Access control and Michel Chartier de Lotbinière, Marquis de Lotbinière: Difference between pages

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'''Michel Chartier de Lotbiniere (1723-1798), Marquis de Lotbiniere'''
{{for|access control on a [[highway]]|limited-access highway}}
{{for|standardised forms of names in a library catalog|authority control}}
{{Expert-subject|Technology}}


Michel Chartier de Lotbiniere was the son of Eustache Chartier de Lotbiniere (1688-1749). His mother, Marie-Francoise, was the daughter of Captain Francois-Marie Renaud d'Avene de Desmeloizes (1655-1699), a veteren of the expedition against the Senecas and according to [[Louis de Buade de Frontenac]], 'one of the best and wisest officers' in [[New France]].
'''Access control''' is the ability to permit or deny the use of a particular resource by a particular entity. Access control mechanisms can be used in managing physical resources (such as a movie theater, to which only ticketholders should be admitted), logical resources (a bank account, with a limited number of people authorized to make a withdrawal), or digital resources (for example, a private text document on a computer, which only certain users should be able to read).


Michel's grandfather, Louis-Theandre Chartier de Lotbiniere (1612-1688), established this family in New France. Their history dates back to [[Dijon]] in the fourteenth century, but it was their ancestor, Alain Chartier (1382-1455), Secretary of State under [[King Charles VI of France]], who was first to be enobled at the beginning of the fifteenth century. They married into such families as the Chateaubriands, Rochefaucaulds and Polignacs. Louis-Theandre Chartier de Lotbiniere had married the sister of Mathieu D'Amours de Chauffours, who was a relative of [[Jean de Lauzon]], the future Governor of New France. It is possible that it was at the request of de Lauzon that the de Lotbiniere family became established in Quebec. Mons and Mme de Lotbiniere arrived there October 13, 1651, on the same ship as de Lauzon and Mathieu de Chauffours.
'''Item Control or [[Electronic Key Management]]''' is an area within (and possibly integrated with)an access control system which concerns the managing of possession and location of small assets or physical (mechanical) keys.


Eustache Chartier de Lotbiniere [http://www.er.uqam.ca/nobel/r14310/Sulte/Images/ChartierDeLotbiniere/Eustache/g.jpg]
==Physical access==
[[Image:NewYorkCitySubwayEntranceInterior.jpg|thumb|right|Underground entrance to the [[New York City]] Subway system]][[Admission to an event or establishment|Physical access of a person]] may be allowed depending on payment, authorization, etc. Also there may be [[One-way traffic#One-way traffic of people|one-way traffic of people]]. These can be enforced by personnel such as a [[border guard]], a [[doorman]], a [[Ticket (admission)|ticket]] checker, etc., or with a device such as a [[turnstile]]. There may be [[fence]]s to avoid circumventing this access control. An alternative of access control in the strict sense (physically controlling access itself) is a system of checking authorized presence, see e.g. [[Ticket controller (transportation)]]. A variant is exit control, e.g. of a shop ([[checkout]]) or a country.


Michel Chartier de Lotbiniere [http://www.er.uqam.ca/nobel/r14310/Sulte/Images/ChartierDeLotbiniere/Michel/g.jpg]
In [[physical security]], the term access control refers to the practice of restricting entrance to a property, a building, or a room to [[authorized]] persons. Physical access control can be achieved by a human (a guard, bouncer, or receptionist), through mechanical means such as locks and keys, or through technological means such as access control systems. Within these environments, [[physical key management]] may also be employed as a means of further managing and monitoring access to mechanically keyed areas or access to certain small assets.


Three years after his mother's death his father, the Councillor of the Sovreign Court and Keeper of the Seals, took holy orders, becoming the Dean of [[Quebec]]. Michel was brought up at the Jesuit College in Quebec before becoming a cadet with the Colonial Regular Army, breaking the family tradition of winning fame on the bench. As second ensign he served in the Acadian Campaign of 1746-47 gaining a reputation as 'a capable and courageous officer'. In 1749 the Commandant General of New France, [[Roland-Michel Barrin de La Galissonière]], promoted him to ensign and entrusted him to lead a reconnaisance mission into the region between [[Montreal]] and Michilimackinac. In 1747 Lotbiniere had married Louise-Madeleine Chaussegros de Lery, the daughter of the Engineer-in-Chief of New France
Physical access control is a matter of who, where, and when. An access control system determines who is allowed to enter or exit, where they are allowed to exit or enter, and when they are allowed to enter or exit. Historically this was partially accomplished through keys and locks. When a door is locked only someone with a key can enter through the door depending on how the lock is configured. Mechanical locks and keys do not allow restriction of the key holder to specific times or dates. Mechanical locks and keys do not provide records of the key used on any specific door and the keys can be easily copied or transferred to an unauthorized person. When a mechanical key is lost or the key holder is no longer authorized to use the protected area, the locks must re-keyed.


Louise (de Lery) Lotbiniere [http://www.er.uqam.ca/nobel/r14310/Sulte/Images/ChartierDeLotbiniere/Michel/g.jpg]
Electronic access control uses computers to solve the limitations of mechanical locks and keys. A wide range of [[credentials]] can be used to replace mechanical keys. The electronic access control system grants access based on the credential presented. When access is granted, the door is unlocked for a predetermined time and the transaction is recorded. When access is refused, the door remains locked and the attempted access is recorded. The system will also monitor the door and alarm if the door is forced open or held open too long after being unlocked.
===Access Control System Operation===
When a credential is presented to a reader, the reader sends the credential’s information, usually a number, to a control panel, a highly reliable processor. The control panel compares the credential's number to an access control list, grants or denies the presented request, and sends a transaction log to a database. When access is denied based on the access control list, the door remains locked. If there is a match between the credential and the access control list, the control panel operates a relay that in turn unlocks the door. The control panel also ignores a door open signal to prevent an alarm. Often the reader provides feedback, such as a flashing red LED for an access denied and a flashing green LED for an access granted.


Completing his mission successfully, in 1750 Galissonière, who was now back in France, sent for the young Lotbiniere to join him so he could train as an engineer and artillery officer. Three years later he returned to New France as a Lieutenant and with the title of King's Engineer in the Colonial Regular Army, working under his father-in-law on the construction of the Quebec ramparts.
The above description illustrates a single factor transaction. Credentials can be passed around, thus subverting the access control list. For example, Alice has access rights to the server room but Bob does not. Alice either gives Bob her credential or Bob takes it; he now has access to the server room. To prevent this, two-factor authentication can be used. In a two factor transaction, the presented credential and a second factor are needed for access to be granted. The second factor can be a PIN, a second credential, operator intervention, or a biometric input. Often the factors are characterized as
* something you have, such as a credential,
* something you know, e.g. a PIN, or
* something you are, typically a biometric input.


In 1755 his cousin, [[Pierre Francois de Rigaud, Marquis de Vaudreuil-Cavagnal]], put him in charge of building [[Fort Ticonderoga]]. Although promoted to Captain in 1757, he was refused the position of Engineer-in-Chief of New France which he had asked for after his father-in-law's death. The court instead appointed Nicolas Sarrebaurce, an engineer in the French Regular Army, who wasted no time in hindering Lotbiniere's career, sending reports to Paris accusing him of incompetence and malversations, ruining his credability with the Ministry of Marine. As some form of compensation his cousin, Governor Vaudreuil, gave him the seigneury of Alainville.
===Access Control System Components===
An access control point, which can be a [[door]], turnstile, parking gate, elevator, or other physical barrier where granting access can be electrically controlled. Typically the access point is a door. An electronic access control door can contain several elements. At its most basic there is an electric lock (see [[electronic lock]].) The lock is unlocked by an operator with a switch. To automate this, operator intervention is replaced by a reader. The reader could be a keypad where a code is entered, it could be a [[card reader]], or it could be a biometric reader. Readers do not usually make an access decision but send a card number to an access control panel that verifies the number against an access list. To monitor the door position a magnetic door switch is used. In concept the door switch is not unlike those on refrigerators or car doors. Generally only entry is controlled and exit is uncontrolled. In cases where exit is also controlled a second reader is used on the opposite side of the door. In cases where exit is not controlled, free exit, a device called a request-to-exit (REX) is used. Request-to-exit devices can be a pushbutton or a motion detector. When the button is pushed or the motion detector detects motion at the door, the door alarm is temporarily ignored while the door is opened. Exiting a door without having to electrically unlock the door is called mechanical free egress. This is an important safety feature. In cases where the lock must be electrically unlocked on exit, the request-to-exit device also unlocks the door.


In the run up to the Battle of Quebec his cousin employed him to build defences about the city. During the battle he served as Vaudreuil's aide-de-camp. In 1760 he was put in charge of fortifying Ile aux Nois de put a stop to the British advance from the south, but was forced to fall back to Montreal. After the capitulation he left his wife and daughter in Canada and returned with his son, [[Michel-Eustache-Gaspard-Alain Chartier de Lotbiniere]], to France.
===Credential===
A credential is something you know, such as number or PIN, something you have, such as an [[access badge]], something you are, such as a biometric feature, or some combination of these. The typical credential is an access card, key fob, or other key. There are many card technologies including magnetic stripe, bar code, Wiegand, 125 kHz proximity, contact smart cards, and contactless smart cards. Typical biometric technologies include fingerprint, facial recognition, iris recognition, retinal scan, voice, and hand geometry.


Having lost his land in North America he unsuccessfully tried ro resume his military career in France. His thoughts turned again to his native land, and he decided to return as a large landowner. From cousin, the former Governor-General, who had retired to his ancestral estate near Rouen, he bought the seigeuries of Vaudreuil, Rigaud and Saint-Francois-de-Nouvelle-Beauce, also adding Villechauve and Hocquart. Before returning to Canada he spent a year in London to try to make sure that Alainville and Hocquart (which since the Royal Proclamation of 1763 fell within the boundaries of [[New York]]) would be recocognised as his by the Board of Trade. This resulted in a vague promise, which Lotbiniere took as a guarantee.
===Bar Code Technology===
A bar code is a series of alternating dark and light stripes that are read by an optical scanner. The organization and width of the lines is determined by the bar code protocol selected. There are many different protocols but code 39 is the most popular in the security industry. Sometimes the digits represented by the dark and light bars are also printed to allow people to read the number without an optical reader. The advantage of using bar code technology is that it is cheap and easy to generate the credential and it can easily be applied to cards or other items. The disadvantage of this technology is that it is cheap and easy to generate a credential making the technology susceptible to fraud and the optical reader can have reliability problems with dirty or smudged credentials. One attempt to reduce fraud is to print the bar code using carbon-based ink and then cover the bar code with a dark red overlay. The bar code can then be read with an optical reader tuned to the infrared spectrum, but can not easily be copied by a copy machine. This does not address the ease with which bar code numbers can be generated from a computer using almost any printer.


On his return to Canada in 1760 Lotbiniere immediately set about developing his seigneury at Vaudreuil. He built a manor house there for his family, a mill, and the Church of Saint-Michel, which still stands today, still closely associated with his many descendants, notably the de Lotbiniere-Harwood family. Short of funds he was forced to sell the seigneury of Lotbiniere to his son in 1770. By 1771 his son had bought all his father's Canadian seigneuries except Villechauve, which was mortgaged. In addition to this, he was unable to recover his two properties in New York (Alainville and Hocquart), and so returned to London again to plead his cause. In 1776 the British Board of Trade rejected his claims to Alainville and offered him a grant of an equal size of land in Quebec in compensation for his loss of Hocquart. He refused the compromise and left Britain, deciding to be a British subject no longer.
===Magnetic Stripe Technology===
Magnetic stripe technology, usually called mag-stripe, is so named because of the stripe of magnetic oxide tape that is laminated on a card. There are three tracks of data on the magnetic stripe. Typically the data on each of the tracks follows a specific encoding standard, but it is possible to encode any format on any track. A mag-stripe card is cheap compared to other card technologies and is easy to program. The magnetic stripe holds more data than a bar code can in the same space. While a mag-stripe is more difficult to generate than a bar code, the technology for reading and encoding data on a mag-stripe is widespread and easy to acquire. Magnetic stripe technology is also susceptible to misreads, card wear, and data corruption.


Taking the advice of his former superior officer, [[Francis de Gaston, Chevalier de Levis]], he went to France and offered his services to the Minister of Foreign Affairs, [[Charles Gravier, Comte de Vergennes]] who entrusted him with an unofficial mission as an observer. In 1776 he arrived in [[Massachussets]], but ignoring Vergenne's words immediately introduced himself to [[John Hancock]] as the unoffical envoy of the minister. He spent six months in Boston, winning few friends through his agitations. Lotbiniere, for purely selfish reasons, was desperate for France to recover her lost colonies, and did all he could to force the issue. He returned to France with his report in 1777, but Vergennes didn't see it as wise to recruit him on any further missions. Up until 1782 he still hoped France would recapture her losses in North America, but after the [[Treaty of Versailles]] in 1763 any last hopes he had had of returning to Canada were finished.
===Wiegand Card Technology===
<!-- Was this first developed by the [[Cardkey]] company? -->
[[Wiegand protocol|Wiegand]] card technology is a patented technology using embedded [[ferromagnetic]] wires strategically positioned to create a unique pattern that generates the identification number. Like [[magnetic stripe]] or [[bar code]], this card must be swiped through a reader to be read. Unlike those other technologies the identification media is embedded in the card and not susceptible to wear. This technology once gained popularity because of the difficulty in duplicating the technology creating a high perception of security. This technology is being replaced by proximity cards because of the limited source of supply, the relatively better tamper resistance of proximity readers, and the convenience of the touch-less functionality in proximity readers.


Lotbiniere spent the next ten years in France. With de Levis' support he re-established his military engineering reputation. He was awarded the Cross of the Order of Saint-Louis and a pension of 600 livres, which was doubled in 1781. In 1784 [[King Louis XVI]] made him the Marquis de Lotbiniere in recognition of the sacrifices he had made by allying himself to the French cause in 1776.
===Proximity Card Technology===
The [[Wiegand effect]] was used in early access cards. This method was abandoned in favor of other technologies. The new technologies retained the Wiegand upstream data so that the new readers were compatible with old systems. Readers are still called Wiegand but no longer use the Wiegand effect. A Wiegand reader radiates a 1" to 5" electrical field around itself. Cards use a simple [[LC circuit]]. When a card is presented to the reader, the reader's electrical field excites a coil in the card. The coil charges a [[capacitor]] and in turn powers a [[integrated circuit]]. The integrated circuit outputs the card number to the coil which transmits it to the reader.


Indefatigable as ever, Lotbiniere returned to America in 1787 to once again try to recover his seigneuries at Alainville and Hocquart, but two years of effort proved to be futile. In arriving in New York he had asked permission to return to his home country but [[Guy Carleton, 1st Baron Dorchester]] catorgorically refused him re-entry. However in 1790, in the company of his son (Lord Dorchester's confidential agent) he crossed the border unhindered, revisiting his family and his seigneury at Villechauve.
A common proximity format is 26 bit Wiegand. This format uses a facility code, sometimes also called a site code. The facility code is a unique number common to all of the cards in a particular set. The idea is that an organization will have their own facility code and a set of numbered cards incrementing from 1. Another organization has a different facility code and their card set also increments from 1. Thus different organizations can have card sets with the same card numbers but since the facility codes differ, the cards only work at one organization. This idea worked fine for a while but there is no governing body controlling card numbers, and different manufacturers can supply cards with identical facility codes and identical card numbers to different organizations. Thus there is a problem of duplicate cards. To counteract this problem some manufacturers have created formats beyond 26 bit Wiegand that they control and issue to organizations.


His happiness was short lived. He was forced into exile again after selling Villechauve. To receive her share from the sale his wife asked for and obtained a property separation in 1796.
In the 26 bit Wiegand format, bit 1 is an even parity bit. Bits 2-9 are a facility code. Bits 10-25 are the card number. Bit 26 is an odd parity bit. Other formats have a similar structure of a leading facility code followed by the card number and including parity bits for error checking.


"Embittered and at odds with his family, Chartier de Lotbinière, who had set himself apart from the other seigneurs by the bold stance he had adopted against Governor Carleton, ended his days alone in New York. He died of yellow fever in October 1798, at the age of 75."
===Smart Card===
There are two types of smart cards: contact and contactless. Both have an embedded microprocessor and memory. The smart card differs from the card typically called a proximity card in that the microchip in the proximity card has only one function: to provide the reader with the card’s identification number. The processor on the smart card has an operating system and can handle multiple applications such as a cash card, a pre-paid membership card, and even an access control card. The difference between the two types of smart cards is found in the manner with which the microprocessor on the card communicates with the outside world. A contact smart card has eight contacts, which must physically touch contacts on the reader to convey information between them. A contactless smart card uses the same radio-based technology as the proximity card with the exception of the frequency band used. Smart cards allow the access control system to save user information on a credential carried by the user rather than requiring more memory on each controller.


===PIN===
== References ==
A personal identification number (PIN) falls in the category of what you know rather than what you have. The PIN is usually a number consisting of four to eight digits. Less and the number is too easy to guess. More and the number is too difficult to remember. The advantage to using a PIN as an access credential is that once the number is memorized, the credential cannot be lost or left somewhere. The disadvantage is the difficulty some people have in remembering numbers that are not frequently used and the ease with which a PIN can be observed and therefore used by unauthorized people. The PIN is even less secure than a bar code or magnetic stripe card.
The Dictionary of Canadian Biography

== Computer security ==
In [[computer security]], access control includes [[authentication]], [[authorization]] and [[audit trail|audit]]. It also includes measures such as physical devices, including biometric scans and metal [[lock (device)|lock]]s, hidden paths, [[digital signature]]s, [[encryption]], social barriers, and monitoring by humans and automated systems.

In any access control model, the entities that can perform actions in the system are called '''subjects''', and the entities representing resources to which access may need to be controlled are called '''objects''' (see also [[Access Control Matrix]]). Subjects and objects should both be considered as software entities, rather than as human users: any human user can only have an effect on the system via the software entities that they control. Although some systems equate subjects with ''user&nbsp;IDs'', so that all processes started by a user by default have the same authority, this level of control is not fine-grained enough to satisfy the [[Principle of least privilege]], and arguably is responsible for the prevalence of [[malware]] in such systems (see [[computer insecurity]]).

In some models, for example the [[object-capability model]], any software entity can potentially act as both a subject and object.

Access control models used by current systems tend to fall into one of two classes: those based on [[capability-based security|capabilities]] and those based on [[access control lists]] (ACLs). In a capability-based model, holding an unforgeable reference or ''capability'' to an object provides access to the object (roughly analogous to how possession of your house key grants you access to your house); access is conveyed to another party by transmitting such a capability over a secure channel. In an ACL-based model, a subject's access to an object depends on whether its identity is on a list associated with the object (roughly analogous to how a bouncer at a private party would check your ID to see if your name is on the guest list); access is conveyed by editing the list. (Different ACL systems have a variety of different conventions regarding who or what is responsible for editing the list and how it is edited.)

Both capability-based and ACL-based models have mechanisms to allow access rights to be granted to all members of a ''group'' of subjects (often the group is itself modeled as a subject).

Access control systems provide the essential services of ''identification and authentication'' (''I&A''), ''authorization'', and ''accountability'' where:
* identification and authentication determine who can log on to a system, and the association of users with the software subjects that they are able to control as a result of logging in;
* authorization determines what a subject can do;
* accountability identifies what a subject (or all subjects associated with a user) did.

=== Identification and authentication (I&A) ===
Identification and authentication (I&A) is the process of verifying that an identity is bound to the entity that asserts it. The I&A process assumes that there was an initial vetting of the identity, during which an authenticator was established. Subsequently, the entity asserts an identity together with an authenticator as a means for validation. The only requirements for the identifier is that it must be unique within its security domain.

Authenticators are commonly based on at least one of these four factors:
* ''Something you know'', such as a password or a personal identification number (PIN). This assumes that only the owner of the account knows the password or PIN needed to access the account.
* ''Something you have'', such as a smart card or token. This assumes that only the owner of the account has the necessary smart card or token needed to unlock the account.
* ''Something you are'', such as fingerprint, voice, retina, or iris characteristics.
* ''Where you are'', for example inside or outside a company firewall, or proximity of login location to a personal GPS device.

=== Authorization ===
Authorization applies to subjects rather than to users (the association between a user and the subjects initially controlled by that user having been determined by I&A). Authorization determines what a subject can do on the system.

Most modern operating systems define sets of permissions that are variations or extensions of three basic types of access:

* Read (R): The subject can
** Read file contents
** List directory contents
* Write (W): The subject can change the contents of a file or directory with the following tasks:
** Add
** Create
** Delete
** Rename
* Execute (X): If the file is a program, the subject can cause the program to be run. (In Unix systems, the 'execute' permission doubles as a 'traverse directory' permission when granted for a directory.)

These rights and permissions are implemented differently in systems based on ''discretionary access control'' (''DAC'') and ''mandatory access control'' (''MAC'').

=== Accountability ===

Accountability uses such system components as ''audit trails'' (records) and ''logs'' to associate a subject with its actions. The information recorded should be sufficient to map the subject to a controlling user. Audit trails and logs are important for

* Detecting security violations
* Re-creating security incidents

If no one is regularly reviewing your logs and they are not maintained in a secure and consistent manner, they may not be admissible as evidence.

Many systems can generate automated reports based on certain predefined criteria or thresholds, known as ''clipping levels''. For example, a clipping level may be set to generate a report for the following:

* More than three failed logon attempts in a given period
* Any attempt to use a disabled user account

These reports help a system administrator or security administrator to more easily identify possible break-in attempts.

=== Access Control Techniques ===
Access control techniques are sometimes categorized as either discretionary or non-discretionary. The three most widely recognized models are Discretionary Access Control (DAC), Mandatory Access Control (MAC), and Role Based Access Control (RBAC). MAC and RBAC are both non-discretionary.

==== Discretionary Access Control ====
[[Discretionary access control]] (DAC) is an access policy determined by the owner of an object. The owner decides who is allowed to access the object and what privileges they have.

Two important concepts in DAC are
* File and data ownership: Every object in the system has an ''owner''. In most DAC systems, each object's initial owner is the subject that caused it to be created. The access policy for an object is determined by its owner.
* Access rights and permissions: These are the controls that an owner can assign to other subjects for specific resources.

Access controls may be discretionary in [[Access control list|ACL-based]] or [[capability-based security|capability-based]] access control systems. (In capability-based systems, there is usually no explicit concept of 'owner', but the creator of an object has a similar degree of control over its access policy.)

==== Mandatory Access Control ====

[[Mandatory access control]] (MAC) is an access policy determined by the system, not the owner. MAC is used in
multilevel systems that process highly sensitive data, such as classified government and military information. A
multilevel system is a single computer system that handles multiple classification levels between subjects and
objects.

* Sensitivity labels: In a MAC-based system, all subjects and objects must have labels assigned to them. A subject's sensitivity label specifies its level of trust. An object's sensitivity label specifies the level of trust required for access. In order to access a given object, the subject must have a sensitivity level equal to or higher than the requested object.
* Data import and export: Controlling the import of information from other systems and export to other systems (including printers) is a critical function of MAC-based systems, which must ensure that sensitivity labels are properly maintained and implemented so that sensitive information is appropriately protected at all times.

'''Two methods are commonly used for applying mandatory access control:'''

* Rule-based access controls: This type of control further defines specific conditions for access to a requested object. All MAC-based systems implement a simple form of rule-based access control to determine whether access should be granted or denied by matching:
** An object's sensitivity label
** A subject's sensitivity label
* Lattice-based access controls: These can be used for complex access control decisions involving multiple objects and/or subjects. A lattice model is a mathematical structure that defines greatest lower-bound and least upper-bound values for a pair of elements, such as a subject and an object.

Few systems implement MAC. [[XTS-400]] is an example of one that does.


==== Role Based Access Control ====

[[Role-based access control]] (RBAC) is an access policy determined by the system, not the owner. RBAC is used in
commercial applications and also in military systems, where multi-level security requirements may also exist.
RBAC differs from DAC in that DAC allows users to control access to their resources, while in RBAC, access is controlled
at the system level, outside of the user's control. Although RBAC is non-discretionary, it can be distinguished from
MAC primarily in the way permissions are handled. MAC controls read and write permissions based on a user's clearance level and additional labels. RBAC controls collections of permissions that may include complex operations
such as an e-commerce transaction, or may be as simple as read or write. A role in RBAC can be viewed as a set of
permissions.

'''Three primary rules are defined for RBAC:'''

1. Role assignment: A subject can execute a transaction only if the subject has selected or been assigned a role.

2. Role authorization: A subject's active role must be authorized for the subject.
With rule 1 above, this rule ensures that users can take on only roles for which they are authorized.

3. Transaction authorization: A subject can execute a transaction only if the transaction is authorized
for the subject's active role. With rules 1 and 2, this rule ensures that users can execute only transactions
for which they are authorized.

Additional constraints may be applied as well, and roles can be combined in a hierarchy where higher-level
roles subsume permissions owned by sub-roles.

Most IT vendors offer RBAC in one or more products.

==Telecommunication==
In [[telecommunication]], the term '''access control''' is defined in U.S. [[Federal Standard 1037C]] [http://www.its.bldrdoc.gov/fs-1037/other/a.pdf] with the following meanings:
# A [[service feature]] or technique used to permit or deny use of the components of a communication [[system]].
# A technique used to define or restrict the rights of individuals or application programs to obtain [[data]] from, or place data onto, a [[data storage device|storage device]].
# The definition or restriction of the rights of individuals or application programs to obtain data from, or place data into, a [[storage device]].
# The process of limiting [[access]] to the resources of an [[Automated information system|AIS]] to authorized users, programs, processes, or other systems.
# That function performed by the resource controller that allocates system resources to satisfy [[User (telecommunications)|user]] requests.

Notice that this definition depends on several other technical terms from Federal Standard 1037C.

== Public Policy==

In [[public policy]], access control to restrict access to systems ("[[authorization]]") or to track or monitor behavior within systems ("[[accountability]]") is an implementation feature of using [[trusted systems]] for [[security]] or [[social control]].

==See also==
* [[Access badge]]
* [[Access control]]
* [[Alarm]]
* [[Alarm management]]
* [[Bank vault]]
* [[Biometrics]]
* [[Burglar alarm]]
* [[Castle]]
* [[:Category:Security companies]]
* [[Common Access Card]]
* [[Computer security]]
* [[Credential]]
* [[Door security]]
* [[Electronic lock]]
* [[Fortification]]
* [[ID Card]]
* [[key (lock)#key card|Key cards]]
* [[key management]]
* [[Lock smithing]]
* [[Lock picking]]
* [[Logical security]]
* [[Magnetic stripe card]]
* [[Optical turnstile]]
* [[Photo identification]]
* [[Physical key management]]
* [[Physical Security Professional]]
* [[Prison]]
* [[Proximity card]]
* [[Razor wire]]
* [[Safe]]
* [[Safe-cracking]]
* [[Security]]
* [[Security engineering]]
* [[Security lighting]]
* [[Security policy]]
* [[Smart card]]
* [[Swipe card]]
* [[Wiegand effect]]
* [[XACML]]

==References==
* U.S. [[Federal Standard 1037C]]
* U.S. [[MIL-STD-188]]
* U.S. [[National Information Systems Security Glossary]]
*Harris, Shon, All-in-one CISSP Exam Guide, Third Edition, McGraw Hill Osborne, Emeryville, California, 2005.

==External links==
* [http://xml.coverpages.org/xacml.html eXtensible Access Control Markup Language.] An OASIS standard language/model for access control. Also [[XACML]].
* [http://www.authenticationworld.com/Access-Control-Authentication/ Access Control Authentication Article on AuthenticationWorld.com]
* [http://www.sptnews.ca/index.php/20070907739/Articles/Entrance-Technology-Options.html Entrance Technology Options] article at [[SP&T News]]
* [http://www.sourcesecurity.com/news/articles/co-1040-ga-co-3879-ga.2311.html Novel chip-in access control technology used in Austrian ski resort]
* [http://www.sourcesecurity.com/companies/search-results/company-search/pa.access-control.html Directory of access control companies, mainly European]
*[http://www.afcea.org/wiki/index.php?title=Trusted_Computing_Base Trustifier MAC overview]



[[Category:Access control]]
[[Category:CISSP]]
[[Category:Security]]

[[bn:এক্সেস কন্ট্রোল]]
[[de:Zugriffskontrolle]]
[[fr:Contrôle d'accès]]
[[ko:접근 제어]]
[[id:Pengaturan akses]]
[[ja:アクセス制御]]
[[no:Adgangskontroll]]
[[pt:Controle de acesso]]
[[sq:Kontrolli i hyrjes]]
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Revision as of 23:12, 13 October 2008

Michel Chartier de Lotbiniere (1723-1798), Marquis de Lotbiniere

Michel Chartier de Lotbiniere was the son of Eustache Chartier de Lotbiniere (1688-1749). His mother, Marie-Francoise, was the daughter of Captain Francois-Marie Renaud d'Avene de Desmeloizes (1655-1699), a veteren of the expedition against the Senecas and according to Louis de Buade de Frontenac, 'one of the best and wisest officers' in New France.

Michel's grandfather, Louis-Theandre Chartier de Lotbiniere (1612-1688), established this family in New France. Their history dates back to Dijon in the fourteenth century, but it was their ancestor, Alain Chartier (1382-1455), Secretary of State under King Charles VI of France, who was first to be enobled at the beginning of the fifteenth century. They married into such families as the Chateaubriands, Rochefaucaulds and Polignacs. Louis-Theandre Chartier de Lotbiniere had married the sister of Mathieu D'Amours de Chauffours, who was a relative of Jean de Lauzon, the future Governor of New France. It is possible that it was at the request of de Lauzon that the de Lotbiniere family became established in Quebec. Mons and Mme de Lotbiniere arrived there October 13, 1651, on the same ship as de Lauzon and Mathieu de Chauffours.

Eustache Chartier de Lotbiniere [1]

Michel Chartier de Lotbiniere [2]

Three years after his mother's death his father, the Councillor of the Sovreign Court and Keeper of the Seals, took holy orders, becoming the Dean of Quebec. Michel was brought up at the Jesuit College in Quebec before becoming a cadet with the Colonial Regular Army, breaking the family tradition of winning fame on the bench. As second ensign he served in the Acadian Campaign of 1746-47 gaining a reputation as 'a capable and courageous officer'. In 1749 the Commandant General of New France, Roland-Michel Barrin de La Galissonière, promoted him to ensign and entrusted him to lead a reconnaisance mission into the region between Montreal and Michilimackinac. In 1747 Lotbiniere had married Louise-Madeleine Chaussegros de Lery, the daughter of the Engineer-in-Chief of New France

Louise (de Lery) Lotbiniere [3]

Completing his mission successfully, in 1750 Galissonière, who was now back in France, sent for the young Lotbiniere to join him so he could train as an engineer and artillery officer. Three years later he returned to New France as a Lieutenant and with the title of King's Engineer in the Colonial Regular Army, working under his father-in-law on the construction of the Quebec ramparts.

In 1755 his cousin, Pierre Francois de Rigaud, Marquis de Vaudreuil-Cavagnal, put him in charge of building Fort Ticonderoga. Although promoted to Captain in 1757, he was refused the position of Engineer-in-Chief of New France which he had asked for after his father-in-law's death. The court instead appointed Nicolas Sarrebaurce, an engineer in the French Regular Army, who wasted no time in hindering Lotbiniere's career, sending reports to Paris accusing him of incompetence and malversations, ruining his credability with the Ministry of Marine. As some form of compensation his cousin, Governor Vaudreuil, gave him the seigneury of Alainville.

In the run up to the Battle of Quebec his cousin employed him to build defences about the city. During the battle he served as Vaudreuil's aide-de-camp. In 1760 he was put in charge of fortifying Ile aux Nois de put a stop to the British advance from the south, but was forced to fall back to Montreal. After the capitulation he left his wife and daughter in Canada and returned with his son, Michel-Eustache-Gaspard-Alain Chartier de Lotbiniere, to France.

Having lost his land in North America he unsuccessfully tried ro resume his military career in France. His thoughts turned again to his native land, and he decided to return as a large landowner. From cousin, the former Governor-General, who had retired to his ancestral estate near Rouen, he bought the seigeuries of Vaudreuil, Rigaud and Saint-Francois-de-Nouvelle-Beauce, also adding Villechauve and Hocquart. Before returning to Canada he spent a year in London to try to make sure that Alainville and Hocquart (which since the Royal Proclamation of 1763 fell within the boundaries of New York) would be recocognised as his by the Board of Trade. This resulted in a vague promise, which Lotbiniere took as a guarantee.

On his return to Canada in 1760 Lotbiniere immediately set about developing his seigneury at Vaudreuil. He built a manor house there for his family, a mill, and the Church of Saint-Michel, which still stands today, still closely associated with his many descendants, notably the de Lotbiniere-Harwood family. Short of funds he was forced to sell the seigneury of Lotbiniere to his son in 1770. By 1771 his son had bought all his father's Canadian seigneuries except Villechauve, which was mortgaged. In addition to this, he was unable to recover his two properties in New York (Alainville and Hocquart), and so returned to London again to plead his cause. In 1776 the British Board of Trade rejected his claims to Alainville and offered him a grant of an equal size of land in Quebec in compensation for his loss of Hocquart. He refused the compromise and left Britain, deciding to be a British subject no longer.

Taking the advice of his former superior officer, Francis de Gaston, Chevalier de Levis, he went to France and offered his services to the Minister of Foreign Affairs, Charles Gravier, Comte de Vergennes who entrusted him with an unofficial mission as an observer. In 1776 he arrived in Massachussets, but ignoring Vergenne's words immediately introduced himself to John Hancock as the unoffical envoy of the minister. He spent six months in Boston, winning few friends through his agitations. Lotbiniere, for purely selfish reasons, was desperate for France to recover her lost colonies, and did all he could to force the issue. He returned to France with his report in 1777, but Vergennes didn't see it as wise to recruit him on any further missions. Up until 1782 he still hoped France would recapture her losses in North America, but after the Treaty of Versailles in 1763 any last hopes he had had of returning to Canada were finished.

Lotbiniere spent the next ten years in France. With de Levis' support he re-established his military engineering reputation. He was awarded the Cross of the Order of Saint-Louis and a pension of 600 livres, which was doubled in 1781. In 1784 King Louis XVI made him the Marquis de Lotbiniere in recognition of the sacrifices he had made by allying himself to the French cause in 1776.

Indefatigable as ever, Lotbiniere returned to America in 1787 to once again try to recover his seigneuries at Alainville and Hocquart, but two years of effort proved to be futile. In arriving in New York he had asked permission to return to his home country but Guy Carleton, 1st Baron Dorchester catorgorically refused him re-entry. However in 1790, in the company of his son (Lord Dorchester's confidential agent) he crossed the border unhindered, revisiting his family and his seigneury at Villechauve.

His happiness was short lived. He was forced into exile again after selling Villechauve. To receive her share from the sale his wife asked for and obtained a property separation in 1796.

"Embittered and at odds with his family, Chartier de Lotbinière, who had set himself apart from the other seigneurs by the bold stance he had adopted against Governor Carleton, ended his days alone in New York. He died of yellow fever in October 1798, at the age of 75."

References

The Dictionary of Canadian Biography

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