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{{Geobox River
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<!-- *** Name section *** -->
{{Refimprove|date=November 2007}}
| name = Ogaşu Bologhii
[[Image:Foot Chart1 small.png|right|thumb|An example of a reflexology chart, demonstrating the areas of the feet that practitioners believe correspond with organs in the "zones" of the body.]]
| native_name =
[[Image:Reflexology of the Hand.JPG|right|thumb|An example of a reflexology chart of the Hand, demonstrating the areas of the hand that practitioners believe correspond with organs in the "zones" of the body.]]
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| city_type = Villages
| country = [[Romania]]
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| district = [[Caraş-Severin County]]
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The '''Ogaşu Bologhii''' is a [[tributary]] of the [[Poneasca River]] in [[Romania]].
'''Reflexology''', or '''zone therapy''', is the practice of massaging, squeezing, or pushing on parts of the [[foot|feet]], or sometimes the [[hand]]s and [[ear]]s, with the goal of encouraging a beneficial effect on other parts of the body, or to improve general [[health]].


==References==
There is no consensus on how reflexology is supposed to work; a unifying theme is the idea that areas on the foot correspond to areas of the body, and that by manipulating these one can improve health through one's [[qi]].<ref name=TRH1>{{cite book
| last = Norman
| first = Laura
| authorlink = Laura Norman
| coauthors = Thomas Cowan
| title = The Reflexology Handbook, A Complete Guide
| publisher = [[Piatkus]]
| date = 1989
| pages = 22, 23
| isbn = 0-86188-912-6 }} </ref>


* Administraţia Naţională Apelor Române - Cadastrul Apelor - Bucureşti
Concerns have been raised by medical professionals that treating potentially serious illnesses with reflexology, which has no proven efficacy, could delay the seeking of help from proven conventional medicine.<ref name=ncahf>{{cite web
* Institutul de Meteorologie şi Hidrologie - Rîurile României - Bucureşti 1971
| title = Reflexology
| publisher = National Council Against Health Fraud
| date = 1996
| url = http://www.ncahf.org/articles/o-r/reflexology.html
| accessdate = 2007-01-27 | format = html}}</ref> There is no clinical or scientific evidence that reflexology has any beneficial effect.<ref>{{cite journal
|author=Wang MY, Tsai PS, Lee PH, Chang WY, Yang CM
|title=The efficacy of reflexology: systematic review
|journal=J Adv Nurs
|volume=62
|issue=5
|pages=512–20
|year=2008
|month=June
|pmid=18489444
|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2648.2008.04606.x
|url=
}}</ref>


{{coord missing|Romania}}
== Claimed mechanisms of operation ==
Reflexologists posit that the body contains an energy field, invisible [[vitalism|life force]], or [[Qi]], the blockage of which can prevent healing.<ref name=TRH1>{{cite book
| last = Norman
| first = Laura
| authorlink = Laura Norman
| coauthors = Thomas Cowan
| title = The Reflexology Handbook, A Complete Guide
| publisher = [[Piatkus]]
| date = 1989
| pages = 22, 23
| isbn = 0-86188-912-6 }} </ref>


{{DEFAULTSORT:Ogasu Bologhii}}
Other reflexologists claim to be able to relieve stress and pain in other parts of the body through the manipulation of the feet.<ref name=WIR>{{cite web | url = http://www.reflexology-research.com/whatis.htm | title = What is Reflexology? | accessdate = 2006-11-26 | format = html }}</ref>
[[Category:Rivers of Romania]]
[[Category:Rivers of the Nera-Cerna subbasin]]
[[Category:Rivers of Caraş-Severin County]]


{{CaraşSeverin-geo-stub}}
These hypotheses are rejected by the general medical community, citing a lack of scientific evidence and the well-tested [[germ theory of disease]].<ref name=NS>{{cite web
| title = Natural Standard
| publisher = Harvard Medical School
| date = [[July 7]], [[2005]]
| url = http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/ihtIH/WSIHW000/8513/34968/360060.html?d=dmtContent
| accessmonthday = January 27 | accessyear=2007}}</ref>


[[ro:Ogaşu Bologhii]]
== History ==
The precursor of modern reflexology was introduced to the United States in 1913 by [[William H. Fitzgerald]], M.D. (1872-1942), an [[Otolaryngology|ear, nose, and throat]] specialist, and Dr. Edwin Bowers. Fitzgerald claimed that applying pressure had an [[Anaesthesia|anesthetic effect]] on other areas of the body.<ref name=TRH2>{{cite book | last = Norman | first = Laura | authorlink = Laura Norman | coauthors = Thomas Cowan | title = The Reflexology Handbook, A Complete Guide | publisher = [[Piatkus]] | date = 1989 | pages = 17 | isbn = 0-86188-912-6 }} </ref>

Reflexology was further developed in the 1930s and 1940s by Eunice D. Ingham (1899-1974), a nurse and [[physiotherapist]].<ref name=Ingham>{{cite journal | last = Benjamin | first = Patricia | year = 1989 | title = Eunice D. Ingham and the development of foot reflexology in the U.S | journal = American Massage Therapy Journal}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.massagenerd.com/pdf_massage_ebooks/History_Therapies_Rules_Ryan_Hoyme_.pdf | title = Massagenerd.com Presents History of Massage, Therapies & Rules | accessdate = 2007-10-12 | format = pdf }}</ref> Ingham claimed that the feet and hands were especially sensitive, and mapped the entire body into "reflexes" on the feet. It was at this time that "zone therapy" was renamed reflexology.

Modern reflexologists in the United States and the United Kingdom often learn Ingham's method first, although there are other more recently developed methods.<ref name=NS/>

== Criticism ==
Common criticisms of reflexology are the lack of central regulation, accreditation and licensing, the lack of medical training provided to reflexologists, and the short duration of training programmes. Diplomas in reflexology can be attained with as little as six months of home study;<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.opencollege.info/reflexologycourse.html | title = The Open College reflexology diploma course | format = html | accessdate = 2007-11-17}}</ref> and the lack of [[Medical license|licensing]] and regulation allows anyone to practice as a reflexologist, with no qualifications. However, in certain European countries, such as Switzerland, require reflexologists to be medical practitioners, due to the required understanding of anatomy and physiology.

Reflexology's claim to manipulate energy ([[Qi]]) has been called [[Pseudoscience|pseudoscientific]], as there is no [[Qi#Scientific_investigation|scientific evidence]] for the existence of life energy (Qi), 'crystalline structures,' or '[[Channel (Chinese medicine)|pathways]]' in the body.<ref>{{cite web | last = Barrett | first = Stephen | authorlink = Stephen Barrett | url = http://www.quackwatch.org/01QuackeryRelatedTopics/reflex.html | title = Reflexology: A close look | publisher = [[Quackwatch]] | accessdate = 2007-10-12 | date = 2004-09-25}}</ref>According to nearly all reputable scientific studies on the subject, reflxology has no benefit other than a placebo effect.{{Fact|date=October 2008}}

== Reflexology charts ==
{{Unreferencedsection|date=September 2007}}
A reflexology chart shows the "reflex zones" worked by reflexologists on the [[sole]]s of the feet. Similar maps exist for the position of the reflexes on the hands and ears.

In this chart, the color codes represent the following organs or parts of the body:

<table>
<tr><td rowspan=16> [[Image:Foot chart1.png|thumb]]</td> <td bgcolor="#A4BD97">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td>[[Brain]]</td>
<td bgcolor="#89F317">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td> [[Stomach]]</td>
</td>
<tr><td bgcolor="#53874F">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td> [[Paranasal sinus|Sinuses]]</td>
<td bgcolor="#C6426B">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td> [[Spleen]]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#2B5461">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td> [[human voice|Voice]]</td>
<td bgcolor="#8C8276">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td> [[Liver]]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#6092A4">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td> [[Pituitary gland]]</td>
<td bgcolor="#A2BC5A">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td> [[Gall Bladder]]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#D6CE4A">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td> [[Neck]] and [[Throat]]</td>
<td bgcolor="#A14A41">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td> [[Adrenal Gland]]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#8EB2F1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td> [[Eyes]]</td>
<td bgcolor="#BBB2CD">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td> [[Pancreas]]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#EDBD86">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td> [[Ears]]</td>
<td bgcolor="#CB9498">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td> [[Kidney]]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#81AB96">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td> [[Armpit]]</td>
<td bgcolor="#FF97A4">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td> [[Ureter]]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#E49C8E">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td> [[Shoulder]] and [[Arm]]</td>
<td bgcolor="#FFF10B">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td> [[Urinary bladder|Bladder]]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#72D784">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td> [[Lung]] and [[Breast]]</td>
<td bgcolor="#867B55">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td> [[Colon (anatomy)|Colon]]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#FF0000">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td> [[Heart]]</td>
<td bgcolor="#B9A462">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td> [[Small Intestine]]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#4AB242">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td> [[Thyroid]] and [[Bronchial]]</td>
<td bgcolor="#7BC0A4">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td> [[Coccyx]]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#B69777">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td> [[Solar Plexus]]</td>
<td bgcolor="#FEA134">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td> [[sciatic nerve|Sciatic Nerve]]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#CD905D">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td> [[diaphragm (anatomy)|Diaphragm]]</td>
<td bgcolor="#DC002F">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td> [[Wiktionary:Peyer's patches|Peyer's Patches]]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#E66302">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td> [[Vermiform appendix|Appendix]]</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
</tr>

</table>

other charts:<br/>
http://www.passthetest.com/images/reflexology.gif<br/>
http://www.quest4arts.org/productions/tours/hongkong/media/reflexlology.gif<br/>
http://www.healthgoods.com/images/Medirub_Hand_Reflexlology.gif<br/>
[http://www.reflexologycharts.org/reflexology-charts/ Interactive Reflexology Charts]

==Reflexology in the Media==

An episode of [[Penn & Teller: Bullshit!]] [[List of Bullshit! episodes|(1-02 Alternative Medicine)]] focused on reflexology. The original airing was [[February 7]], [[2003]].<br />
[[The Real Hustle]] mentioned reflexology as part of a weight loss scam (Season 4 Episode 2).

== See also ==

* [[Alternative medicine]]
* [[Acupressure]]
* [[Acupuncture]]
* [[Auriculotherapy]]
* [[Metamorphic Technique]]
* [[Pseudoscience]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
<!--Note: The purpose of the Link section isn't to advertise your reflexology practice. Such links will be deleted -->
'''Professional bodies and organisations'''
* [http://www.aor.org.uk/ Association of Reflexologists]
* [http://www.fht.org.uk/ Federation of Holistic Therapists]
* [http://www.icr-reflexology.org/ International Council of Reflexologists]
* [http://www.reflexeurope.org/ Reflexology in Europe Network]
* [http://www.reflexology.org/reforgs.htm Reflexology Organisations in Different Countries]
* [http://www.sareflexology.org.za TSARS, The South African Reflexology Association]
* [http://www.isreflexology.com/en IFR, The Israeli Forum of Reflexology]

'''Critical websites'''
* {{cite web | url = http://skepdic.com/reflex.html | title = Skeptics Dictionary: Definition of Reflexology | last = Carroll | first = Robert Todd | accessdate = 2007-10-12 | format = html | authorlink = Robert Todd Carroll| date = 2007-10-03}}
* {{cite web | last = Barrett | first = Stephen | authorlink = Stephen Barrett | url = http://www.quackwatch.org/01QuackeryRelatedTopics/reflex.html | title = Reflexology: A close look | publisher = [[Quackwatch]] | accessdate = 2007-10-12 | date = 2004-09-25}}

'''Review of scientific evidence'''
* {{cite web | url = http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/ihtIH/WSIHW000/8513/34968/360060.html?d=dmtContent | title = Reflexology at Aetna InteliHealth | accessdate = 2007-10-12 | format = html | date = 2005-07-07}}

[[Category:Alternative medicine]]
[[Category:Pseudoscience]]

[[af:Refleksologie]]
[[cs:Reflexologie]]
[[da:Zoneterapi]]
[[de:Reflexzonenmassage]]
[[et:Refleksoloogia]]
[[el:Ρεφλεξολογία]]
[[es:Reflexología]]
[[fr:Réflexologie]]
[[hr:Refleksologija]]
[[it:Reflessologia]]
[[he:רפלקסולוגיה]]
[[nl:Reflexologie]]
[[ja:リフレクソロジー]]
[[no:Fotsoneterapi]]
[[pl:Refleksologia]]
[[zh:腳底按摩]]

Revision as of 04:59, 13 October 2008

Template:Geobox River

The Ogaşu Bologhii is a tributary of the Poneasca River in Romania.

References

  • Administraţia Naţională Apelor Române - Cadastrul Apelor - Bucureşti
  • Institutul de Meteorologie şi Hidrologie - Rîurile României - Bucureşti 1971

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