List of poetry groups and movements and Seven Rila Lakes: Difference between pages

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[[Image:Vr-ezeren-pan-sm.jpg|thumb|500px|Panoramic view of the Seven Rila Lakes from Mount Ezeren]]
'''Poetry groups and movements or schools''' may be self-identified by the poets that form them or defined by critics who see unifying characteristics of a body of work by more than one poet. To be a 'school' a group of poets must share a common style or a common ethos. A commonality of form is not in itself sufficient to define a school; for example, [[Edward Lear]], [[George du Maurier]] and [[Ogden Nash]] do not form a school simply because they all wrote [[limerick]]s.
The '''Seven Rila Lakes''' ({{lang-bg|Седем рилски езера}}, ''Sedem rilski ezera'') are a group of [[lake]]s of [[glacier|glacial]] origin ([[glacial lake]]s), situated in the northwestern [[Rila Mountains]] in [[Bulgaria]]. They are the most visited group of lakes in [[Bulgaria]]. The lakes are situated between 2,100 and 2,500 [[metre]]s elevation above sea level.


Each lake carries a name associated with its most characteristic feature. The highest one is called ''Salzata'' ("The Tear") due to its clear waters that allow visibility in depth. The next one in height carries the name ''Okoto'' ("The Eye") after its almost perfectly oval form. Okoto is the deepest circus lake in Bulgaria, with a depth of 37.5 m. Babreka ("The Kidney") is the lake with the steepest shores from the entire group. Bliznaka ("The Twin") is the largest one by area. Trilistnika ("The Trefoil") has an irregular shape and low shores. The shallowest lake is Ribnoto Ezero ("The Fish Lake") and the lowest one is Dolnoto Ezero ("The Lower Lake"), where the waters that flow out of the other lakes are gathered to form the Dzherman River.
There are many different 'schools' of poetry. Some of them are described below in approximate chronological sequence. The subheadings indicate broadly the century in which a style arose.


The Seven Lakes [[chalet]] offers tourist accommodation in the lakes' vicinity. It lies on the northeastern shore of The Fish Lake, at an elevation of 2,196 m.
===Prehistoric===
The '''[[Orature|Oral tradition]]''' is too broad to be a strict school but it is a useful grouping of works whose origins either predate writing, or belong to cultures without writing. These include the [[wikt:saga|saga]]s of which ''[[Beowulf]]'' is the most widely known.


==List==
===Elizabethan and Shakespearian===
{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
The '''[[Metaphysical poets]]'''.
! width="30%" | English name
! width="20%" | Bulgarian name
! width="20%" | Transliteration
! width="10%" | Height
! width="20%" | Notes
|-
| The Tear
| Сълзата
| Salzata
| {{convert|2535|m|ft|lk=on}}
| Named after its clear waters
|-
| The Eye
| Окото
| Okoto
| {{convert|2440|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| Named after its oval shape<br>
Deepest circus lake in Bulgaria
|-
| The Kidney
| Бъбрека
| Babreka
| {{convert|2282|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| Steepest shores of all
|-
| The Twin
| Близнака
| Bliznaka
| {{convert|2243|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| Largest by area
|-
| The Trefoil
| Трилистника
| Trilistnika
| {{convert|2216|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| Irregular shape and low shores
|-
| The Fish Lake
| Рибното езеро
| Ribnoto ezero
| {{convert|2184|m|ft||abbr=on}}
| Shallowest
|-
| The Lower Lake
| Долното езеро
| Dolnoto ezero
| {{convert|2095|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| Lowest
|}


==Gallery==
The '''[[Cavalier poet]]s'''.
{{wide image|Rila 7 lakes circus panorama.jpg|1000px|Panoramic photo of the Seven Rila Lakes}}

<gallery perrow=5>
===Eighteenth century===
Image:Rila_lakes.jpg|View of the Seven Rila Lakes
'''[[Classicism|Classical poetry]]''' echoes the forms and values of [[classical antiquity]]. Favouring formal, restrained forms, it has recurred in various [[Neoclassicism|Neoclassical]] schools since the eighteenth century Augustan poets such as [[Alexander Pope]]. The most recent resurgence of Neoclassicism is religious and politically reactionary work of the likes of [[T. S. Eliot]].
Image:pogled kum ezerata ot biloto.JPG|Dolnoto, Ribnoto, Trlistnika and Bliznaka

Image:Ezeroto Bubreka.JPG|Lake Babreka
'''[[Romanticism]]''' started in late 18th century Western Europe. It stressed strong emotion, imagination, freedom within or even from classical notions of form in art, and the rejection of established social conventions. It stressed the importance of "nature" in language and celebrated the achievements of those perceived as heroic individuals and artists. Romantic poets include [[William Blake]], [[Lord Byron]], [[Samuel Taylor Coleridge]], [[John Keats]], [[James Macpherson]], [[Percy Bysshe Shelley]], and [[Robert Southey]].
Image:Ezeroto Sulzata.JPG|Lake Salzata

Image:Ezeroto Bliznaka3.JPG|Lake Bliznaka
===Nineteenth century===
</gallery>
'''[[Pastoral]]ism''' was originally a [[Hellenistic]] form, that [[romanticism|romanticized]] rural subjects to the point of unreality. Later pastoral poets, such as [[Edmund Spenser]], [[Christopher Marlowe]], and [[William Wordsworth]], were inspired by the classical pastoral poets.

The '''[[Parnassian poets|Parnassians]]''' were a group of late 19th-century [[France|French]] poets, named after their journal, the ''[[Parnasse contemporain]]''. They included [[Charles Leconte de Lisle]], [[Théodore de Banville]], [[Sully-Prudhomme]], [[Paul Verlaine]], [[François Coppée]], and [[José María de Heredia]]. In reaction to the looser forms of romantic poetry, they strove for exact and faultless workmanship, selecting exotic and classical subjects, which they treated with rigidity of form and emotional detachment.

'''[[Symbolism (arts)|Symbolism]]''' started in the late nineteenth century in France and [[Belgium]]. It included [[Paul Verlaine]], [[Tristan Corbière]], [[Arthur Rimbaud]], and [[Stephane Mallarmé]]. Symbolists believed that art should aim to capture more absolute truths which could be accessed only by indirect methods. They used extensive metaphor, endowing particular images or objects with symbolic meaning. They were hostile to "plain meanings, declamations, false sentimentality and matter-of-fact description".

'''[[Modernist poetry]]''' is a broad term for poetry written between 1890 and 1970 in the tradition of [[Modernism]]. Schools within it include [[Imagism]] and the [[British Poetry Revival]].

===Twentieth century===
The '''[[Imagism|Imagists]]''' were (predominantly young) poets working in England and America in the early 20th century, including [[F. S. Flint]], [[T. E. Hulme]], and [[H.D.|Hilda Doolittle]] (known primarily by her initials, H.D.). They rejected [[Romanticism|Romantic]] and [[Victorian era|Victorian]] conventions, favoring precise imagery and clear, non-elevated language. [[Ezra Pound]] formulated and promoted many precepts and ideas of Imagism. His "In a Station of the Metro" (Roberts & Jacobs, 717), written in 1916, is often used as an example of Imagist poetry:

:The apparition of these faces in the crowd;
:Petals on a wet, black bough.

The '''[[Objectivist poets|Objectivists]]''' were a loose-knit group of second-generation Modernists from the 1930s. They include [[Louis Zukofsky]], [[Lorine Niedecker]], [[Charles Reznikoff]], [[George Oppen]], [[Carl Rakosi]], and [[Basil Bunting]]. Objectivists treated the poem as an object; they emphasised sincerity, intelligence, and the clarity of the poet's vision.

The '''[[Beat generation]]''' poets met in New York in the 1940s. The core group were [[Jack Kerouac]], [[Allen Ginsberg]], and [[William Burroughs]], who were joined later by [[Gregory Corso]].

The '''[[Confessionalism (poetry)|Confessionalists]]''' were American poets of a style that emerged in the 1950s and 1960s. They drew on personal history for their [[artistic inspiration|inspiration]]. Poets in this externally labelled group include [[Sylvia Plath]], [[Anne Sexton]], [[John Berryman]], and [[Robert Lowell]].

The '''[[New York School]]''' was an informal group of American poets active in 1950s [[New York City]] whose work was said to be a reaction to the [[Confessionalism|Confessionalist movement]].

The '''[[Black Mountain poets]]''' (also known as the '''Projectivists''') were a group of mid 20th century [[postmodernism|postmodern]] poets associated with [[Black Mountain College]] in the [[United States]].

The '''[[Fireside Poets]]''' (also known as the '''Schoolroom''' or '''Household Poets''') were a group of 19th-century [[United States|American]] poets from [[New England]]. The group is usually described as comprising [[Henry Wadsworth Longfellow]], [[William Cullen Bryant]], [[John Greenleaf Whittier]], [[James Russell Lowell]], and [[Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr.]], who were the first American poets whose popularity rivaled that of [[British poets]], both at home and abroad.

The '''[[San Francisco Renaissance]]''' was initiated by the Objectivist [[Kenneth Rexroth]] and [[Madeline Gleason]] in Berkeley in the late 1940s. It included [[Robert Duncan]], [[Jack Spicer]] and [[Robin Blaser]]. They were consciously experimental and had close links to Black Mountain and the Beat poets.

'''[[Movement (literature)|The Movement]]''' was a group of English writers including [[Kingsley Amis]], [[Philip Larkin]], [[Donald Alfred Davie]], [[D. J. Enright]], [[John Wain]], [[Elizabeth Jennings]] and [[Robert Conquest]]. Their tone is anti-romantic and rational. The connection between the poets was described <!--by Conquest--> as 'little more than a negative determination to avoid bad principles'&mdash;excess, in terms of theme and stylistic devices.

The '''[[British Poetry Revival]]''' was a loose poetic movement during the 1960s and 1970s. Its was a [[Modernism|modernist]] reaction to the conservative [[Movement (literature)|Movement]].

The '''[[Hungry generation]]''' was a group of about 40 poets and artists known as [[Hungryalists]] in West Bengal, India during 1961-1965 who revolted against the colonial canons in Bengali poetry and wanted to go back to their roots. The movement was spearheaded by [[Shakti Chattopadhyay]], [[Malay Roy Choudhury]], [[Samir Roychoudhury]], [[Subimal Basak]], [[Falguni Ray]] and [[Tridib Mitra]].

The '''[[Martian poetry|Martian poets]]''' were English [[Surrealism|Surrealists]] of the 1970s and early 1980s including [[Craig Raine]] and [[Christopher Reid]]. Through the heavy use of curious, exotic and humorous metaphors, Martian Poetry aimed to break the grip of 'the familiar' in English poetry, by describing ordinary things as if through the eyes of a Martian. For instance, books are described by Raine as:

:''mechanical birds with many wings''
:''perch on the hand''
:''cause the eyes to melt''
:''or the body to shriek without pain''

The '''[[Language School|Language]]''' poets were ''avant garde'' [[United States poetry|United States poets]] from the last quarter of the 20th century. Their approach started with the modernist emphasis on method. They were reacting to the poetry of the Black Mountain and Beat poets. The poets included: [[Leslie Scalapino]], [[Bruce Andrews]], [[Charles Bernstein]], [[Ron Silliman]], [[Barrett Watten]], [[Lyn Hejinian]], [[Bob Perelman]], [[Michael Palmer]], [[Rae Armantrout]], [[Carla Harryman]], [[Clark Coolidge]], [[Steve McCaffery]], [[Hannah Weiner]], [[Susan Howe]], [[Tina Darragh]], and [[Fanny Howe]].

[[Postmodern literature|Post-modernism]] was a reaction to modernism.

==Alphabetic list==
This is a '''list of poetry groups and movements''' that have pages in Wikipedia.

'''''NB''''': The validity of any grouping is in no sense warranted by the way it is talked about in secondary sources. And some groups (notably [[surrealism]]) may not only be important outside poetry, but even become better known for something else, rightly and wrongly.
<!---The duplication of wikilinks already made above is delberate because it is believed that some readers will work directly from this alphabetic list rather than the chronological list above.--->

* [[Absurdism]] (not just poetry)
* [[Aestheticism]] (not just poetry)
* [[Beat Generation|The Beats]] (not just poetry)
* [[Black Arts Movement]]
* [[Black Mountain poets]]
* [[British Poetry Revival]]
* [[Canadian Poetry Association]]
* [[Cairo poets]]
* [[Cavalier poet]]
* [[Chhayavaad]] (not just poetry)
* [[Churchyard poets]]
* [[Confessionalism (poetry)|Confessionalists]]
* [[Cyclic Poets]]
* [[Dadaism]] (not just poetry)
* [[Deep image]]
* [[Della Cruscans]]
* [[Dymock poets]]
* [[The poets of Elan]]
* [[Fireside Poets]]
* [[free academy]]
* [[Fugitives]] (not just poetry)
* [[Generation of '27]]
* [[Georgekreis]]
* [[Georgian poets]]
* [[Goliard]]
* [[The Group]]
* [[Harlem Renaissance]] (not just poetry)
* [[Harvard Aesthetes]]
* [[Hungry generation]]
* [[Imagism]]
* [[Lake Poets]]
* [[Language poets]]
* [[Los Contemporáneos]]
* [[Metaphysical poets]]
* [[Misty Poets]]
* [[Modernist poetry]], [[List of English-language first and second generation Modernist writers]]
* [[Movement (literature)|The Movement]]
* [[Negritude]] (not just poetry)
* [[New Apocalyptics]]
* [[New Formalism]]
* [[New York School]] (not just poetry)
* [[The Nineties Poets of Jordan]]
* [[Objectivist poets|Objectivists]]
* [[Others group of artists]] (not just poetry)
* [[Parnassian poets]]
* [[La Pléiade]]
* [[Poetic transrealism]]
* [[Postmodern Bangla Poetry]]
* [[Rhymer's Club]]
* [[Rochester Poets]]
* [[San Francisco Renaissance]]
* [[Scottish Renaissance]] (not just poetry)
* [[Sicilian School]] (courtly love in medieval Sicily)
* [[Sons of Ben]]
* [[Southern Agrarians]] (not just poetry)
* [[Spasmodic poets]]
* [[Spectra (book)|Spectrism]]
* [[Surrealism]] (not just poetry), [[list of surrealist poets]]
* [[Symbolism]] (not just poetry), [[Symbolist Poets]]
* [[Uranian poetry]]


==References==
==References==
{{Commonscat|Rila lakes|Seven Rila Lakes}}
This article is a synthesis of material from other Wikipedia articles linked above'
* {{cite book |title=Българска енциклопедия А-Я |publisher=БАН, Труд, Сирма |language=Bulgarian |year=2002 |chapter=Седемте рилски езера |isbn=9548104083 |oclc=163361648 }}

==See also==
*[[List of literary movements]]
{{Schools of poetry}}


[[Category:Poetic form|*]]
[[Category:Lakes of Bulgaria]]
[[Category:Glossaries|Poetry groups and movements]]
[[Category:Rila]]
[[Category:Literary movements|Poetry groups and movements]]


[[bg:Седемте рилски езера]]
[[de:Literarische Gruppe]]
[[nn:Rilasjøane]]

Revision as of 21:47, 12 October 2008

Panoramic view of the Seven Rila Lakes from Mount Ezeren

The Seven Rila Lakes (Bulgarian: Седем рилски езера, Sedem rilski ezera) are a group of lakes of glacial origin (glacial lakes), situated in the northwestern Rila Mountains in Bulgaria. They are the most visited group of lakes in Bulgaria. The lakes are situated between 2,100 and 2,500 metres elevation above sea level.

Each lake carries a name associated with its most characteristic feature. The highest one is called Salzata ("The Tear") due to its clear waters that allow visibility in depth. The next one in height carries the name Okoto ("The Eye") after its almost perfectly oval form. Okoto is the deepest circus lake in Bulgaria, with a depth of 37.5 m. Babreka ("The Kidney") is the lake with the steepest shores from the entire group. Bliznaka ("The Twin") is the largest one by area. Trilistnika ("The Trefoil") has an irregular shape and low shores. The shallowest lake is Ribnoto Ezero ("The Fish Lake") and the lowest one is Dolnoto Ezero ("The Lower Lake"), where the waters that flow out of the other lakes are gathered to form the Dzherman River.

The Seven Lakes chalet offers tourist accommodation in the lakes' vicinity. It lies on the northeastern shore of The Fish Lake, at an elevation of 2,196 m.

List

English name Bulgarian name Transliteration Height Notes
The Tear Сълзата Salzata 2,535 metres (8,317 ft) Named after its clear waters
The Eye Окото Okoto 2,440 m (8,010 ft) Named after its oval shape

Deepest circus lake in Bulgaria

The Kidney Бъбрека Babreka 2,282 m (7,487 ft) Steepest shores of all
The Twin Близнака Bliznaka 2,243 m (7,359 ft) Largest by area
The Trefoil Трилистника Trilistnika 2,216 m (7,270 ft) Irregular shape and low shores
The Fish Lake Рибното езеро Ribnoto ezero 2,184 m (7,165 ft) Shallowest
The Lower Lake Долното езеро Dolnoto ezero 2,095 m (6,873 ft) Lowest

Gallery

Panoramic photo of the Seven Rila Lakes
  • View of the Seven Rila Lakes
    View of the Seven Rila Lakes
  • Dolnoto, Ribnoto, Trlistnika and Bliznaka
    Dolnoto, Ribnoto, Trlistnika and Bliznaka
  • Lake Babreka
    Lake Babreka
  • Lake Salzata
    Lake Salzata
  • Lake Bliznaka
    Lake Bliznaka

References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Seven Rila Lakes.
  • "Седемте рилски езера". Българска енциклопедия А-Я (in Bulgarian). БАН, Труд, Сирма. 2002. ISBN 9548104083. OCLC 163361648.
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