimiter
=== 720 - 729 ===
*[[Ishwar_Modi]] links to [[Adult_Literacy]], try [[Adult_literacy]]
*[[Bang_Bros]] links to [[Adult_Website]], try [[Adult_website]]
*[[Central_Carolina_Community_College]] links to [[Adult_basic_education]], try [[Adult_Basic_Education]]
*[[List_of_diseases_(A)]] links to [[Adult_spinal_muscular_atrophy]], try [[Adult_Spinal_Muscular_Atrophy]]


LE: Length of protocol data unit, (incl. DA,SA,FC,DSAP,SSAP)
=== 730 - 739 ===
*[[University_of_Florida_Baldwin_Library]] links to [[Adventure_stories]], try [[Adventure_Stories]]
*[[Research_on_Adverse_Drug_events_And_Reports]] links to [[Adverse_drug_event]], try [[Adverse_Drug_Event]]


LEr: Repetition of protocol data unit, (Hamming distance = 4)
=== 740 - 749 ===
*[[Norman_Mailer]] links to [[Advertisements_for_Myself]], try [[Advertisements_For_Myself]]
*[[Cristina_Mittermeier]] links to [[Advisory_Board]], try [[Advisory_board]]
*<s>[[Aerial_Anarchists]] links to [[Aerial_Torpedo]], try [[Aerial_torpedo]]</s> Film vs. conceptual weapon


FC: Function Code
=== 750 - 759 ===
*<s>[[List_of_programmes_broadcast_by_Discovery_Home_&_Health]] links to [[Aerobic_Conditioning]], try [[Aerobic_conditioning]]</s> Television show vs. medical process
*[[List_of_museums_in_South_Korea]] links to [[Aerospace_Museum]], try [[Aerospace_museum]]
*[[Hoadley's_Battle_of_the_Sounds]] links to [[Aesops_Fables]], try [[Aesops_fables]]


DA: Destination Address
=== 760 - 769 ===
*[[Timeline_of_Afghanistan_(April_2003)]] links to [[Afghan_television]], try [[Afghan_Television]]
*[[Hemitheconyx]] links to [[African_Fat-tailed_Gecko]], try [[African_fat-tailed_gecko]]
*[[Notopteridae]] links to [[African_Knifefish]], try [[African_knifefish]]
*[[Emeka_Nwadiora]] links to [[African_Philosophy]], try [[African_philosophy]]


SA: Source Address
=== 770 - 779 ===
*[[Enrique_Grau]] links to [[Afro_Colombian]], try [[Afro_colombian]]


=== 780 - 789 ===
*[[Neal_Morse]] links to [[After_The_Storm_(album)]], try [[After_the_Storm_(album)]]
*<s>[[Concrete_(Pet_Shop_Boys_album)]] links to [[After_all]], try [[After_All]]</s> Pet Shop Boys song vs. disamb.
*<s>[[Mosh_(song)]] links to [[After_effects]], try [[After_Effects]]</s> Animation term vs. specific title of animation program
*[[David_Forrest]] links to [[After_me,_the_deluge]], try [[After_Me,_The_Deluge]]
*[[Reel_2_Real]] links to [[After_the_rain]], try [[After_The_Rain]]
*[[Reel_2_Real]] links to [[After_the_rain]], try [[After_the_Rain]]
*[[List_of_television_programmes_broadcast_by_the_BBC]] links to [[After_you've_gone]], try [[After_You've_Gone]]
*<s>[[The_Yardbirds_discography]] links to [[Afternoon_Tea]], try [[Afternoon_tea]]</s> Album vs. meal


DSAP: Destination [[Service Access Point]]
=== 790 - 799 ===
*<s>[[Angus_Book_Award]] links to [[Against_The_Day]], try [[Against_the_Day]]</s> Michael Cronin book vs. Thomas Pynchon book
*<s>[[Angus_Book_Award]] links to [[Against_The_Day]], try [[Against_the_day]]</s> Michael Cronin book vs. Thomas Pynchon book
*[[The_Twilights_(band)]] links to [[Age_Of_Consent_(film)]], try [[Age_of_Consent_(film)]]
*[[Pearly_Gatecrashers]] links to [[Age_Of_Innocence]], try [[Age_of_Innocence]]
*[[Pearly_Gatecrashers]] links to [[Age_Of_Innocence]], try [[Age_of_innocence]]


SSAP: Source [[Service Access Point]]
=== 800 - 809 ===
*[[The_Golden_Bough]] links to [[Age_of_Fable]], try [[Age_Of_Fable]]
*[[Gender_role]] links to [[Agents_of_socialization]], try [[Agents_of_Socialization]]
*[[Biblical_Magi]] links to [[Ages_of_man]], try [[Ages_of_Man]]
*[[APM]] links to [[Agile_project_management]], try [[Agile_Project_Management]]
*[[Museum_of_the_Moving_Image]] links to [[Agit_Prop]], try [[Agit_prop]]


=== 810 - 819 ===
*[[David_di_Donatello_for_Best_Cinematography]] links to [[Agnes_Godard]], try [[Agnes_godard]]
*[[John_Besh]] links to [[Agostino_Von_Hassell]], try [[Agostino_von_Hassell]]
*[[Heather_Stefanson]] links to [[Agriculture_Minister]], try [[Agriculture_minister]]
*[[University_of_Agricultural_Sciences]] links to [[Agriculture_engineering]], try [[Agriculture_Engineering]]
*[[Cañita]] links to [[Agua_de_Jamaica]], try [[Agua_de_jamaica]]
*[[Cañita]] links to [[Agua_de_Tamarindo]], try [[Agua_de_tamarindo]]


PDU: Protocol Data Unit (protocol data)
=== 820 - 829 ===
*[[Islam_in_India]] links to [[Ahmed_Sirhindi]], try [[Ahmed_sirhindi]]
*[[List_of_contemporary_Turkish_poets]] links to [[Ahmet_Arif]], try [[Ahmet_arif]]
*[[Milly_Quezada]] links to [[Ahora_es]], try [[Ahora_Es]]
*[[Seabourn_Cruise_Line]] links to [[Aida_Cruises]], try [[Aida_cruises]]
*[[Damo_Suzuki]] links to [[Aids_Wolf]], try [[Aids_wolf]]


FCS: Frame Checking Sequence
=== 830 - 839 ===
*[[United_States_Coast_Guard]] links to [[Aids_to_navigation]], try [[Aids_to_Navigation]]
*[[List_of_postal_codes_in_Algeria]] links to [[Ain_ben_Khelil]], try [[Ain_Ben_Khelil]]
*[[Astronautics_Corporation_of_America]] links to [[Air_Data_Computers]], try [[Air_data_computers]]


ED: End Delimiter (= 0x16 !)
=== 840 - 849 ===
*<s>[[Hong_Kong_films_of_1983]] links to [[Air_Disaster]], try [[Air_disaster]]</s> Film vs. actual air disaster
*[[H.M.S._Unseen_(novel)]] links to [[Air_Force_Three]], try [[Air_force_three]]
*[[Convoy_ONS-5]] links to [[Air_Gap]], try [[Air_gap]]
*<s>[[Timeline_of_first_orbital_launches_by_country]] links to [[Air_Launch]], try [[Air_launch]]</s> Company vs. aviation term
*[[List_of_waste_management_acronyms]] links to [[Air_Pollution_Control]], try [[Air_pollution_control]]
*[[INS_Venduruthy]] links to [[Air_Station]], try [[Air_station]]


The FCS is calculated by simply adding up the bytes within the specified length. An overflow is ignored here. Each byte is saved with an even parity and transferred asynchronously with a start and stop bit.
=== 850 - 859 ===
There may not be a pause between a stop bit and the following start bit when the bytes of a telegram are transmitted. The master signals the start of a new telegram with a SYN pause of at least 33 bits (logical "1" = bus idle).
*[[Transat_A.T.]] links to [[Air_Transportation]], try [[Air_transportation]]
*<s>[[Simulations_Publications,_Inc.]] links to [[Air_War]], try [[Air_war]]</s> Board game vs. actual warfare
*[[Oslo_Airport,_Gardermoen]] links to [[Air_Wing]], try [[Air_wing]]
*[[Saharsa]] links to [[Air_condition]], try [[Air_Condition]]
*<s>[[Prix_Vicomtesse_Vigier]] links to [[Air_de_Cour]], try [[Air_de_cour]]</s> Racehorse vs. musical term
*<s>[[Economy_of_the_Central_African_Republic]] links to [[Air_service]], try [[Air_Service]]</s> Aviation term vs. airforce


=== 860 - 869 ===
=== Bit-transmission layer ===
Three different methods are specified for the bit-transmission layer:
*[[8th_Weapons_Squadron]] links to [[Airborne_command_post]], try [[Airborne_Command_Post]]
* With electrical transmission pursuant to [[EIA-485]], twisted pair cables with a wave impedances of 150 ohms are used in a bus topology. Bit rates from 9.6 kbit/s to 12 Mbit/s can be used. The cable length between two repeaters is limited to 100 to 1200 m, depending on the bit rate used. This transmission method is primarily used with PROFIBUS DP.
*<s>[[Penguin_Books]] links to [[Aircraft_Recognition]], try [[Aircraft_recognition]]</s> Book vs. military skill
* With optical transmission via fiber optics, star-, bus- and ring-topologies are used. The distance between the repeaters can be up to 15 km. The ring topology can also be executed redundantly.
*[[Royal_Hong_Kong_Auxiliary_Air_Force]] links to [[Aircraft_Technician]], try [[Aircraft_technician]]
* With MBP (Manchester Bus Powered) transmission technology, data and field bus power are fed through the same cable. The power can be reduced in such a way that use in explosion-hazardous environments is possible. The bus topology can be up to 1900 m long and permits branching to field devices (max. 60 m branches). The bit rate here is a fixed 31.25 kbit/s. This technology was specially established for use in process automation for PROFIBUS PA.
*[[Gary_Hubler]] links to [[Airline_transport_pilot]], try [[Airline_Transport_Pilot]]


For data transfer via sliding contacts for mobile devices or optical or radio data transmission in open spaces, products from various manufacturers can be obtained, however they do not conform to any standard.
=== 870 - 879 ===
*[[Ayshah_Bibi]] links to [[Aisha_Bibi]], try [[Aisha_bibi]]
*[[Franz_Ackermann]] links to [[Akademie_der_Bildenden_Kunste]], try [[Akademie_der_bildenden_Kunste]]
*[[Franz_Ackermann]] links to [[Akademie_der_Bildenden_Kunste]], try [[Akademie_der_bildenden_kunste]]
*[[Ryo_(actress)]] links to [[Akarui_Mirai]], try [[Akarui_mirai]]


== Standardization ==
PROFIBUS was defined in 1991/1993 in DIN 19245, was then included in EN 50170 in 1996 and, since 1999, established in IEC 61158/IEC 61784.


== Organization ==
The PROFIBUS Nutzerorganisation e.V. (PROFIBUS User Organization) (PNO) was created in 1989. This group is comprised of manufacturers and users from Germany. In 1992, the first regional PROFIBUS organization was founded (PROFIBUS Schweiz in Switzerland). In the following years, additional RPAs (Regional PROFIBUS & PROFINET Associations) were added. Today, PROFIBUS is represented by 25 RPAs around the world. In 1995, all the RPAs joined together into the international umbrella association PROFIBUS & PROFINET International (PI).


=== 890 - 899 ===
== References ==
{{reflist}}
*[[April_2007]] links to [[Al-Sarafiya_Bridge]], try [[Al-Sarafiya_bridge]]
* [http://www.profibus.com/pall/meta/downloads/article/00454/] PROFIBUS system description
*[[Kummagyaria]] links to [[Al_Bakri]], try [[Al_bakri]]
*<s>[[Aardman_Animations]] links to [[Al_Dante]], try [[Al_dante]]</s> CGI animated film vs. misspelling of cooking term
*[[Radwaniyah_Palace]] links to [[Al_Faw_Palace]], try [[Al_faw_palace]]


=== 900 - 909 ===
==External links==
* [http://www.profibus.com PROFIBUS & PROFINET International]
*[[Lebanese_Media_Group]] links to [[Al_Nour]], try [[Al_nour]]
* [http://www.agilicom.fr/index2.html AGILiCOM - Profibus France]
*[[Bill_Leinhauser]] links to [[Al_Travers]], try [[Al_travers]]
* [http://www.rpingenieria.cl RP INGENIERIA - Profibus Chile]
*[[List_of_1950-1999_rail_accidents]] links to [[Al_jazira]], try [[Al_Jazira]]
*[[List_of_crime_films:1980s]] links to [[Al_pachino]], try [[Al_Pachino]]
*[[List_of_mosques]] links to [[Al_salam]], try [[Al_Salam]]
*[[List_of_endangered_animal_species]] links to [[Ala_Balik]], try [[Ala_balik]]


=== 910 - 919 ===


[[Category:Automation]]
=== 920 - 929 ===
[[Category:Industrial computing]]
*<s>[[Cranleigh_School]] links to [[Alan_Key]], try [[Alan_key]]</s> Person vs. key
[[Category:Production and manufacturing]]
*[[List_of_DC_Comics_characters:_A]] links to [[Alaric_The_Goth]], try [[Alaric_the_Goth]]
*[[List_of_DC_Comics_characters:_A]] links to [[Alaric_The_Goth]], try [[Alaric_the_goth]]
*[[J._D._Wilkes]] links to [[Alarm_Magazine]], try [[Alarm_magazine]]
*[[New_Year_Honours_2008]] links to [[Alasdair_Macdonald]], try [[Alasdair_macdonald]]


[[ca:Profibus]]
=== 930 - 939 ===
[[cs:Profibus]]
*[[Moncrieff]] links to [[Albany_herald]], try [[Albany_Herald]]
[[de:Profibus]]
*[[Gabriel_von_Max]] links to [[Albert_von_Keller]], try [[Albert_von_keller]]
[[es:Profibus]]

[[fr:Profibus]]
=== 940 - 949 ===
[[it:PROFIBUS]]
*[[Laura_Molina]] links to [[Album_Art]], try [[Album_art]]
[[nl:Profibus]]
*[[Indigo_Girls]] links to [[Album_chart]], try [[Album_Chart]]
[[pl:Profibus]]

[[pt:Profibus]]
=== 950 - 959 ===
[[ru:PROFIBUS]]
*[[Announcer]] links to [[Alex_Anthony]], try [[Alex_anthony]]
*[[Svirlag]] links to [[Alexander_Belayev]], try [[Alexander_belayev]]
*[[Paradise_Palms]] links to [[Alexander_Homes]], try [[Alexander_homes]]

=== 960 - 969 ===
*[[Pedro_Joaquín_Coldwell]] links to [[Alfonso_Romo]], try [[Alfonso_romo]]

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*<s>[[List_of_Apple_II_games]] links to [[Ali_Baba_And_The_Forty_Thieves]], try [[Ali_Baba_and_the_Forty_Thieves]]</s> computer game vs. Arabic fictional character
*[[Abdullah_Haroon]] links to [[Ali_Brothers]], try [[Ali_brothers]]

=== 980 - 989 ===
*[[Abi_Bakr_al_Alami_al_Idrissi]] links to [[Ali_Ibn_Abi_taleb]], try [[Ali_ibn_Abi_Taleb]]
*[[Muhammad_al-Bukhari]] links to [[Ali_al-Hamdani]], try [[Ali_Al-Hamdani]]
*<s>[[Kristen_Holden-Ried]] links to [[Alice_Blue]], try [[Alice_blue]]</s> Film vs. colour
*[[Up_in_Smoke]] links to [[Alice_Bowie]], try [[Alice_bowie]]

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*<s>[[Nurse_with_Wound]] links to [[Alice_The_Goon]], try [[Alice_the_Goon]]</s> Album vs. comics character
*<s>[[Nurse_with_Wound]] links to [[Alice_The_Goon]], try [[Alice_the_goon]]</s> Album vs. comics character

Revision as of 12:30, 12 October 2008

PROFIBUS
Protocol Information
Type of NetworkDevice Bus, Process Control
Physical MediaTwisted pair, fiber
Network TopologyBus
Device AddressingDIP Switch or hardware/software
Governing BodyPROFIBUS&PROFINET International (PI)
Websitewww.profibus.com

PROFIBUS (Process Field Bus) is a standard for field bus communication in automation technology and was first promoted (1989) by BMBF (German department of education and research). It should not be confused with the PROFINET standard for industrial Ethernet.

Origin

The history of PROFIBUS goes back to a publicly promoted plan for an association started in Germany in 1987 and for which 21 companies and institutes devised a master project plan called "field bus". The goal was to implement and spread the use of a bit-serial field bus based on the basic requirements of the field device interfaces. For this purpose, respective company members agreed to support a common technical concept for production and process automation. First, the complex communication protocol Profibus FMS (Field bus Message Specification), which was tailored for demanding communication tasks, was specified. Subsequently in 1993, the specification for the simpler and thus considerably faster protocol PROFIBUS DP (Decentralized Peripherals) was completed. It replaced FMS.

Use

There are two variations of PROFIBUS; the most commonly used DP, and the lesser used PA variations:

  • PROFIBUS DP (Decentralized Peripherals) is used to operate sensors and actuators via a centralized controller in production technology. The many standard diagnostic options, in particular, are focused on here. Other areas of use include the connection of "distributed intelligence", i.e. the networking of multiple controllers to one another (similar to PROFIBUS FMS). Data rates up to 12 Mbit/s on twisted pair cables and/or fiber optics are possible.
  • PROFIBUS PA (Process Automation) is used to monitor measuring equipment via a process control system in process engineering. This PROFIBUS variant is ideal for explosion-hazardous areas (Ex-zone 0 and 1). Here, a weak current flows through bus lines in an intrinsically safe circuit so that explosive sparks are not created, even if a malfunction occurs. The disadvantage of this variant is the slower data transmission rate of 31.25 kbit/s.

PROFIBUS is the only field bus that can be used in equal measure in production automation and process automation and has since become a global market leader. Worldwide, over 20 million PROFIBUS devices are in use (as of 2007).


Technology

PROFIBUS Protocol (OSI reference model)

OSI-Layer PROFIBUS
7 Application DPV0 DPV1 DPV2 Management
6 Presentation --
5 Session
4 Transport
3 Network
2 Data Link FDL
1 Physical EIA-485 Optical MBP



Application layer

To utilize these functions, various service levels of the DP protocol were defined:

  • DP-V0 for cyclic exchange of data and diagnosis
  • DP-V1 for acyclic and cyclic data exchange and alarm handling
  • DP-V2 for isochronous mode and data exchange broadcast (slave-to-slave communication)


Security layer

The security layer FDL (Field bus Data Link) works with a hybrid access method that combines token passing with a master-slave method. In a PROFIBUS DP network, the controllers or process control systems are the masters and the sensors and actuators are the slaves.


Various telegram types are used. They can be differentiated by their start delimiter (SD):

No data: SD1 = 0x10

SD1 DA SA FC FCS ED

Variable length data:

SD2 = 0x68

SD2 LE LEr SD2 DA SA FC PDU FCS ED

Fixed length data:

SD3 = 0xA2

SD3 DA SA FC PDU FCS ED

Token:

SD4 = 0xDC

SD4 DA SA

Brief acknowledgement:

SC = 0xE5

SC


SD: Start Delimiter

LE: Length of protocol data unit, (incl. DA,SA,FC,DSAP,SSAP)

LEr: Repetition of protocol data unit, (Hamming distance = 4)

FC: Function Code

DA: Destination Address

SA: Source Address


DSAP: Destination Service Access Point

SSAP: Source Service Access Point


PDU: Protocol Data Unit (protocol data)

FCS: Frame Checking Sequence

ED: End Delimiter (= 0x16 !)

The FCS is calculated by simply adding up the bytes within the specified length. An overflow is ignored here. Each byte is saved with an even parity and transferred asynchronously with a start and stop bit. There may not be a pause between a stop bit and the following start bit when the bytes of a telegram are transmitted. The master signals the start of a new telegram with a SYN pause of at least 33 bits (logical "1" = bus idle).

Bit-transmission layer

Three different methods are specified for the bit-transmission layer:

  • With electrical transmission pursuant to EIA-485, twisted pair cables with a wave impedances of 150 ohms are used in a bus topology. Bit rates from 9.6 kbit/s to 12 Mbit/s can be used. The cable length between two repeaters is limited to 100 to 1200 m, depending on the bit rate used. This transmission method is primarily used with PROFIBUS DP.
  • With optical transmission via fiber optics, star-, bus- and ring-topologies are used. The distance between the repeaters can be up to 15 km. The ring topology can also be executed redundantly.
  • With MBP (Manchester Bus Powered) transmission technology, data and field bus power are fed through the same cable. The power can be reduced in such a way that use in explosion-hazardous environments is possible. The bus topology can be up to 1900 m long and permits branching to field devices (max. 60 m branches). The bit rate here is a fixed 31.25 kbit/s. This technology was specially established for use in process automation for PROFIBUS PA.

For data transfer via sliding contacts for mobile devices or optical or radio data transmission in open spaces, products from various manufacturers can be obtained, however they do not conform to any standard.

Standardization

PROFIBUS was defined in 1991/1993 in DIN 19245, was then included in EN 50170 in 1996 and, since 1999, established in IEC 61158/IEC 61784.

Organization

The PROFIBUS Nutzerorganisation e.V. (PROFIBUS User Organization) (PNO) was created in 1989. This group is comprised of manufacturers and users from Germany. In 1992, the first regional PROFIBUS organization was founded (PROFIBUS Schweiz in Switzerland). In the following years, additional RPAs (Regional PROFIBUS & PROFINET Associations) were added. Today, PROFIBUS is represented by 25 RPAs around the world. In 1995, all the RPAs joined together into the international umbrella association PROFIBUS & PROFINET International (PI).

References

  • [1] PROFIBUS system description

External links

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