Interbasin transfer and Naruo - Mukogawajoshidai-Mae Station: Difference between pages

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[[Image:Naruo Station south entrance.jpg|thumb|Naruo Station]]
An '''interbasin transfer''' is a transfer of water from one [[river basin]] to another. The purpose of an interbasin transfer can be to generate hydropower, to alleviate water shortages in the receiving basin, or both. The [[Green Revolution in India]] and [[hydropower]] development in Canada could not have taken place without such transfers. Also, large cities such as [[Los Angeles]] and [[San Diego]] would not exist as we know them today without interbasin transfers. The first modern interbasin transfers were undertaken in the 19th century in Australia, India and the United States, followed by many more transfers in the same countries, as well as in Canada and China, during the 20th century.
{{Nihongo|'''Naruo Station'''|鳴尾駅|Naruo-eki}} is a [[train station]] in [[Nishinomiya, Hyōgo|Nishinomiya]], [[Hyōgo Prefecture]], [[Japan]].


==Lines==
Interbasin transfers are often controversial due to their size, their costs and their environmental impacts. While developed countries often have already exploited the most economical sites for interbasin transfers, many large-scale interbasin transfers have been proposed in developing countries such as Brazil, African countries, India and China. The transfers have been justified because of increased water demand for [[irrigation]], industry and municipal water supply, energy needs, as well as possibly because of increased hydrological variability caused by [[climate change]] and the need to hedge against ensuing droughts. Interbasin transfers are often large and expensive, involving major infrastructure and in some cases massive use of energy for pumping. They can also be complicated in legal terms, since [[Water right|water rights]] are affected, especially if the basin of origin is a transboundary river. Furthermore, transfers can have significant environmental impacts on [[Lotic ecosystems|aquatic ecosystems]]. Finally, in some cases [[water conservation]] measures can make interbasin transfers to alleviate water scarcity unnecessary, delay the need to build them or reduce their size and cost.
*Hanshin Electric Railway
**[[Hanshin Main Line|Main Line]]


==Layout==
== Existing transfers ==
{{Sectstub|date=May 2008}}


==Adjacent stations==
There are dozens of large inter-basin transfers around the world, most of them concentrated in Australia, Canada, China, India and the United States. The oldest interbasin transfers date back to the late 19th century. Their primary purpose usually is either to alleviate water scarcity or to generate hydropower.
{{j-railservice start}}

=== Primarily for the alleviation of water scarcity ===

==== Americas ====

* The [[California State Water Project]] transferring water from Northern to Southern California. It includes the [[California Aqueduct]] and the [[Edmonston Pumping Plant]], which lifts water nearly 2,000 feet (600 meters) up and over the [[Tehachapi Mountains]] through 10 miles of tunnels for municipal water supply in the [[Los Angeles]] Metropolitan area.
* From the [[Colorado River]] to the [[Imperial Irrigation District]] in Southern California using the [[All-American Canal]] built in the 1930s
* The Cutzamala System, transferring water from the [[Cutzamala]] River to [[Mexico City]] for use as drinking water, lifting it over more than 1000 meters. It utilizes 7 reservoirs, a 127 km long aqueduct with 21 km of tunnels, 7.5 km open canal, and a water treatment plant. Its cost was US$ 1.3 billion. <ref> [http://ambio.allenpress.com/perlserv/?request=get-document&doi=10.1639%2F0044-7447(2003)032%5B0124%3AWMFAMM%5D2.0.CO%3B2&ct=1 Cecilia Tortajada and Enrique Castelán:Water Management for a Megacity: Mexico City Metropolitan Area], Ambio, Volume 32, Issue 2 (March 2003) </ref> See also [[Water resources management in Mexico]]

The [[Central Arizona Project]] (CAP) in the USA is not an interbasin transfer per se, although it shares many characteristics with interbasin transfers as it transports large amounts of water over a long distance and difference in altitude. The CAP transfers water from the [[Colorado River]] to Central Arizona for both agriculture and municipal water supply to substitute for depleted groundwater. However, the water remains within the watershed of the Colorado River.

==== Asia ====

* The Periyar Project in Southern India from the [[Periyar River]] in [[Kerala]] to the [[Vaigai]] basin in [[Tamil Nadu]]. It consists of a dam and a tunnel with a discharging capacity of 40.75 cubic meter per second. The project was commissioned in 1895 and provides irrigation to 81,000 hectares, in addition to providing power through a plant with a capacity of 140 MW.<ref name="NWDA"/>
* The [[Parambikulam]] [[Aliyar]] project, also in Southern India, consists of seven streams, five flowing towards the west and two towards the east, which have been dammed and interlinked by tunnels. The project transfers water from the [[Chalakudy River]] basin to the [[Bharatapuzha]] and [[Cauvery]] basins for irrigation in [[Coimbatore]] district of [[Tamil Nadu]] and the [[Chittur]] area of [[Kerala]] states. It also serverse for power generation with a capacity of 185 MW.<ref name="NWDA"/>
* The [[Kurnool]] [[Cudappah]] Canal in Southern India is a scheme started by a private company in 1863, transferring wtaer from the [[Krishna River]] basin to the [[Pennar]] basin. It includes a 304 km long canal with a capacity of 84.9 cubic meter per second for irrigation.<ref name="NWDA"/>
* The [[Telugu Ganga project]] in Southern India. This project primarily meets the water supply needs of [[Chennai]] metropolitan area, but is also used for irrigation. It brings [[Krishna River]] water through 406 km of canals. The project, which was approved in 1977 and completed in 2004, involved the cooperation of four Indian States: [[Maharashtra]] , [[Karnataka]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name="NWDA"/>
* The [[Indira Gandhi Canal]] (formerly known as the Rajasthan Canal) linking the [[Ravi River]], the [[Beas River]] adn the [[Sutlej River]] through a system of dams, hydropower plants, tunnels, canals and irrigation systems in Northern India built in the 1960s to irrigate the [[Thar Desert]].<ref name="NWDA"> [http://www.nwda.gov.in/index2.asp?sublinkid=45&langid=1 National Water Development Agency of India:Existing Experience with Interbasin Transfers] </ref>
* The [[National Water Carrier]] in Israel, transferring water from the [[Sea of Galilee]] ([[Jordan River]] Basin) to the Mediterranean coast lifting water over 372 meters. Its water is used both in agriculture and for municipal water supply.
* The [[Mahaweli Ganga]] Project in Sri Lanka includes several inter basin transfers.
* The [[Irtysh]]-[[Karaganda]] scheme in central Kazakhstan is about 450 km long with a maximum capacity of 75 cubic meters per second. It was built between 1962 and 1974 and involves a lift of 14 to 22 m.<ref name="NWDA"/>
* Numerous transfers in China

==== Australia ====

* Three schemes for flooding [[Lake Eyre]]
* The 530km-long [[Goldfields Water Supply Scheme]] of Western Australia built from 1896 to 1903
* A scheme to supply [[Perth]] with water through the Kimberley Pipeline Scheme

==== Europe ====

* Various transfers from the [[Ebro River]] in Spain, which flows to the Mediterranean, to basins draining to the Atlantic, such as Ebro-Besaya transfer of 1982 to supply the industrial area of [[Torrelavega]], the Cerneja-Ordunte transfer to the [[Bilbao]] Metropolitan area of 1961, as well as the Zadorra-Arratia transfer that also supplies Bilbao through the Barazar waterfall (Source:Spanish Wikipedia article on the Ebro River. See [[:es:Gestión del agua en España]])

Characteristics of major existing interbasin transfers and other large-scale water trasfers to alleviate water scarcity
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
!colspan=5|Hanshin Electric Railway
!
{{j-route|route=Main Line|col=blue|f=w}}
! Year of construction
{{j-rserv|b=d|service=Hanshin-Sanyo Through Limited Express|p|col=red}}
! Length
{{j-rserv|b=d|service=Limited Express|p|col=red}}
! Capacity (Million cubic meters/year)
{{j-rserv|b=d|service=Morning Limited Express for Umeda|p|col=maroon}}
! Costs (US$ bn)
{{j-rserv|b=d|service=Rapid Express|p|col=blue}}
|-
{{j-rserv|b=d|service=Express|p|col=orange}}
| [[California State Water Project]] (USA)
{{j-rserv|b=d|service=Morning Express for Umeda|previous={{ja-stalink|Mukogawa}}|next={{ja-stalink|Kōshien}}|col=orange}}
| Eearly 1960s-1990s
{{j-rserv|b=d|service=Semi-Express|previous=Mukogawa|next=Kōshien|col=green}}
| 715km
{{j-rserv|service=Local|previous=Mukogawa|next=Kōshien|col=darkblue}}
| 25 (10,300 cubic feet/sec)
{{end box}}
| 5.2
|-
| [[Central Arizona Project]] (USA)
| 1973-93
| 541km
| 5 (1.5m acre-feet/year)
| 3.6
|-
| [[National Water Carrier]] (Israel)
| 1953-64
| 130km
| 1.7
| ?
|-
| Cutzamala System (Mexico)
| Late 1970s-late 1990s
| 154km
| 2.1 (24 m3/sec)
| 1.3
|-
| [[All-American Canal]] (USA)
| 1930s
| 132 km
| 64 (740 m3/sec)
|
|-
| [[Indira Gandhi Canal]] (India)
| Since 1958
| 650 km
|
|
|-
| [[Telugu Ganga project]] (India)
| 1977-2004
| 406 km
| 10.1 (3.7 bn m3/year)
|
|-
| [[Irtysh]]-[[Karaganda]] scheme (Kazakhstan)
| 1962-1974
| 450 km
| 6.5 (75 m3/sec)
|
|-
|}

=== For the generation of hydropower ===

==== Africa ====

* The Drakensberg Pumped Storage Scheme from the [[Tugela River]] that flows into the Indian Ocean into the [[Vaal River]] in South Africa, which ultimately drains into the [[Orange River]] and the Atlantic Ocean. Its purpose is hydropower generation <ref> [http://www.warthog.co.za/dedt/tourism/drakensberg/north/storage.htm Drakensberg Pumped Storage Scheme] </ref>

==== Australia ====

* The [[Snowy Mountains Scheme]] in Australia, built between 1949 and 1974 at the cost (at that time) of AUD$800 million; a dollar value equivalent in 1999 and 2004 to AUD$6 billion (US$ 4.5 billion).
* The [[Barnard River Scheme]], also in Australia, constructed between 1983 and 1985.

==== Americas ====

In Canada, sixteen interbasin transfers have been implemented for hydropower development, among them:
* the [[James Bay Project]] from the [[Caniapiscau River]] and the [[Eastmain River]] into the [[La Grande River]], built in the 1970s. The water flow was reduced by 90% at the mouth of the Eastmain River, by 45% where the Caniapiscau River flows into the Koksoak River, and by 35% at the mouth of the Koksoak River. The water flow of the La Grande River, on the other hand, was doubled, increasing from 1,700 m³/s to 3,400 m³/s (and from 500 m³/s to 5,000 m³/s in winter) at the mouth of the La Grande River.
* the [[Churchill Falls]] hydroelectric power station built between 1967 and 1971, and
* the [[Kemano]] hydroelectric power station diverting water from the [[Nechako River]] in British Columbia to the sea.

==== Asia ====

* The [[Nam Theun II]] Project in Laos from the Nam Theun River to the Xe Bang Fai River, both tributaries of the Mekong River, completed in 2008.
* The Bheri-Babai Multipurpose Project on the [[Ghaghara River]] in India (Hydropower and irrigation)

=== For other purposes ===

The [[Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal]] in the USA, which serves to divert polluted water from [[Lake Michigan]].

== Transfers under construction ==

The Eastern and Central Routes of the [[South-North Water Transfer Project]] in China from the [[Yangtse River]] to the [[Yellow River]] and Beijing.

== Proposed transfers ==

Nearly all proposed interbasin transfers are in developing countries. The objective of most transfers is the alleviation of water scarcity in the receiving basin(s). Unlike in the case of existing transfers, there are very few proposed transfers whose objective is the generation of hydropower.

==== Africa ====

From the [[Ubangi River]] in Congo to the [[Chari River]] which empties into [[Lake Chad]]. The plan was first proposed in the 1960s and again in the 1980s and 1990s by Nigerian engineer J. Umolu (ZCN Scheme) and Italian firm Bonifica (Transaqua Scheme) <ref>[http://hydroweb.com/jeh/jeh1999/bunu.pdf Journal of Environmental Hydrology, Vol. 7, 1999]</ref><ref>[http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=mg12917615.500 New Scientist, March 23, 1991 Africa at a Watershed (Ubangi - Lake Chad Inter-basin transfer)]</ref><ref>Umolu, J. C.; 1990, Macro Perspectives for Nigeria’s Water Resources Planning, Proc. of the First Biennial National Hydrology Symposium, Maiduguri, Nigeria, pp. 218-262(discussion of Ubangi-Lake Chad diversion schemes)</ref><ref>The Changing Geography of Africa and the Middle East By Graham Chapman, Kathleen M. Baker, University of London School of Oriental and African Studies, 1992
Routledge</ref><ref>[http://dwb.unl.edu/Teacher/NSF/C09/C09Links/www.ccnet.com/~mcumolu/globclim.html Combating Climate Induced Water And Energy Deficiencies In West Central Africa (Ubangi - Lake Chad Inter-basin transfer)]</ref>. In 1994, the Lake Chad Basin Commission (LCBC) proposed a similar project and at a March, 2008 Summit, the Heads of State of the LCBC member countries committed to the diversion project <ref>[http://www.voanews.com/english/2008-03-28-voa33.cfm Voice of America News, March 28, 2008 African Leaders Team Up to Rescue Lake Chad]</ref>. In April, 2008, the LCBC advertised a request for proposals for a World Bank-funded feasibility study.

==== Americas ====

The [[Transfer of the São Francisco River]] from the [[São Francisco River]] to the dry [[sertão]] in the four northeastern states of [[Ceara]], [[Rio Grande do Norte]], [[Paraiba]] and [[Pernambuco]] in Brazil. The project is estimated to cost US$2 billion and was given the green light to go ahead by the Supreme Court in December 2007.

==== Asia ====

* A series of transfers in Central and Southern India linking the [[Godavari]]-[[Krishna River|Krishna]]-[[Pennar]]-[[Cauvery]] Rivers <ref> [http://www.nwda.gov.in/writereaddata/sublinkimages/11.jpg National Water Development Agency of India:Proposed Interbasin Transfer Links - Peninsular Component] </ref>
* 14 transfers in Northern India <ref> [http://www.nwda.gov.in/writereaddata/sublinkimages/10.jpg National Water Development Agency of India:Proposed Interbasin Transfer Links - Himalayan Component] </ref>
* From the [[Chalakudy River]] to the [[Bharathapuzha River]] in Kerala, India
* From Northern Russia and Siberia to Central Asia through the [[Northern river reversal]]. The proposal, originally dating to the [[Stalin]]'s and [[Khrushchev]]'s eras, included a Western and Eastern route, in the European and Asian parts of the then [[Soviet Union]] respectively. The suggested Western route would be from the [[Pechora River]] to the [[Kama River]], a tributary of the [[Volga River]], along the abandoned and uncompleted [[Pechora-Kama Canal]]. The Eastern route would be from the [[Tobol River]], [[Ishim River]] and [[Irtysh River]] in the [[Ob River|Ob basin]] to the desert plains of Kazakhastan and the [[Aral Sea]] basin. In 2006 Kazakh president [[Nursultan Nazarbaev]] said he wanted to resuscitate the scheme that had been abandoned by the Soviet Union in 1986. The cost of that route alone is estimated at upwards from US$ 40 billion, well beyond the means of [[Kazakhstan]].<ref>[http://iwpr.net/?apc_state=hrubbca323728&l=en&s=b&p=bca&o=323728 Siberian River Project Revived] 08-Sep-06</ref>
* The western route of the [[South-North Water Transfer Project]] in China, which foresees to divert water from the headwater of [[Yangtze]] (and possibly also the headwaters of [[Mekong]] or [[Salween]] downstream) into the headwater of [[Yellow River]]. If the Mekong and Salween rivers were included in the project this would affect the downstream riparian countries Burma, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia and Vietnam.

==== Australia ====

The [[Bradfield Scheme]] in [[Queensland]], serving primarily for irrigation

== See also ==
* [[Water export]]


{{Hanshin Main Line}}
== Literature ==


{{coord missing|Japan}}
* [http://www.cambridge.org/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=9780521869690 Fereidoun Ghassemi and Ian White: Inter-Basin Water Transfer], Case Studies from Australia, United States, Canada, China and India, Cambridge University Press, International Hydrology Series, 2007, ISBN-13: 9780521869690


[[Category:Railway stations in Hyōgo Prefecture]]
== References ==


{{Hyōgo-rail-station-stub}}
{{reflist}}


[[Category:Hydrology]]
[[ja:鳴尾駅]]
[[Category:Water resources management]]

Revision as of 02:26, 13 October 2008

Naruo Station

Naruo Station (鳴尾駅, Naruo-eki) is a train station in Nishinomiya, Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan.

Lines

Layout

Adjacent stations

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Hanshin Electric Railway
Main Line
Hanshin-Sanyo Through Limited Express: Does not stop at this station
Limited Express: Does not stop at this station
Morning Limited Express for Umeda: Does not stop at this station
Rapid Express: Does not stop at this station
Express: Does not stop at this station
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