Blue Mountains (New South Wales) and Ariniș River (Izvorul Alb): Difference between pages
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{{Geobox River |
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[[Image:Blue mountains - three sisters.jpg|thumb|right|300px|The Three Sisters, sandstone rock formations that are one of the best-known attractions in the Blue Mountains.]] |
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| name = Ariniş River |
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| country = [[Romania]] |
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| district = [[Bacău County]] |
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| source_location = [[Tarcău Mountains]] |
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| mouth_name =[[Izvorul Alb River (Asău)|Izvorul Alb]] |
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The '''Ariniş River''' is a [[tributary]] of the [[Izvorul Alb River (Asău)|Izvorul Alb]] in [[Romania]]. |
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The '''Blue Mountains''', is a mountainous region in [[New South Wales]], [[Australia]], which borders [[Sydney]]'s metropolitan area, beginning approximately 50 kilometres west of [[City of Sydney|the city's centre]].<ref>Gregory's New South Wales State Road Map, Map 220, 11th Edition, Gregory's Publishing Company</ref> The area is generally considered to begin on the west side of the [[Nepean River]] and to extend westward as far as [[Coxs River]].<ref>The Blue Mountains Rediscovered, Chris Cunningham (Kangaroo Press) 1996, p.33</ref>Consisting of a sandstone [[plateau]], the area is dissected by [[gorge]]s of up to 760 metres in depth, and has high points up to 1,190 metres above [[sea level]]. A large part of the Blue Mountains is incorporated in the [[Greater Blue Mountains Area]] [[World Heritage Site]] and its constituent seven national parks and a conservation reserve. |
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===References=== |
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The Blue Mountains area includes the local government areas of the [[City of Blue Mountains]], the [[City of Hawkesbury]], the [[City of Lithgow]] and [[Oberon, New South Wales|Oberon]]<!--and others?-->. |
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* Administraţia Naţională Apelor Române - Cadastrul Apelor - Bucureşti |
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==History== |
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* Institutul de Meteorologie şi Hidrologie - Rîurile României - Bucureşti 1971 |
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{{refimprove|section}} |
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* Ovidiu Gabor - Economic Mechanism in Water Management [http://www.riob.org/euro-riob/cracovie/27_sep_2004/costrecoverymechanism.pdf] |
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[[Image:Pullpitrockbluemountains.jpg|thumb|Pulpit Rock, Grose Valley]] |
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The Blue Mountains were occupied by the Aborigines for thousands of years before white settlement in 1788. They left evidence of their presence in a number of places. Red Hands Cave, near [[Glenbrook]], for example, is a rock shelter containing hand stencils done by adults and children.<ref>Sydney and Blue Mountains Bushwalks, Neil Paton (Kangaroo Press) 2004, p.170</ref> Another example, on the south side of Queen Elizabeth Drive, [[Wentworth Falls]], are the grinding grooves made by sharpening stone implements against the ground. Nearby is a rock shelter containing paintings. |
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===Maps=== |
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Aborigines knew two routes across the mountains:{{cn}} Bilpin Ridge, which is now the location of Bells Line of Road between [[Richmond, New South Wales|Richmond]] and [[Bell, New South Wales|Bell]], and the [[Coxs River]], a tributary of the Nepean River. It could be followed upstream to the open country of the Kanimbla Valley, which was the kind of country the white settlers later wanted as farm land. Coxs River is the easy way to cross the mountains, but the European settlers were unaware of this fact.{{cn}} |
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* Harta Munţii Tarcău [http://harti.mielu.ro/tarcau.html] |
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Following European settlement of the Sydney area, the Blue Mountains were named the ''Carmarthen and Lansdowne Hills'' by [[Arthur Phillip]] in [[1788]]. The Carmarthen Hills were in the north of the region and the Lansdowne Hills were in the south. However, the name ''Blue Mountains'' was preferred and given to the region.<ref>[http://gutenberg.net.au/ausdisc/ausdisc2-intro.html Project Gutenberg Australia]</ref> The European settlers initially considered the mountains impassable, although it was although thought that productive agricultural land lay beyond the barrier.<ref>{{PDFlink|[http://blogs.usyd.edu.au/writingplace/writing%20place%20essay.pdf Beyond belonging? The landscape and belonging in colonial and contemporary imaginings of the Blue Mountains]|88.8 [[Kibibyte|KiB]]}}, Luke Heffernan.</ref> The idea that the mountains were impassable was, to an extent, convenient for the authorities, who considered that the "insurmountable" barrier of the mountains would deter convicts from trying to escape.{{cn}} |
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* Ovidiu Gabor - Economic Mechanism in Water Management [http://www.riob.org/euro-riob/cracovie/27_sep_2004/costrecoverymechanism.pdf] |
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{{coord missing|Romania}} |
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[[Image:BlueMountainspano6.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Neates Glen, outside Blackheath]] |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Arinis River}} |
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Attempts by Europeans to cross the mountains had failed until the 1813 expedition of [[Gregory Blaxland]], [[William Lawson]] and [[William Charles Wentworth]]. Following an exploratory trip in 1811, Blaxland, who wanted more grazing land, reasoned that the mountains could be crossed by following the ridges.<ref>A History of Australia, Vol. 1, C.M.H.Clark (Melbourne University Press) 1962, p. 277</ref> Accompanied by Lawson and Wentworth, he set out on 11th May, 1813, and the party succeeded in crossing the mountains by 31st May. On their return to Sydney, they were rewarded by Governor [[Lachlan Macquarie]] with a grant of 1,000 acres of land each.<ref>Crossing of the Blue mountains, Boardman (Scholastic Australia) 1997, pp.29-30</ref> |
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[[Category:Rivers of Romania]] |
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[[Category:Rivers of the Siret subbasin]] |
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[[Category:Rivers of Bacău County]] |
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{{Bacău-geo-stub}} |
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[[ro:Râul Ariniş]] |
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In November 1813, Macquarie sent the surveyor [[George Evans]] on expedition, during which he reached the [[Fish River|Fish]] and [[Macquarie River]]s, and the site of [[Bathurst]].<ref>Shaping Australia -- Explorers, Mitchell Scott (Watts Publishing) 2004, pp.5-6</ref> In early 1815, a road crossing the mountains was completed by [[William Cox (pioneer)|William Cox]]. The work was at the behest of Governor Macquarie, used 30 convict labourers and 8 guards, and was completed in 27 weeks.{{cn}} |
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[[simple:Ariniş River (Izvorul Alb)]] |
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Coal and shale oil were mined near [[Katoomba, New South Wales|Katoomba]], the [[Megalong Valley]] and [[Newnes]] until after the [[World War II|Second World War]]. |
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==Physiography== |
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The Blue Mountains are a distinct physiographic section of the larger Hunter-Hawkesbury Sunkland province, which in turn is part of the larger [[East Australian Cordillera]] physiographic division. |
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==Geography== |
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[[Image:1abluemountainspano2.jpg|thumb|The characteristic blue haze, as seen in the Grose Valley]] |
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The name derives from the bluish tinge the range takes on when viewed at a distance, which is caused by a process known as [[Mie theory|Mie Scattering]]. Mie Scattering occurs when incoming uv radiation is scattered by particles within the atmosphere. When Mie Scattering occurs incoming radiation lengths mix as no wave length is predominant over another (unlike Rayleigh Scattering where shortwave length radiation is predominant during the day and long at sunset, hence blue skies and red sunsets) creating a blue-greyish colour to any distant objects (such as mountain ranges or even clouds). It is widely believed that the blue colouring of the mountains is created by light reflecting of eucalypt leaves and although this is a romantic idea, unfortunately it is just folklore. The Blue Mountains were a familiar sight to early British settlers in the Sydney district long before the bulk of the continent was explored by non-native people. |
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The predominant natural vegetation of the higher ridges is eucalypt forest. Heath-like vegetation is present on plateau edges above cliffs. The sheltered gorges often have a temperate [[rainforest]]. There are also many hanging swamps with button grass reeds and thick, deep black soil. ''[[Wollemia nobilis]]'', the "Wollemi pine", a relic of earlier vegetation of [[Gondwana]], is found in remote and isolated valleys of the [[Wollemi National Park]]. |
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[[Image:Perryslookdownbluemountains.jpg|Grose Valley seen from Perrys Lookdown|thumb|left|Grose Valley Perry's Lookdown]] |
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The climate varies with height. At Katoomba (1,010 m) summer daytime temperatures are usually in 20s with a few days extending into the 30s ([[Celsius]]). Night time temperatures are usually in the teens. In winter the temperature is typically about 12 or 13 °C in the daytime with −3 °C or so on clear nights and 2 to 3 °C on cloudy nights. There are two to three snowfalls per year. In the lower mountains, however, the climate is significantly warmer. Annual rainfall is about 48 inches (1,200 mm) with many misty days. |
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[[Image:Wind erosion cave, blue mountains.jpg|thumb|upright|Wind Eroded Cave, Grose Valley, [[Blue Mountains National Park]]]] |
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The main natural disasters to afflict the area are [[bushfire]]s and severe storms. In recent years the lower mountains has been subjected to a series of bushfires which have caused great loss of property but relatively little loss of life. The upper mountains had not had a major fire for some decades until December 2002 (The Blackheath Glen Fire) and November 2006 when an extensive blaze in the Grose Valley threatened several communities including [[Bell, New South Wales|Bell]] and [[Blackheath, New South Wales|Blackheath]] (The Lawson Long Alley Fire). This latest fire burned for almost a month but was extinguished without loss of [[human|human life]] or property. A program of winter burning seems to have been quite successful in reducing fires in the upper mountains. |
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==World Heritage Listing== |
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The Greater Blue Mountains Area was nominated for listing as a World Heritage Area and was unanimously accepted on 29th November, 2000. It thus became the fourth area in New South Wales to be listed.<ref>Gardens of Stone National Park Information Sheet, National Parks and Wildlife Service of New South Wales, October 2001</ref> The total area covers a million hectares, including the Blue Mountains, Kanangra-Boyd, Wollemi, Gardens of Stone, Yengo, Nattai and Thirlmere Lakes National Parks, plus the Jenolan Caves Karst Conservation Reserve. |
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The reason why this site was chosen to be included on the World Heritage list is quoted below: |
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<blockquote>"Criteria (ii) and (iv): Australia’s eucalypt vegetation is worthy of recognition as of outstanding universal value, because of its adaptability and evolution in post-Gondwana isolation. The site contains a wide and balanced representation of eucalypt habitats from wet and dry sclerophyll, mallee heathlands, as well as localised swamps, wetlands, and grassland. 90 eucalypti tax (13% of the global total) and representation of all four groups of eucalypts occur. There is also a high level of endemism with 114 endemic taxa found in the area as well as 120 nationally rare and threatened plant tax. The site hosts several evolutionary relic species (Wollemia, Microstrobos, Acrophyllum) which have persisted in highly restricted micro sites." |
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<ref>http://whc.unesco.org/en/list whc.unesco.org</ref></blockquote> |
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[[Image:Forest in the bluemountains.jpg|thumb|center|450px|Neates Glen walking track]] |
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{{clear}} |
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==Tourist attractions== |
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[[Image:Blue Mountains Panorama.jpg|thumb|A panoramic view of the Blue Mountains]] |
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*The Giant Staircase walking track runs down a cliff into the Jamison Valley, near the [[Three Sisters (Australia)|Three Sisters]], offering access to extensive nature walks through the valley.<ref>Sydney and Blue Mountains Bushwalks, Neil Paton (Kangaroo Press) 2004, pp.212-220</ref> |
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*The [[Katoomba Scenic Railway]], the steepest railway in the world according to the ''[[Guinness Book of Records]]'', and originally part of the Katoomba mining tramways constructed between 1878 and 1900. The cable railway line descends 415 metres through sandstone cliffs, via a rock tunnel with a maximum gradient of 52 degrees. |
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*The Scenic Skyway: a glass-bottom aerial cable car that traverses an arm of the Jamison Valley at [[Katoomba]]. |
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*The Scenic Flyway: the steepest aerial cable car in Australia, it is a 545 metre ride. |
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*[[Jenolan Caves]], a spectacular series of limestone caves that is regarded as one of the world's best, lies 45 kilometres (70 kilometres by road) to the south west of [[Katoomba]]. |
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*The [[Zig Zag Railway]]: An old-fashioned railway with steam-powered engines near [[Lithgow, New South Wales|Lithgow]]. |
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*[[Valley Heights Locomotive Depot Heritage Museum]] is the home of the oldest remaining [[roundhouse]] in New South Wales. |
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*The Toy Museum at [[Leura]] is home to an interesting collection of toys and trains. |
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*The Edge Cinema offers visitors a panoramic view of the Blue Mountains. The Edge Movie, run every 45 minutes, is narrated by [[Hugo Weaving]] and is about the geography of this area. |
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*The [[Norman Lindsay Gallery and Museum]] at Faulconbridge. The gallery is operated by The [[National Trust of Australia]] and is located inside the former [[Norman Lindsay]] homestead, ''Springwood''. The gallery houses a wide variety of artwork including paintings, etchings, model sailing ship replicas and sculptures. The house and surrounding gardens featured in the film ''[[Sirens (film)|Sirens]]''. |
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[[Image:1abluemountainspano1.jpg|thumb|601px|center|A view from the [[Hydro Majestic Hotel]], with the Shipley Plateau on the right]]. |
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==Peaks== |
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*[[Mount Boyce]] |
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*[[Mount Piddington]] |
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*[[Mount York]] |
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*[[Mount Solitary]] |
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*[[Mount Banks]] |
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*[[Mount Trickett, New South Wales|Mount Trickett]] |
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*[[Mount Bindo]] |
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*[[Mount Hay]] |
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*[[Mount Wilson, New South Wales]] |
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==References== |
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{{reflist}} |
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*{{note|wme}} World Mountain Encyclopedia (2002-5). ''[http://www.peakware.com/areas.html?a=334 Great Dividing Range]''. Retrieved [[November 8]], [[2005]]. |
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==See also== |
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* [[Hartley, New South Wales]] |
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* [[Jenolan Caves]] |
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* [[Lithgow, New South Wales]] |
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==External links== |
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{{Commonscat|Blue Mountains, New South Wales}} |
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{{commons|Mountain Scenery, New South Wales}} |
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{{commonscat|Blue Mountains National Park}} |
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* [http://infobluemountains.net.au Blue Mountains Historical and Other Info] |
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* [http://www.visitbluemountains.com.au Blue Mountains Tourism] |
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* [http://www.bluemountainsdirectory.net Blue Mountains Directory] |
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* [http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/NationalParks/parkHome.aspx?id=N0004/Content/Home National Parks New South Wales - Blue Mountains] |
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* [http://www.atmitchell.com/journeys/history/exploration/crossing.cfm/ Crossing the Blue Mountains - State Library of NSW] |
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* [http://vadim.oversigma.com/Photo/BlueMountains/ Blue Mountains Photos] |
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* {{wikitravel}} |
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{{World Heritage Sites in Australia}} |
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{{coor title dms|33|43|05|S|150|18|38|E|region:AU_type:mountain}} |
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[[Category:Mountain ranges of New South Wales]] |
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[[Category:Blue Mountains, New South Wales]] |
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[[Category:Mountain peaks of the Blue Mountains| ]] |
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[[Category:Physiographic sections]] |
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[[ar:الجبال الزرقاء]] |
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[[cs:Modré hory]] |
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[[da:Blue Mountains]] |
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[[de:Blue Mountains (Australien)]] |
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[[fr:Montagnes bleues (Australie)]] |
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[[it:Blue Mountains]] |
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[[he:ההרים הכחולים]] |
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[[lt:Žydrieji kalnai]] |
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[[nl:Blue Mountains (Australië)]] |
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[[no:Blue Mountains (Australia)]] |
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[[pl:Góry Błękitne (Australia)]] |
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[[pt:Montanhas Azuis]] |
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[[ro:Blue Mountains]] |
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[[sv:Greater Blue Mountains]] |
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Revision as of 05:01, 13 October 2008
The Ariniş River is a tributary of the Izvorul Alb in Romania.
References
- Administraţia Naţională Apelor Române - Cadastrul Apelor - Bucureşti
- Institutul de Meteorologie şi Hidrologie - Rîurile României - Bucureşti 1971
- Ovidiu Gabor - Economic Mechanism in Water Management [1]
Maps
 | This Bacău County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. |