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{{oldafdfull| date = 3 October 2008 (UTC) | result = '''Weak Keep''' | page = Finish The Story }}
{{Infobox Military Person
|name=Louis-Alexandre-Esprit-Gaston Brière de l'Isle
|image= [[Image:Louis Briere de lIsle.jpg]]
|caption=General Briere de l'Isle, with the Rosette of a ''Grand Officier de la Légion d'honneur'' on his chest.
|born=[[24 June]] [[1827]]
|died=[[19 June]] [[1896]]
|placeofbirth=[[Martinique]]
|placeofdeath=[[Saint-Leu-la-Forêt|Saint-Leu]]-[[Taverny]], [[France]]
|nickname=
|allegiance=[[Image:Flag of France.svg|18px]] [[France]]
|branch=[[French Army]]
|serviceyears=1847-1893
|rank=[[Divisional General|General de division]]
|commands=[[Tonkin Expeditionary Corps]] (1885)<br />Governor of Senegal (1876-81)
|battles=[[Franco-Prussian War]]<br>[[Sino-French War]]
|awards=Citation in ''L'Ordre de L'Armee'' (1861) <br> [[Legion of Honor|Commandeur de la Légion d'honneur]] (13 July 1872)<br> [[Legion of Honor|Grand Officier de la Légion d'honneur]] (22 April 1884)
|laterwork=
|portrayedby=
}}

'''Louis-Alexandre-Esprit-Gaston Brière de l'Isle''' ([[24 June]] [[1827]] – [[19 June]] [[1897]]). French military officer, was Governor of [[History of Senegal|Senegal]] (1876-81), then Commander-in-Chief during the [[Sino-French War]] of 1885.

==Military career to 1871==
Briere de l'Isle was born 4 June 1827 in [[Martinique]]. In 1847 he graduated from [[Saint-Cyr]] and was made ''Sous lieutenant'' in the [[Troupes de marine]], promoted to lieutenant in 1852 and captain in 1856. In the [[Colonization of Cochinchina|French colonial campaign]] in [[French Indochina]], he was served as ''adjudant major du régiment de marine'' (1859-1860). Stationed in ''[[Cochinchine]]'' from 1861 to 1866. In 1861 he received a citation in the ''ordre de l'armée'' for combat at the February [[Battle of the Ky Hoa Forts]], just west of [[Saigon]].<ref>James M. Haley [http://www.historynet.com/1861-french-conquest-of-saigon-battle-of-the-ky-hoa-forts.htm 1861 French Conquest of Saigon: Battle of the Ky Hoa Forts], Vietnam Magazine, June 2006.</ref>

Briere de l'Isle was made ''Chef d'escadron'' in 1862, and ''inspecteur des affaires indigènes'' at [[Tay Ninh]] in 1863.

At the outbreak of the [[Franco-Prussian War]] he was made Colonel, led the 1st Régiment d'Infanterie de Marine at the [[Battle of Bazeilles]]<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=PmkPAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA608&dq=bazeilles+l%27Isle&as_brr=3 N. Hardoin. Francis & allemands: histoire anecdotique de la guerre de 1870-1871]. Garnier frères (1888) pp. 275, 448, 524, 531, 608.</ref> (for which he was made a [[Legion of Honor|Commandeur de la Légion d'honneur]]), and was wounded at the [[Battle of Sedan]] in 1870.

==Governor of Sénégal==
[[Image:Andree96-1.jpg|thumb|left|Senegambia in 1881, at the end of '''Briere de l'Isle''''s tenure. Areas in pink are annexed to the French Empire, while much of the surrounding territory are French "protectorates".]]
After the war, Brière de l'Isle was named Governor of Sénégal from 1876 to 1881.

Kanya-Forstner describes him as "an authoritarian ruler who angered French commercial interests and turned the colony into a quasi-military dictatorship".<ref>Kanya-Forstner, p. 57.</ref> Finding the colony in dire financial straits, he increased taxes on imported cloth from other countries, which went some way to placating the large French commercial houses while alienating local interests in [[Saint-Louis, Senegal|Saint-Louis]] and [[Dakar]]. Militarily, The Senegal colony had recently faced both uprisings in the [[Wolof Empire|Wolof states]] which now make up the coastal heart of Senegal, and powerful states in the interior. The Minister of the Navy issued orders to Governor Brière de l'Isle that no new territory was to be annexed. Despite this he began a series of expansions through protectorates and direct military control, unprecedented since the highpoint of expansion under [[Louis Faidherbe]] (Governor 1854-1865). Brière de l'Isle oversaw the conquest of French territory in West Africa which would be formalised at the [[Berlin conference]] of 1884, beginning the so called "[[Scramble for Africa]]".<ref>Kanya-Forstner, pp. 55-70; Pakenham pp. 112, 165-68.</ref>
===Expansion into the Middle Niger===
In April 1873 Brière de l'Isle, had sent [[Paul Soleillet]] to [[Ségou]] (now central [[Mali]]) to open negotiations with the ruler [[Ahmadu Tall]], beginning French expansion into the Middle [[Niger River]] valley. In March 1880, he again sent envoys to Segou, this time led by the future governor [[Joseph Gallieni]] to establish regular trade.<ref>"The purpose of these diplomatic negotiations was to prepare for the ultimate battles of conquest, not avoid them." Colvin (1981) p. 136.</ref> In the process, Gallieni constructed the French fort at [[Bafoulabé]]. Soleillet had advocated in his reports for what was to become the [[Dakar-Niger Railway]], linking Senegal to the middle Niger near Segou. Brière de l'Isle was quickly won over, and found an ally in the new [[List of Naval Ministers of France|Minister of the Navy]] (to whom colonial officials reported), Admiral [[Jean Bernard Jauréguiberry]], appointed February 1879. While Jauréguiberry failed to win sufficient government funding, and Gallieni's failure to build roads to Bafoulabé shook government resolve, the process of eastward expansion of direct territorial control had begun. [[Charles de Freycinet]], Minister of Public Works supported the propsed railway, and in 1880, Jauréguiberry issued a decree that all work on the railway was to be carried out by the Troupes de Marine.<ref>Kanya-Forstner, pp. 67-71</ref>

Brière de l'Isle was committed to expanding French control over the middle Niger River valley, but unlike many of his predecessors the French governments of the late 1870s were more willing to sanction (or accept) direct conquest of imperial territory. Ironically the merchant houses based in Saint-Louis were in this period still hesitant about direct control of the hinterlands, preferring to work through their own trade networks and the series of French military trading posts. In this way as well, Brière de l'Isle was representative of the next stage in French colonialism.<ref>Klein (1998) pp. 59, 61, 78, 145. <br /> See also: C. W. Newbury and A. S. Kanya-Forstner. French Policy and the Origins of the Scramble for West Africa. The Journal of African History, Vol. 10, No. 2 (1969), pp. 253-276. </ref>

===Final pacification of Senegal===
In 1876 and 1877, Brière de l'Isle saw to it that the last remaining [[Wolof Empire|Wolof]] leader who could offer a threat to the French, the already isolated [[Lat Dior]], was blocked from any attempt to retake his lost territory, and consolidated French control over northwest Senegal.<ref>Mamadou Diouf (1990) pp. 255-262.</ref> When Dior and his [[Cayor]] kingdom again rose in 1879, the French crushed them for the final time. This enabled Brière de l'Isle's government to go ahead with what had been Faidherbe's grand project: the construction of the Dakar--Saint-Louis railway through the rich [[groundnut]] cultivating regions of central Senegal. This provided transport, security, and access to a rich export crop that would be channeled through French merchant ports.<ref>Colvin (1981), p.136.</ref> In October 1877 Brière de l'Isle's began a campaign east and south along the [[Senegal River]] aimed at Abdul Bubakar's state in the northern [[Fouta Djallon]] highlands. Ignoring direct orders from Paris, he sent a force to attack Bubakar, forcing him to submit to a French protectorate over the provinces of Toro, Lao and Irlabé.

===French Guinea===
To the south (in what is today [[Guinea]]), he began a series of offensives in [[Rivières du Sud]] occupying positions near Benty in 1879 and seizing the islands of [[Kakoutlaye]] and [[Matacong]]. This, with the expansion in Fouta Djallon, laid the basis for the formal creation of ''Rivières du Sud'' colony in 1882.
===Conflict with the Toucouleur Empire===
In 1878 he sent another French force against the [[Kaarta Kingdom|Kaarta]] [[Toucouleur Empire|Toucouleur]] vassal state along the north bank of the [[Senegal River]]. Again blocked by the colonial minister in Paris, he argued that they were a threat to the Senegalese kingdom of [[Futa Tooro]] (then a French client state) with which the British were poised to interfere. The Ministry, under [[Jauréguiberry]], gave in and on 7 July 1878, a French force destroyed the Tokolor fort at [[Sabouciré]], killing their leader, [[Almany Niamody]]. This portion of the Kaarta vassal state was then incorporated into the [[Khasso]] Wolof protectorate kingdom.<ref>Kanya-Forstner (1969), pp. 57-59</ref>.

This marked the beginning of the conquest of the [[Toucouleur Empire]] by the French. While the [[Siege of Medina Fort]] in 1857 had helped persuade the empire's founder [[El Hadj Umar Tall]] to turn his attentions east of the Senegal River valley, the French had had little contact with the conquest state since then. This allowed first Faidherbe and then Brière de l'Isle a free hand in what is now Senegal. Brière de l'Isle's tenure marked not only the consolidation of French control of Senegal, but the next push to the east.

This same commitment to military expansion led to Brière de l'Isle dismissal when the political winds in Paris changed. Admiral [[Georges Charles Cloué]] was named Minister of the Navy in 1881, and the Governor was warned that expansion of the rail line to the Niger River was a low priority, to be pressed by civilian (business) interests only, removing the Marine involvement in its construction. Cloué ordered the governor to cease military operations pushing east of [[Kita, Mali|Kita]]. Within weeks Brière de l'Isle ordered his military protege Lieutenant Colonel [[Gustave Borgnis-Desbordes]] to launch a [[punitive expedition]] to the Niger and seize the small town at [[Bamako]]. Brière de l'Isle was recalled on 11 March 1881 in response. By the end of 1881 Senegal had its first civilian governor, [[Marie Auguste Deville de Perière]].<ref>Kanya-Forstner (1969), p.86. Pakenham, pp. 168, 177-78, 182.</ref>

===Foundation for the conquest of French Soudan===
While it fell to Borgnis-Desbordes, [[Joseph Gallieni]] and [[Louis Archinard]] to lead the conquest of the middle Niger region, Brière de l'Isle began the advance, and oversaw the creation of the military territory of "Upper Senegal" ([[List of colonial heads of Mali|Haut-Sénégal]]) region on 27 February 1880. This created the institutional conditions, just as Brière de l'Isle's flauting of government restrictions stoked the martial culture, for independent action and imperial expansion by officers in the field. One historian has written that the creation of ''Haut-Sénégal'':
<blockquote>...marks the real beginning of the phase of French expansion in Africa christened "military imperialism" by Kanya-Forstner. For the next twenty years marine commanders, not government ministers, would determine the pace and extent of French expansion along the road to [[Timbuktu]].<ref>Vandervort (1998) p. 117.</ref></blockquote>
Giving its military commanders sufficient cover to act unilaterally (if unlawfully), this territory was quickly expanded through conquest to the east, and renamed [[French Sudan]] in 1890.

==Tonkin==
{{main|Tonkin campaign|Sino-French War}}
[[Image:Briere and Staff.jpg|thumb|left|230px|General Brière de l'Isle and his staff on the eve of the [[Lang Son Campaign]]. General [[François de Négrier]] (with hand on chest) and Lieutenant-Colonel Paul-Gustave Herbinger (clasping cane in both hands) are in the front row.]]
Promoted brigadier (''général de brigade'') in 1881, Brière de l'Isle was given command of the 1st Brigade of the [[Tonkin Expeditionary Corps]] in February 1884, during the French expedition to [[Tonkin]] (now northern [[Vietnam]]). In March 1884 he drove the Chinese from the Trung Son heights and routed the right wing of the Guangxi Army in the [[Bac Ninh campaign]]. In recognition of his services at Bac Ninh, he was appointed a [[Legion of Honor|Grand Officier de la Légion d'honneur]] in April. In April 1884 he outflanked the defences of Hung Hoa with the 1st Brigade while General [[François de Négrier]]'s 2nd Brigade fixed them frontally, forcing [[Liu Yongfu]] to withdraw the [[Black Flag Army]] from the town before his men were cut off. Brière de l'Isle's flank march at Hung Hoa enabled the French to occupy the most heavily-fortified Black Flag stronghold in Tonkin without losing a man.

In September 1884, shortly after the outbreak of the [[Sino-French War]] (August 1884 to April 1885), he replaced General Charles-Théodore Millot as general-in-chief of the [[Tonkin Expeditionary Corps]]. In October 1884 he defeated a major Chinese invasion of the Tonkin Delta in the [[Kep Campaign]]. In January 1885 he was promoted divisional general (''général de division''). In February 1885 he commanded both brigades of the Tonkin Expeditionary Corps in the [[Lang Son Campaign]], defeating China's Guangxi Army and capturing the strategically-important border town of [[Lang Son]]. This campaign, which required months of patient preparation, was perhaps the greatest military achievement of his career. Immediately after the capture of Lang Son he returned to Hanoi with Lieutenant-Colonel Laurent Giovanninelli's 1st Brigade to relieve the [[Siege of Tuyen Quang]], leaving General [[François de Négrier]]'s 2nd Brigade at Lang Son. After defeating [[Liu Yongfu]]'s [[Black Flag Army]] at the [[Battle of Hoa Moc]] (3 March 1885), Brière de l'Isle entered the beleaguered French post in triumph on 4 March. These battlefield successes underscored the failure of concurrent diplomatic attempts to resolve the conflict between France and China, and evoked a heartfelt tribute from the French premier [[Jules Ferry]]: 'It seems that the only negotiator China will respect is General Brière de l'Isle.'

Brière de l'Isle's record of substantial military achievement was marred at the end of March 1885 by the controversial [[Retreat from Lang Son]]. The retreat, which threw away the gains of the February [[Lang Son Campaign]], was ordered by Lieutenant-Colonel Paul Gustave Herbinger, the acting commander of the 2nd Brigade, and came less than a week after General de Négrier's defeat at the [[Battle of Bang Bo]] (24 March 1885). Brière de l'Isle was in Hanoi at the time, and was planning to shift his headquarters to Hung Hoa, to supervise a planned offensive against the Yunnan Army around Tuyen Quang. Without waiting to sift the misleading information contained in Herbinger's alarmist cables from Lang Son, Brière de l'Isle fired off a pessimistic telegram on the evening of 28 March to the French government, warning that the Tonkin Expeditionary Corps faced disaster unless it was immediately reinforced. This cable, immediately dubbed the 'Lang Son telegram', brought down [[Jules Ferry]]'s government on 30 March 1885, ruined Ferry's political career, and dealt a severe blow to domestic support for French colonial expansion (see [[Tonkin Affair]]). It also cast a shadow over Brière de l'Isle's professional reputation. Although he was to obtain further professional advancement before his retirement, he knew that he would in future be remembered not as the French commander who had captured Lang Son and relieved Tuyen Quang but as the man who had lost his head and sent the notorious telegram that had brought down Ferry's administration.

In May 1885, in consequence of its expansion into a two-division army corps, Brière de l'Isle was replaced in command of the Tonkin Expeditionary Corps by General Henri Roussel de Courcy. He was offered command of the 1st Division of the expanded expeditionary corps, and accepted only on condition that General François de Négrier was given command of the 2nd Division. The army ministry granted this request, and Brière de l'Isle served under de Courcy's command for several months. De Courcy was an arrogant and obtuse commander, unwilling to listen to advice from his more experienced juniors, and relations between the two men soon plummeted. Brière de l'Isle disagreed with de Courcy's unimaginative pacification strategy in Tonkin and his failure to take effective quarantine measures to deal with a cholera outbreak in August 1885. In October 1885, with Annam and Tonkin in open insurrection against French rule and the Tonkin Expeditionary Corps decimated by cholera, he decided that he had had enough. Unable to stomach working for de Courcy any longer, he left Tonkin and returned to France.<ref>Thomazi, ''La conquête de l’Indochine'', 266–84</ref>

==Final years==
Brière de l'Isle was appointed Adjutant Inspector General of Marine Infantry from 1888 to 1891, then Inspector General from 1892 to 1893. He died 19 June 1896, [[Saint-Leu-la-Forêt|Saint-Leu]]-[[Taverny]], [[Seine-et-Oise|Seine-et-Oise Department]] (now in [[Val-d'Oise|Val-d'Oise Department]]), France.

==Commemoration==
*There is a ''Rue Brière de l'Isle'' in [[Toulon]], the site of a major naval base in southern France.
*While a ''Rue Brière de l'Isle'' remains in central [[Dakar]], the ''Rue Brière de l'Isle'' in [[Saint-Louis, Senegal|Saint-Louis]] has been renamed ''Rue [[Abdoulaye Seck]]''.
*Prior to independence, the ''Avenue Brière de l'Isle'' ran by the Colonial Governors Place in central [[Hanoi]], [[Vietnam]].
*Barracks of the 5eme Régiment Interarmes d'Outre-Mer in [[Djibouti]] are named ''Quartier Brière de l'Isle''.
*In colonial Indochina, a major French base in [[Hanoi]] was named ''fort Brière-de-l'Isle''. It was taken by the Japanese from Franco-Vietnamese colonial forces in a bloody battle on 9 March 1945<ref>[http://www.servicehistorique.sga.defense.gouv.fr/04histoire/articles/gendarmerie/histoire/bodo/bodo4.htm servicehistorique.sga.defense.gouv.fr, archive of Colonial police forces of Indochina.]</ref>.

== Offices held ==
{{start box}}
{{succession box | before=[[François-Xavier Michel Valière]]| title=[[List of colonial heads of French Sénégal|Governor of Sénégal]] | after=[[Louis Ferdinand de Lanneau]]| years=[[18 June]] [[1876]]&ndash;[[11 March]] [[1880]]}}
{{end box}}

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
*Military resume from [http://www.military-photos.com/briere.htm www.military-photos.com/briere.htm]
*A. S. Kanya-Forstner. The Conquest of the Western Sudan A Study in French Military Imperialism. Cambridge University Press (1969), ISBN 9780521073783
*Thomas Pakenham. The Scramble for Africa. Harper-Collins, New York, (1992), ISBN 0380719991
*Martin A. Klein. Slavery and Colonial Rule in French West Africa. Cambridge University Press, (1998), ISBN 0521596785
*Bruce Vandervort. Wars of Imperial Conquest in Africa, 1830-1914. Indiana University Press, (1998), ISBN 0253211786
* {{fr}} Mamadou Diouf. Le Kajoor au XIXe siècle: pouvoir ceddo et conquête coloniale. KARTHALA Editions, Senegal (1990), ISBN 2865372162
*Portions of this article were translated from the French language Wikipedia article [[:fr:Louis Brière de l'Isle]] (2008-06-30). That article cites:
:* {{fr}} Francine Ndiaye, « La colonie du Sénégal au temps de Brière de l'Isle, 1876-1881 », Bulletin de l'IFAN, série B, n° 30, 1968

{{Former French colonies}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Briere de l'Isle,L}}
[[Category:French West Africa]]
[[Category:French Indochina]]
[[Category:French colonial governors and administrators]]
[[Category:Colonial Governors of French Sénégal]]
[[Category:French generals]]
[[Category:French military personnel of the Franco-Prussian War]]
[[Category:1827 births]]
[[Category:1897 deaths]]
[[Category:Légion d'honneur recipients]]

[[de:Louis Alexandre Brière de l’Isle]]
[[fr:Louis Brière de l'Isle]]

Revision as of 03:25, 13 October 2008

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