Joseph de Maistre and Anthurium sect. Gymnopodium: Difference between pages

Gymnopodium
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Division:	Magnoliophyta
Class:	Liliopsida
Order:	Alismatales
Family:	Araceae
Genus:	Anthurium
Section:	Gymnopodium
Species
	See text.

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Revision as of 02:38, 13 October 2008

Gymnopodium is a section within the genus Anthurium. It is composed of the extremely rare Cuban species Anthurium gymnopus. Plants of this section are of somewhat scandent habit, with medium to long internodes, deciduous cataphylls, and somewhat leathery, suborbicular leaf blades. Other notable features include a long inflorescence with a stipitate spadix. The most notable feature is that mature berries contain up to four seeds, rather than the typical two.^[1]^[2]

The section is poorly studied, and with further genetic testing it may be absorbed into another.

References

This Araceae-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

[1] Sections of Anthurium

[2] Sections of Anthurium

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+{{Taxobox
-{{Catholic-cleanup|date=October 2008}}
+| name = ''Gymnopodium''
-[[Image:Jmaistre.jpg|thumb|Joseph de Maistre (portrait by [[Karl Vogel von Vogelstein]], ''ca.'' 1810)]]
+| image =
-'''Joseph-Marie, [[Count|comte]] de Maistre''' ([[1 April]] [[1753]] – [[26 February]] [[1821]]) was a [[French language|French-speaking]] [[Savoy]]ard lawyer, diplomat, writer, and philosopher. He was one of the most influential spokesmen for [[hierarchical]] [[authoritarism]] in the period immediately following the [[French Revolution]] of 1789. Despite his close personal and intellectual ties to [[France]], de Maistre remained throughout his life a subject of the [[Kingdom of Sardinia|King of Sardinia]], whom he served as member of the Savoy Senate (1787-1792), [[ambassador]] to [[Russia]] (1803-1817), and minister of state to the court in [[Turin]] (1817-1821).
+| image_caption =
+| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
+| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
+| classis = [[Liliopsida]]
+| ordo = [[Alismatales]]
+| familia = [[Araceae]]
+| genus = ''[[Anthurium]]''
+| sectio = '''''Gymnopodium'''''
+| subdivision_ranks = [[Species]]
+| subdivision =
+See text.
+}}
+'''''Gymnopodium''''' is a [[section (botany)|section]] within the genus ''[[Anthurium]]''. It is composed of the extremely rare [[Cuba|Cuban]] species ''[[Anthurium gymnopus]]''. Plants of this section are of somewhat [[scandent]] habit, with medium to long internodes, [[deciduous]] cataphylls, and somewhat leathery, suborbicular leaf blades. Other notable features include a long inflorescence with a [[stipitate]] [[spadix]]. The most notable feature is that mature [[berries]] contain up to four [[seed]]s, rather than the typical two.<ref>[http://www.aroid.org/genera/anthurium/anthsections06.html Sections of Anthurium<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.aroid.org/genera/anthurium/anthsections07.html Sections of Anthurium<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
-De Maistre argued for the restoration of hereditary [[monarchy]], which he regarded as a [[Divine Right of Kings|divinely sanctioned institution]], and for the indirect authority of the [[Pope]] over temporal matters. According to de Maistre, only governments founded on the Christian constitution, implicit in the customs and institutions of all European societies but especially in that of [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholic]] [[Europe]]an monarchies, could avoid the disorder and bloodletting that followed the implementation of [[rationalism|rationalist]] political programs, such as that of the 1789 revolution. An enthusiastic believer in the principle of established [[authority]], which the Revolution sought to destroy, de Maistre defended it everywhere: in the [[State]] by extolling the monarchy, in the Church by exalting the privileges of the papacy, and in the world by glorifying [[Divine Providence|God's providence]].
+The section is poorly studied, and with further genetic testing it may be absorbed into another.
-==Biography==
-[[Image:SardiniePiemont.jpg|thumb|right|An 1856 map of the [[Kingdom of Sardinia]], with the [[Duchy of Savoy]] ''in yellow'' on top left. De Maistre was born in the Duchy in 1753.]]
-De Maistre was born at [[Chambéry]], in the [[Duchy of Savoy]], which at the time belonged to the [[Kingdom of Sardinia]]. His family was of [[France|French]] origin and had settled in Savoy a century earlier, eventually attaining a high position and [[aristocracy|aristocratic rank]]. His father had served as president of the Savoy Senate and his younger brother, [[Xavier de Maistre]], would later become a military officer and a popular writer of fiction.
-Joseph was probably educated by the [[Society of Jesus|Jesuits]].<ref>{{web cite|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09554a.htm|title=Joseph-Marie, Comte de Maistre|work=[[Catholic Encyclopedia]]}}</ref> After the Revolution, he became an ardent defender of their Order as he came increasingly to associate the spirit of the Revolution with the spirit of the Jesuits' traditional enemies, the [[Jansenism|Jansenists]]. After completing his training in the law at the [[University of Turin]] in 1774, he followed in his father's footsteps by becoming a Senator in 1787.
-De Maistre, a member of the progressive [[Scottish Rite]] [[Freemasonry|Masonic]] lodge at Chambéry from 1774 to 1790, was initially sympathetic to reform movements in France and supported the efforts of the magistrates in the [[Parlement]]s to force King [[Louis XVI of France|Louis XVI]] to call the [[French States-General|States-General]]. As a landowner in France, de Maistre might have been eligible to join that body, and there is some evidence that he contemplated that possibility.<ref>[http://www.umanitoba.ca/faculties/arts/history/links/maistre/maistrebio.html A Brief Biography of Joseph de Maistre], U. of Manitoba</ref> He was alarmed, however, by the decision of the States-General to join the three orders of [[clergy]], [[aristocracy]], and [[commoner]]s into the single legislative body that became the [[National Constituent Assembly]], and he turned strongly against the course of events in France after the revolutionary legislation of 4 August 1789 was passed (see [[August Decrees]]).
-De Maistre was the only native Senator who fled Savoy after a French revolutionary army invaded the region in 1792. He briefly returned to Chambéry the following year but eventually decided that he could not support the French-controlled regime and departed for [[Switzerland]], where he visited the salon of [[Germaine de Staël]] and discussed politics and theology with her. De Maistre then began his career as a counterrevolutionary writer with works such as ''Lettres d'un royaliste savoisien'' ("Letters from a Savoyard Royalist," 1793), ''Discours à Mme. la marquise Costa de Beauregard, sur la vie et la mort de son fils'' ("Discourse to the Marchioness Costa de Beauregard, on the Life and Death of her Son," 1794) and ''Cinq paradoxes à la Marquise de Nav...'' ("Five Paradoxes for the Marchioness of Nav...," 1795).
-In 1803 de Maistre was appointed as the King of Sardinia's diplomatic envoy to the court of [[Russia]]'s [[Tsar]], [[Alexander I of Russia|Alexander I]] in [[Saint Petersburg]]. From 1817 until his death, he served in [[Turin]] as a [[magistrate]] and minister of state for the Kingdom of Sardinia.
-==Political and moral philosophy==
-{{conservatism}}
-In ''Considerations sur la France'' ("Considerations on France," 1796), <ref>[http://maistre.ath.cx:8000//considerations_on_france.html Considerations on France], De Maistre</ref> De Maistre maintained that France had a [[God|divine]] mission as the principal instrument of [[Goodness and value theory|good]] and of [[evil]] on [[earth]]. De Maistre considered the Revolution of 1789 as a [[Divine Providence|Providential]] occurrence: the monarchy, the [[aristocracy]], and the whole of the [[ancien régime|old French society]], instead of using the powerful influence of French civilization to benefit mankind, had instead promoted the destructive [[atheism|atheistic]] doctrines of the [[The Enlightenment|eighteenth-century philosophers]]. The crimes of the [[Reign of Terror]] were at once the apotheosis and logical consequence of the destructive spirit of the eighteenth century, as well as the divinely decreed punishment for it.
-His short book ''Essai sur le principe générateur des constitutions politiques et des autres institutions humaines'' ("Essay on the Generative Principle of Political Constitutions and other Human Institutions," 1809),<ref>[http://www.umanitoba.ca/faculties/arts/history/links/maistre/generative_Principle.html Essay on the Generative Principle of Political Constitutions and other Human Institutions]</ref> centres on the idea that [[constitution]]s are not the artificial products of study but come in due time and under suitable circumstances from God, who slowly brings them to maturity in silence. After the appearance in 1816 of his French translation of [[Plutarch]]'s treatise ''On the Delay of Divine Justice in the Punishment of the Guilty'', de Maistre published in 1819 his masterpiece ''Du Pape'' ("On the Pope"). The work is divided into four parts. In the first he argues that, in the [[Roman Catholicism|Church]], the [[pope]] is [[sovereignty|sovereign]], and that it is an essential characteristic of all sovereign power that its decisions should be subject to no appeal. Consequently, the pope is [[Papal infallibility|infallible]] in his teaching, since it is by his teaching that he exercises his sovereignty. In the remaining divisions the author examines the relations of the pope and the temporal powers, civilization and the welfare of nations, and the [[schism (religion)|schismatic]] Churches. He argues that nations require protection against abuses of power by a sovereignty superior to all others, and that this sovereignty should be that of the papacy, the historical saviour and maker of European civilization. As to the schismatic Churches, de Maistre believed that they would, with time, return to the arms of the papacy because "no religion can resist science, except one."
-Besides a voluminous correspondence, de Maistre left two posthumous works. One of these, ''L'examen de la philosophie de Bacon'', ("An Examination of the Philosophy of Bacon," 1836), develops a spiritualist epistemology out of a critique of [[Francis Bacon]], whom de Maistre considers as a fountainhead of [[the Enlightenment]] in its most destructive form. The ''Soirées de St. Pétersbourg'' ("The Saint Petersburg Dialogues", 1821) <ref>[http://maistre.ath.cx:8000/st_petersburg.html The Saint Petersburg Dialogues]</ref> is a [[theodicy]] in the form of a [[Platonic dialogue]], in which de Maistre proposes his own solution to the age-old problem of the existence of evil. For him, the existence of evil throws light on the designs of God, for the [[morality|moral]] world and the physical world are interrelated. Physical evil is the necessary corollary of moral evil, which humanity expiates and minimizes through prayer and sacrifice. The shedding of blood, the expiation of the sins of the guilty by the innocent is for de Maistre a law as mysterious as it is indubitable, the principle that propels humanity in its return to God and the explanation for the existence and the perpetuity of [[war]].
-==Quotes==
-* I don't know what a scoundrel is like, but I know what a respectable man is like, and it's enough to make one's flesh creep.
-* If occasionally superstition believes in belief, as it is accused of, more often still, you can be sure, pride believes in disbelief.
-* It is always necessary to start from a truth to propagate an error.
-* False opinions are like false money, struck first of all by guilty men and thereafter circulated by honest people who perpetuate the crime without knowing what they are doing.
-* If there was no moral evil upon earth, there would be no physical evil.
-* In the works of man, everything is as poor as its author; vision is confined, means are limited, scope is restricted, movements are labored, and results are humdrum.
-* Man is insatiable for power; he is infantile in his desires and, always discontented with what he has, loves only what he has not.
-* Wherever an altar is found, there civilization exists.
-==Influence and repute==
-De Maistre can be counted, with the [[Anglo-Irish]] statesman [[Edmund Burke]], as one of the fathers of European [[conservatism]]. Since the 19th century, however, the providentialist, authoritarian, "throne and altar" strand of conservatism that he represented has greatly declined in political influence when compared to the more pragmatic and adaptable conservatism of Burke. De Maistre's stylistic and rhetorical brilliance, on the other hand, have made him enduringly popular as a writer and controversialist. The ''Catholic Encyclopedia'' of 1910 describes de Maistre's style as "strong, lively, picturesque," and adds, "animation and good humour temper his dogmatic tone. He possesses a wonderful facility in exposition, precision of doctrine, breadth of learning, and [[dialectic]]al power." The great liberal poet [[Alphonse de Lamartine]], though a political enemy, could not but admire the lively splendour of de Maistre's prose:
-:That brief, nervous, lucid style, stripped of phrases, robust of limb, did not at all recall the softness of the eighteenth century, nor the declamations of the latest French books: it was born and steeped in the breath of the Alps; it was virgin, it was young, it was harsh and savage; it had no human respect, it felt its solitude; it improvised depth and form all at once… That man was new among the ''enfants du siècle.''
-De Maistre's critique of the Enlightenment, especially its [[Rationalism]], have long made him an attractive [[Counterculture|countercultural]] figure. For example, the [[Decadent movement|Decadent poet]] [[Charles Baudelaire]] claimed that de Maistre had taught him "how to think" and declared himself a disciple of the Savoyard counterrevolutionary.
-[[Isaiah Berlin]] counts him, in his ''Freedom and Its Betrayal'', as one of the six principal enemies of liberty amongst major Enlightenment advocates. He maintains that Maistre's works were regarded as "the last despairing effort of feudalism in the Dark Ages to resist the march of progress". His lecture ''Two Enemies of the Enlightenment'', offers Berlin's psychological profile of Maistre and his philosophy summarizing him as an angry man. However, Isaiah Berlin in his essay ''The Hedgehog and the Fox'' regards Maistre as the major influence behind Tolstoy's entire philosophy of history in ''War and Peace''.
-Maistre is often demonized by his detractors, for example [[Émile Faguet]], an outspoken Liberal, (Berlin thinks him the most accurate and fairest-minded critic of Maistre in the 19th century), described Maistre as "a fierce absolutist, a furious theocrat, an intransigent legitimist, apostle of a monstrous trinity composed of Pope, King and Hangman, always and everywhere the champion of the hardest, narrowest and most inflexible dogmatism, a dark figure out of the Middle Ages, part learned doctor, part inquisitor, part executioner"
-Generally, Enlightenment advocates loathe Maistre's work on the place of revolution in the history of nations and his complete distrust of man, but they are equally in awe of his style and intellectual prowess. They attempt to portray Maistre as a fanatical monarchist and a still more fanatical supporter of papal authority -- strong-willed and inflexible, and in possession of potent but rigid powers of reasoning, brilliant but embittered.
-===American conservatism===
-De Maistre influence is controversial among [[Conservatism in the United States|American conservatives]]. Contemporary conservative commentator [[Pat Buchanan]] praises de Maistre, calling him a "great conservative" in his 2006 book ''State of Emergency''. Along with [[paleoconservative]] theorist [[Samuel Francis]], Buchanan considers de Maistre an early intellectual precursor on issues of [[nationalism]] and [[universalism]]<ref>''State of Emergency'', p.146</ref>. When [[neoconservative]] writer [[Jonah Goldberg]] attacked de Maistre in one column for disagreeing with the notion that "humanity is universal" and for suggesting that "transcending one's particular identity was impossible,"<ref>[http://www.nationalreview.com/comment/comment072600d.html Through the Melting Pot], Jonah Goldberg</ref> [[Paul Gottfried]] questioned Goldberg's credentials as a conservative and his knowledge of de Maistre. Gottfried considers Joseph de Maistre a "formidable literary and intellectual figure" and calls Goldberg's attempt to link him to modern day African-American identity politics "thoroughly dishonest and/or abysmally stupid."<ref>[http://www.vdare.com/gottfried/goldberg_de_maistre.htm Goldbergism vs. Buchanan], Paul Gottfried</ref> Gottfried also writes:
-:What Goldberg is really pushing is a form of leftist imperialism reaching back to [[Robespierre]] and [[Jacobin]] France. Goldberg has dusted off the platform of the French revolutionary Left and misnamed it conservatism, while taking a once renowned conservative, Maistre, and assigning him to a neocon version of eternal perdition. It might be properly asked why anyone would mistake the bearers of this view for certified conservatives.<ref>Paul Gottfried, [http://www.vdare.com/gottfried/first_universal_goldberg.htm The First Universal Goldberg?]</ref>
-== Notes ==
-{{reflist|2}}
 == References ==
+{{Reflist}}
-* Ghervas, Stella. ''Réinventer la tradition. Alexandre Stourdza et l'Europe de la Sainte-Alliance.'' Paris, Honoré Champion, 2008. ISBN 978-2-7453-1669-1
+[[Category:Anthurium]]
-{{catholic}}
-== External links ==
-* [http://www.umanitoba.ca/faculties/arts/history/links/maistre/generative_Principle.html Essay on the Generative Principle of Political Constitutions]
-* [http://books.google.com/books?id=sjIOAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=maistre+%22the+pope%22&lr=lang_en&as_brr=1&ei=rqzySPWqDZb0ygTU5fC4BQ The Pope]
-* [http://www.umanitoba.ca/faculties/arts/history/links/maistre/spanishinquisition.html Letters on the Spanish Inquisition]
-* [http://elkorg-projects.blogspot.com/2005/09/joseph-de-maistre-enlightenment-on.html Enlightenment on Sacrifices]
-* [http://maistre.ath.cx:8000 Some writings of de Maistre in English translation]
-* [http://www.umanitoba.ca/faculties/arts/history/links/maistre/maistre.html The Joseph de Maistre Homepage]
-* [http://berlin.wolf.ox.ac.uk/lists/nachlass/maistre.pdf "Two Enemies of the Enlightenment" The Isaiah Berlin Virtual Library]
-{{BD|1753|1821|Maistre, Joseph de}}
-[[Category:19th century French writers]]
-[[Category:Conservatives]]
-[[Category:French counter-revolutionaries]]
-[[Category:Italian writers in French]]
-[[Category:People from the Kingdom of Sardinia]]
-[[Category:People from Savoy]]
-[[Category:People from Turin (city)]]
-[[Category:Roman Catholic philosophers]]
-[[Category:Roman Catholic writers]]
+{{Araceae-stub}}
-[[cs:Joseph de Maistre]]
-[[de:Joseph Marie de Maistre]]
-[[et:Joseph de Maistre]]
-[[es:Joseph de Maistre]]
-[[fr:Joseph de Maistre]]
-[[it:Joseph de Maistre]]
-[[la:Iosephus Maria de Maistre]]
-[[nl:Joseph de Maistre]]
-[[ja:ジョゼフ・ド・メーストル]]
-[[no:Joseph Marie de Maistre]]
-[[pl:Joseph de Maistre]]
-[[pt:Joseph de Maistre]]
-[[sk:Joseph Maria de Maistre]]
-[[sv:Joseph de Maistre]]
-[[uk:Де Местр Жозеф]]