List of Ben 10 (2005 TV series) episodes and Microcystin: Difference between pages

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[[Image:Microcystin-LR.png|thumb|Chemical structure of Microcystin LR]]
{{articleissues|cleanup=June 2008|expert=Television|tooshort=June 2008|unreferenced=June 2008}}
The following is a '''list of episodes''' for the [[United States|American]] [[animated television series]] ''[[Ben 10]]''.


'''Microcystins''' are cyclic [[nonribosomal peptide]]s produced by [[cyanobacteria]]. They are [[cyanotoxin]]s and can be very toxic for plants and animals including humans. Their [[hepatotoxic]]ity may cause serious damage to the [[liver]].
== Episode list ==
=== Season 1: 2005–2006 ===
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{{Episode list
| Title = And Then There Were 10
| OriginalAirDate = December 27, 2005
| EpisodeNumber = 1
| ProdCode = 101
| ShortSummary = Near Earth, a battle between two space ships takes place. Clearly outmatched, the smaller of the two fires a laser at the larger ship's bridge and launches a pod to Earth amidst the confusion. The bridge explosion nearly kills the large ship's commander, [[List of villains in Ben 10#Vilgax|Vilgax]], but the smaller ship appears to have been destroyed completely. On Earth, [[List of characters in Ben 10#Benjamin "Ben" Tennyson|Ben Tennyson]] begins his cross-country summer vacation with his cousin, [[List of characters in Ben 10#Gwendolyn "Gwen" Tennyson|Gwen]], and his grandpa, [[List of characters in Ben 10#Maxwell "Max" Tennyson|Max]]. Ben finds the crashed pod at their first stop. Within it is a [[Ben 10#Omnitrix|watch-like alien artifact]]. Reaching to touch it, the watch jumps onto his wrist and refuses to come off, unwillingly merging with his DNA. Ben accidentally discovers that it can change his form into [[List of Omnitrix aliens#Original alien forms|various alien creatures]] and quickly learns how to use it. Deciding that he could be a superhero who can actually help people, Ben uses the watch to destroy robots sent by Vilgax to retrieve it, thus beginning a summer of adventure for himself, Max and Gwen.
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{{Episode list
| Title = Washington B.C.
| OriginalAirDate = January 13, 2006
| EpisodeNumber = 2
| ProdCode = 102
| ShortSummary = During a trip to [[Washington D.C.]], Ben confronts [[List of villains in Ben 10#Doctor Animo|Dr. Animo]], a disgruntled scientist whose Transmodulator can mutate living animals, and even resurrect dead ones, and eventually learns a lesson about what being a hero really means.
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{{Episode list
| Title = The Krakken
| OriginalAirDate = January 14, 2006
| EpisodeNumber = 3
| ProdCode = 103
| ShortSummary = Ben encounters a lake monster called the [[List of secondary characters in Ben 10#Krakken|Krakken]] and a [[List of secondary characters in Ben 10#Captain Shaw|fisherman]] obsessed with catching it. He soon finds out the creature is upset because [[List of villains in Ben 10#Jonah Melville|Jonah Melville]], a poacher in the guise of an animal lover, is stealing the creature's eggs. After Ben retrieves the eggs, a close scene is shown with the [[List of secondary characters in Ben 10#Krakken|Krakken]] cuddling her regained eggs in her nest.
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{{Episode list
| Title = Permanent Retirement
| OriginalAirDate = January 21, 2006
| EpisodeNumber = 4
| ProdCode = 104
| ShortSummary = Ben and Max drive to a retirement center to visit Ben's [[List of secondary characters in Ben 10#Aunt Vera|Aunt Vera]], but evil alien shape-shifters, called the [[List of villains in Ben 10#Limax|Limax]], are kidnapping and replacing the elderly residents in order to devour them later.
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{{Episode list
| Title = Hunted
| OriginalAirDate = January 28, 2006
| EpisodeNumber = 5
| ProdCode = 105
| ShortSummary = Still in recovery, Vilgax hires three alien bounty hunters to retrieve the Omnitrix: a robotic crustacean named [[List of villains in Ben 10#Kraab|Kraab]], an assassin named [[List of villains in Ben 10#Sixsix|Sixsix]], and a mysterious gunman named [[List of characters in Ben 10#Tetrax|Tetrax]]. The trio encounters Ben playing around with the watch and force him to flee. However, when Ben attempts to fight Tetrax, who had separated from the group, Tetrax criticizes him for his lack of strategy while in combat. Proving himself to be on the good side, Tetrax aids Ben in warding off Kraab and Sixsix. Realizing that Ben took his words to heart, Tetrax decides to leave the Omnitrix with the child and awards him with a [[hoverboard]].
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{{Episode list
| Title = Tourist Trap
| OriginalAirDate = February 4, 2006
| EpisodeNumber = 6
| ProdCode = 106
| ShortSummary = While in a tourist trap town called Sparksville, Ben plays a practical joke that accidentally unleashes [[List of villains in Ben 10#Megawatts|Megawatts]], small creatures made from electrical energy, on the town. Ben must stop them from multiplying out of control and destroying the town with their dangerous pranks. Ben eventually turns to Heatblast to seal the Megawatts in the World's Largest Lightbulb.
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{{Episode list
| Title = Kevin 11
| OriginalAirDate = February 11, 2006
| EpisodeNumber = 7
| ProdCode = 107
| ShortSummary = Straying from Max after an argument, Ben meets and befriends a boy named [[List of villains in Ben 10#Kevin 11|Kevin]], who has the power to absorb any form of energy. Their first misadventure forces Ben to reveal what the Omnitrix is capable of. Kevin suggests that they team up. However, Kevin just wants the Omnitrix's power at his disposal; being treated like a monster for his strange powers since birth, Kevin had let hatred build up in his heart and is now out to get back at those who had hurt him. Ben attempts to reason with Kevin but ends up fighting him as [[List of Omnitrix aliens#Heatblast|Heatblast]], at which point Kevin escapes and Max finds Ben. Ben finds Kevin terrorizing some bullies with energy stolen from Heatblast and fights him as [[List of Omnitrix aliens#Fourarms|Fourarms]]. Ben defeats Kevin this time, forcing him to flee. Unknown to Ben, however, Kevin had absorbed energy from the Omnitrix after all.
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{{Episode list
| Title = The Alliance
| OriginalAirDate = February 18, 2006
| EpisodeNumber = 8
| ProdCode = 108
| ShortSummary = Fourarms reluctantly fights a female thief named [[List of villains in Ben 10#Joey/Rojo|Joey]] and her gang, but Vilgax sends more attack drones at the same time. While Ben shifts his attention to the drones, Joey attacks Max. Ben destroys the robots and knocks Joey out, leaving them all at the scene in order to get Max to a hospital. While he is away, the drones fuse with Joey, transforming her into a semi-robotic being called Rojo. Vilgax makes telepathic contact with Rojo through the drones and commands her to steal the Omnitrix. At the hospital, Ben realizes that his watch makes him a constant target and puts Gwen and Max in danger by association; worried for their safety, Ben runs away. He later encounters Rojo and fights her as [[List of Omnitrix aliens#XLR8|XLR8]], which proves futile. With advice from Max via cell phone, Ben defeats Rojo as [[List of Omnitrix aliens#Upgrade|Upgrade]] by merging with and shorting out her robotic parts. In the process, Vilgax makes telepathic contact with Upgrade through the drones and threatens him, claiming that he will obtain the Omnitrix some day. Ben returns to Max and Gwen upon the realization that he needs them. Max tells Ben not to worry about what Vilgax said; however, Max expresses a look of anxiousness while Ben is out of sight.
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{{Episode list
| Title = Last Laugh
| OriginalAirDate = February 25, 2006
| EpisodeNumber = 9
| ProdCode = 109
| ShortSummary = While visiting a travelling circus, Ben fights an evil clown named [[List of villains in Ben 10#Zombozo|Zombozo]], who drains the souls of everyone watching through their laughter, all the while inhibited by a [[coulrophobia]]. Conquering his own fear, Ben defeats Zombozo by terrifying him as [[List of Omnitrix aliens#Ghostfreak|Ghostfreak]] and saves his family from the evil clown's soul draining machine. During this fight, Ben first notes that he scared himself while fighting as Ghostfreak.
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{{Episode list
| Title = Lucky Girl
| OriginalAirDate = March 4, 2006
| EpisodeNumber = 10
| ProdCode = 110
| ShortSummary = Ben defeats a magician named [[List of villains in Ben 10#Hex|Hex]] as he attempts to steal a spellbook. During the fight Ben retrieves one of Hex's five magical Charms of Bezel and gives it to Gwen. The charm gives Gwen the power of [[List of comic book superpowers#Probability manipulation|probability manipulation]]. Using a [[Mardi Gras]] costume, Gwen becomes a new superheroine named "Lucky Girl," and begins stealing the spotlight from Ben while proving she's also got what it takes to be a crime-fighter. Unfortunately, Hex wants his charm back. He takes the spellbook and lures Gwen into a trap. He is able to take back his charm and begins an incantation to suck the entire city of New Orleans into a vortex. Fortunately, Gwen catches him off guard and takes back the Charms of Bezel, smashing them so that they may never be used again for any evil purposes. Fourarms restrains Hex until he is arrested.
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{{Episode list
| Title = A Small Problem
| OriginalAirDate = March 11, 2006
| EpisodeNumber = 11
| ProdCode = 111
| ShortSummary = In a fit of stubbornness, the Omnitrix transforms Ben into [[List of Omnitrix aliens#Grey Matter|Grey Matter]] and leaves him stuck in that form for far longer than normal. During this time, Grey Matter is captured by an alien-obsessed nerd named [[List of characters in Ben 10#Howell Wayneright|Howell Wayneright]]. Grey Matter successfully contacts Gwen and Max for a short period before a secret society of modern knights, known as [[List of villains in Ben 10#Enoch and the Forever Knights|The Organization]], retrieves both Grey Matter and Howell. The two work together to escape and quickly discover a room filled with extraterrestrial technology, with which The Organization could take over the world. Grey Matter sabotages one of the objects to trigger an explosion and take down The Organization's base. Enoch, The Organization's leader, orders his men to find information on Ben and his family.
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{{Episode list
| Title = Side Effects
| OriginalAirDate = March 18, 2006
| EpisodeNumber = 12
| ProdCode = 112
| ShortSummary = A man named [[List of villains in Ben 10#Clancy|Clancy]], who has the power to control insects take revenge on [[List of characters in Ben 10#Councilwoman Liang|Councilwoman Liang]] because she wants to tear down the building where he and his insects live. Meanwhile Ben has to deal with the strange side effects a cold has on his alien forms after celebrating stopping an attempted robbery by having an ice cream party.
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{{Episode list
| Title = Secrets
| OriginalAirDate = March 25, 2006
| EpisodeNumber = 13
| ProdCode = 113
| ShortSummary = With his wounds finally healed, Vilgax decides to personally retrieve the Omnitrix. He again contacts Ben in a dream, which Ben tells Max about. Worried, Max plots a course to [[Mount Rushmore]]. Ben ignores Max's warnings not to go alien and flies off to stop trouble along the way, only to engage in combat with Vilgax. After a futile struggle, Vilgax captures Ben and brings him aboard his ship. Having retrieved weapons from a [[List of fictional secret bases in comics and animation|secret base]] in Mount Rushmore, Max and Gwen free Ben from Vilgax's extraction device. Ben and Vilgax fight again, but Ben surrenders when Vilgax holds Max and Gwen hostage. Unknown to either of them, Max had activated a self-destruct command on Vilgax's ship. Ben traps Vilgax and escapes, leaving his opponent in the resulting explosion.
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|}


Microcystins consist of several uncommon non-[[proteinogenic]] [[amino acid]]s such as [[dehydroalanine]] derivatives and the special β-amino acid [[ADDA]] (''(all-S,all-E)''-3-Amino-9-methoxy-2,6,8-trimethyl-10-phenyldeca-4,6-diene acid).
=== Season 2: 2006 ===
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{{Episode list
| Title = Truth
| OriginalAirDate = May 29, 2006
| EpisodeNumber = 14
| ProdCode = 201
| ShortSummary = After the incident with Vilgax, Max tells Ben and Gwen about his secret past. He really was a plumber, but not the garden variety version. He was part of a secret government organization known as "The Plumbers," that dealt with extra-terrestrial and paranormal phenomenon that others couldn't. The organization was disbanded after he defeated Vilgax for the first time. During one of Ben's regular acts of heroism, they run into Max's old partner, Phil. Phil is still in the business of hunting aliens, though he is now a freelance agent. He suggests that they remake The Plumbers, but Max is against the idea. Ben, however, is much more enthusiastic about the idea. During another alien battle, Ben reveals the secret of the Omnitrix to Phil, and Phil is even more determined to get him as a partner. Phil ends up taking them to an expensive hotel, which he is able to pay for thanks to rewards for capturing the aliens. The frequency of the alien attacks, as well as the familiar aliens themselves, raises Max's suspicions, and he heads to Mount Rushmore to check on something. There, he finds the Null Void Projector—a weapon that can trap things in, or release them from, an alternate dimension—missing. Phil has been abusing it to scam various hotel owners into paying him to remove the aliens that he sets free. Phil releases an alien to deal with Max, but Ben is able to rescue him and eventually trap Phil in the Null Void.
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{{Episode list
| Title = The Big Tick
| OriginalAirDate = May 30, 2006
| EpisodeNumber = 15
| ProdCode = 202
| ShortSummary = During a trip to [[Yellowstone National Park]], Ben discovers a new form on the Omnitrix: [[List of Omnitrix aliens#Cannonbolt|Cannonbolt]], an armadillo- and beetle-like alien. At the same time, a meteor crashes nearby unleashing a giant, tick-like alien called the "[[List of secondary characters in Ben 10#The Great One|Great One]]" that intends to devour the planet. On top of that, it has its very own [[List of villains in Ben 10#The Great One's worshipers|worshipers]], who intend to make sure it completes its task. Ben easily defeats the worshippers, but the Great One is impervious to all of his original alien forms. Since nothing else works, Ben has to rely on a form he knows nothing about in order to defeat the Great One. He quickly discovers that Cannonbolt is impervious from any attack when rolled into an armored ball and penetrates the Great One's armor in that form, killing the alien from the inside. The worshipers proclaim Ben the new Great One, but change their minds once he reverts back to normal.
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{{Episode list
| Title = Framed
| OriginalAirDate = May 31, 2006
| EpisodeNumber = 16
| ProdCode = 203
| ShortSummary = In San Francisco, Ben discovers that look-alikes of his aliens are committing crimes around the city. Ben encounters the imposter and discovers that it was really Kevin; their last battle has permanently given Kevin the ability to transform into the various aliens of the Omnitrix. Kevin leaves Ben to pay for his own crimes performed as Omnitrix aliens, bringing Ben into direct conflict with [[List of characters in Ben 10#Lt. Steel|Lt. Steel]] of the government's Special Alien Capture Team. Evading Steel, Fourarms confronts Kevin atop the Golden Gate Bridge. Kevin loses control of the Omnitrix's powers during the battle, prompting Ben to walk away. Kevin's rage at the loss forces one final transformation: a fusion of all of the Omnitrix aliens without the ability to revert to human form. Blaming Ben for the mess, Kevin vows to kill Ben once and for all. Fourarms is no match for the new mutation. Fortunately, Steel had observed the battle and conversation and decides that Kevin is the enemy, knocking him into the water below. Ben and the Tennysons leave the scene with approval from Steel.
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{{Episode list
| Title = Gwen 10
| OriginalAirDate = June 1, 2006
| EpisodeNumber = 17
| ProdCode = 204
| ShortSummary = When Ben wakes up one morning, he finds the Omnitrix missing from his arm. Weirder still is the fact that Gwen and Grandpa Max have no idea what he's talking about when he asks about it. Ben soon discovers that he's actually reliving the very first day of summer, the same day that Ben found the Omnitrix to begin with, but in an alternate reality. At the campsite, Ben tries to find the Omnitrix as it crashes to Earth, only to find out that it has already been found... by Gwen! Gwen quickly adjusts to the Omnitrix's powers, with much greater skill than Ben. However, unlike the first episode Vilgax was not injured at all earlier and is already heading for Earth to take it back from her, preferably in a very painful way. Ben's going to have to prove himself to be a hero without the Omnitrix to back him up if he wants to save Gwen.
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{{Episode list
| Title = Grudge Match
| OriginalAirDate = June 7, 2006
| EpisodeNumber = 18
| ProdCode = 205
| ShortSummary = [[List of Omnitrix aliens#Diamondhead|Diamondhead]] battles the still-mutated Kevin, who had rendered Gwen and Max unconscious. A droid named [[List of villains in Ben 10#Slix Vigma|Slix Vigma]] observes their fight, recognizing them as potential gladiators. Amidst the combat, a teleportation beam takes Diamondhead and Kevin to a huge ship called the Mega Cruiser, where life or death gladiator matches are regularly held between slaves captured from different alien races. There, Vigma makes Ben and Kevin a team, bonding them with shackles that transfer pain from one to the other. With no choice, Ben and Kevin battle another captive, [[List of characters in Ben 10#Technorg|Technorg]], during which Ben teaches Kevin new attacks combining Omnitrix alien abilities in order to win. Though Kevin intends to kill Technorg, Ben restrains him and spares his opponent's life. After the fight, Ben and Kevin rally the other prisoners, who nearly all escape. However, Kevin traps Ben with the intent to kill, revealing that he still bears a grudge. Fortunately, Technorg abides by a code of honor and saves Ben, sending him back to Earth. Kevin is left aboard the Mega Cruiser with Technorg.
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{{Episode list
| Title = The Galactic Enforcers
| OriginalAirDate = June 13, 2006
| EpisodeNumber = 19
| ProdCode = 206
| ShortSummary = When a pair of bounty hunters plan to use raw minerals from earth to build a devastatingly powerful bomb, Ben joins a group of alien super heroes, the Galactic Enforcers, in order to stop them. However, all is not well with the new group, as a small gift of Ben's chocolate is all that's needed to weaken the group's leader, Ultimos. This causes his second, Synaptak, to take the lead in order to try showing Ben up. However, the Enforcers tactics involving 'commanding presence' backfire on them, and nearly getting Tini hurt in the process. However, after Ben goades Synaptak into rescuing Tini from a landslide, Ben and the Enforcers put aside their differences to finally arrest the bounty hunters.
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{{Episode list
| Title = Camp Fear
| OriginalAirDate = June 21, 2006
| EpisodeNumber = 20
| ProdCode = 207
| ShortSummary = Distracted by Ben and Gwen quarreling, Max almost hits a [[List of characters in Ben 10#Gilbert|young camper]] on the road. They take the boy back to his camp, Camp Opinicon, only to find no one there. As they investigate the premises, they find two more children, [[List of characters in Ben 10#Andy and Mandy|twins]], who are hiding from something that caused the camp to become deserted. Max is captured by tendrils while he investigates, prompting Ben and Gwen to split up. While Gwen leads the campers to safety from fungal mutants, Ben attempts two failed rescue missions, getting captured on the second. In trying to escape, Ben unlocks a new alien form, a plant-like alien named [[List of Omnitrix aliens#Wildvine|Wildvine]]; however, even Wildvine cannot defeat the [[List of villains in Ben 10#Fungal Brain/Mycelium|brain]] that controls the fungal creatures. Fortunately, Ben drops an [[antifungal drug]] (a.k.a his shoe) onto the brain and causes it and its minions to wither. Ben and Gwen spread more of the antifungal powder on its tendrils and save the camp.
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{{Episode list
| Title = Ultimate Weapon
| OriginalAirDate = July 6, 2006
| EpisodeNumber = 21
| ProdCode = 208
| ShortSummary = Max's Plumber equipment detects that an ancient mask had been unearthed. This quickly triggers a change in Max's attitude; he claims that this artifact would lead to the most powerful weapon ever designed, and that he should retrieve it before it falls into the wrong hands. Max immediately becomes more impatient, worse-tempered, and far stricter. Upon retrieving the mask, the Tennysons come into conflict with The Orgainization, now called the Forever Knights, who want to find the weapon themselves. The Tennysons end up with the mask after a struggle and use it to find the ultimate weapon, the Sword of Ekchuah, inside of a [[Mesoamerican pyramids#Maya|Mayan pyramid]]. There, Fourarms faces off against the Mayan death god Ah Puch while the Forever Knights fight Max for the sword. In a painstaking decision, Max decides to save his family instead of claiming the weapon, realizing which was more important. His choice was not in vain, as the antique sword crumbles to dust once Enoch takes it. The temple collapses, and though Max warns Enoch not to stay, Enoch remains inside in an attempt to collect the dust that was once the ultimate weapon.
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{{Episode list
| Title = Tough Luck
| OriginalAirDate = July 12, 2006
| EpisodeNumber = 22
| ProdCode = 209
| ShortSummary = Gwen dons her Lucky Girl costume again upon finding the Keystone of Bezel at a convention in Las Vegas. Rather than magical luck, the Keystone increases all of Gwen's natural abilities, making her a more efficient and powerful heroine. At the same time, Hex has been busted out of prison by his niece, [[List of villains in Ben 10#Charmcaster|Charmcaster]], and seeks to use the keystone to restore the destroyed charms. Charmcaster tricks Gwen into trusting her so that she could easily take the Keystone and give it to Hex. However, Charmcaster double-crosses her uncle so that she can take the Charms power for herself. Wildvine stops the recreation process and Gwen defeats Charmcaster herself. To do so, she instinctively fires an energy blast from Hex's staff which suggests an affinity for magic.
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{{Episode list
| Title = They Lurk Below
| OriginalAirDate = July 18, 2006
| EpisodeNumber = 23
| ProdCode = 210
| ShortSummary = The family ride a jet belonging to Grandpa Max's old Friend, Donovan Grand Smith, who owns an underwater resort. At the entrance, they receive a warm welcome from Donovan himself, though they also meet with his grandson, Edwin, who didn't seem to be excited about their guests. Later, when Edwin, Ben, and Gwen enter the Undersea Manta Ray, a giant submarine, they encounter strange aliens that threatened to destroy the whole resort. While the kids find a way to cooperate with each other to find the source that lures them in, Donovan himself learns a few lessons in how to bond better with his grandson.
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{{Episode list
| Title = Ghostfreaked Out
| OriginalAirDate = July 25, 2006
| EpisodeNumber = 24
| ProdCode = 211
| ShortSummary = Lately, Ben has been having strange nightmares about Ghostfreak. During a tour of a school Gwen wishes to attend, Ben sees and hears Ghostfreak everywhere, and bad luck follows him around. When Frightwig, Acid Breath, and Thumbskull show up, Ben activates his Omnitrix; however, it transforms him into Ghostfreak. After a vicious battle, during which Ben is clearly no longer in control, Ghostfreak escapes from the Omnitrix. [[List of villains in Ben 10#Ghostfreak|Ghostfreak]] removes his second layer of skin in order to [[spiritual possession|possess]] Ben, revealing a horrifying creature underneath. As a side effect of removing it, though, he can no longer withstand sunlight and is forced to retreat. Ghostfreak scares the circus trio into working for him as he schemes to possess Ben and gain control of the Omnitrix. Ben and family encounter Ghostfreak and his minions that night. Gwen and Max easily deal with the circus trio, but he has Ben on the run. As Ghostfreak prepares to possess him, Ben pulls back the curtains in the room while the sun is rising, incinerating him.
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{{Episode list
| Title = Dr. Animo and the Mutant Ray
| OriginalAirDate = August 25, 2006
| EpisodeNumber = 25
| ProdCode = 212
| ShortSummary = When Ben tries to take apart the Omnitrix to see how it works, he ends up breaking off its face and causing weird combinations of his alien forms when he transforms. Additionally, the broken piece begins mutating the smaller creatures it comes into contact with. Meanwhile, Dr. Animo escapes from prison and, during a battle with Ben, finds the broken piece of the Omnitrix. Using it, he is able to complete his large-scale Transmodulator, giving him the power to mutate the entire planet in a single shot.
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{{Episode list
| Title = Back With a Vengeance
| OriginalAirDate = October 9, 2006
| EpisodeNumber = 26
| ProdCode = 213
| ShortSummary = Ben accidentally figures out the master control of the Omnitrix, allowing him to become any alien just by thinking about it, and stay an alien indefinitely. Elsewhere, Kevin had assumed control of the Megacruiser. Using it to navigate the Universe, he locates and revives Vilgax. The two battle, but Vilgax quickly realizes the nature of Kevin's mutation and decides that he may be of use. Kevin and Vilgax locate Ben and fight to a stalemate. Max attempts to trap the enemies in the Null Void dimension; however, Ben gets pulled in as well and ends up continuing his battle in another realm. Gwen enters the Null Void in order to retrieve Ben. Unfortunately, Kevin takes her hostage, forcing Ben to give away the Omnitrix in order to save her. But before anyone can escape, Kevin double-crosses Vilgax. Ben and Gwen procure the Omnitrix in the resulting brawl and leave the villains trapped in the Null Void dimension. Ben reattaches the Omnitrix, only to realize that he had zeroed out the master control and can no longer perform mind-accessed transformations.
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|}


There appears to be inadequate information to assess carcinogenic potential of microcystins by applying [[EPA Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment]]. A few studies suggest that there may be a relationship between liver and colorectral cancers and the occurrence of cyanobacteria in drinking water in China (Yu et al., 1989; Zhou et al., 2002). Evidence is, however, limited due to limited ability to accurately assess and measure exposure.
=== Season 3: 2006–2007 ===
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{{Episode list
| Title = Ben 10,000
| OriginalAirDate = November 25, 2006
| EpisodeNumber = 27
| ProdCode = 301
| ShortSummary = When Ben and Gwen forget about Grandpa Max's birthday cake, the two kids wind up bickering over who's to blame. But when a mysterious stranger appears out of nowhere and kidnaps Gwen, Ben follows her into a strange portal as XLR8. When the dust settles, Ben suddenly realizes where he is: the future, in a world where humans and aliens live peacefully. Ben, however, is taken aback when he learns that Gwen's captor is actually her own future self, an accomplished magician to boot. Future Gwen reveals that the current Ben is now a world-renowned hero with 10,000 different alien forms. But, upon meeting his future self, Ben realizes that the future Ben is all business and just can't relax, not even for his own family.
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{{Episode list
| Title = Midnight Madness
| OriginalAirDate = December 2, 2006
| EpisodeNumber = 28
| ProdCode = 302
| ShortSummary = While visiting a mega-mall, Ben and Gwen watch a hypnotist perform. Gwen volunteers Ben as a test subject, and the host, Sublimino, successfully hypnotizes him. When asked to act like an alien, Ben naturally turns to the Omnitrix and almost changes in front of the audience. Even though he is stopped by Gwen, the trouble doesn't end there. Sublimino is able to use those he hypnotizes to commit crimes in their [[dream]] state, and the alien-equipped Ben proves to be the perfect accomplice. Using Ben, Sublimino is able to steal parts to make a much bigger hypnotism device, this time hypnotizing everyone in the mall except Ben. Ben stops him as Wildvine and Sublimino is presumably arrested.
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{{Episode list
| Title = A Change of Face
| OriginalAirDate = December 9, 2006
| EpisodeNumber = 29
| ProdCode = 303
| ShortSummary = While Ben and family are visiting Salem, Massachusetts, Charmcaster attacks in an attempt to [[body swap|switch bodies]] with Ben; however, Gwen interferes, causing Charmcaster to switch with her instead. Gwen gets arrested in Charmcaster's body while Charmcaster stays with the unaware Ben and Max and tries to cook up another body-transfer spell. Gwen escapes from jail and returns, convincing Ben of the truth before Charmcaster tries again. However, Charmcaster manages to swap their bodies once more, ending with Charmcaster in her true body while Gwen and Ben have switched. The two swap back as a result of Charmcaster's third body-swap spell and Cannonbolt defeats Charmcaster. In the aftermath of the battle, Gwen ends up taking Charmcaster's spellbook for her own use and in hopes of building up her magic.
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{{Episode list
| Title = Merry Christmas
| OriginalAirDate = December 11, 2006
| EpisodeNumber = 30
| ProdCode = 304
| ShortSummary = Ben, Grandpa Max, and Gwen come upon a bizarre Christmas village run by a Christmas-obsessed man who thinks Grandpa Max is Santa Claus and proceeds to trap him. As Ben and Gwen explore, they learn about a strange curse on the village from one of its few unloyal elves, who happens to be the son of the Christmas-obsessed man. The village was frozen at Christmas, in the 1930s, But when Ben delivers all the gifts that had been made, time catches up to the village instantly.
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{{Episode list
| Title = Benwolf
| OriginalAirDate = February 17, 2007
| EpisodeNumber = 31
| ProdCode = 305
| ShortSummary = During a visit to [[New Mexico]], a wolf-like creature appears in a flash of purple lightning. Once there, it begins stealing satellite equipment for an unknown reason. One of [[List of characters in Ben 10#Wes Green|Max's old friends]] believes it to be a [[List of villains in Ben 10#Yenaldooshi|Yenaldooshi]], or [[Skin-walker (mythology)|Navajo werewolf]], a sign of pure evil. Wildvine fights the creature, but it bites Wildvine's root just before Ben returns to normal. It nearly kills Ben as a human, but he is spared when the wolf accidentally scratches the Omnitrix rather than Ben himself. Afterwards, Ben begins transforming into a werewolf himself, presumably an effect of the bite. The others hurry to kill the werewolf before Ben's transformation is complete. However, they discover that werewolf is actually an alien. By scratching the Omnitrix, it added its own DNA to the Omnitrix, which was gradually shifting Ben into [[List of Omnitrix aliens#Benwolf|that form]]. Upon reverting back to human form some time later, Ben fights the werewolf as Cannonbolt inside an active volcano, sealing it within. The group is unable to find the missing equipment, but assume the threat to be over. However, the alien had finished building a transmitter from the parts he salvaged, and it activates on its own.
| LineColor = 50A6C2
}}
{{Episode list
| Title = Game Over
| OriginalAirDate = February 24, 2007
| EpisodeNumber = 32
| ProdCode = 306
| ShortSummary = Ben and Gwen are playing Sumo Slammer video game and Gwen is beating Ben at it. As a result, Ben turns into Upgrade and merges with the computer so he can lower Gwen's score. As Gwen tries to get Ben out, lightning hits the van and zaps them both into the game. It isn't long before they realize that all of the aliens in the Omnitrix are unavailable and they have to collect tokens in order to activate certain ones. They progress through the levels in order to get the Upgrade token and allow them to leave the game. However, the villain of the game hears them, and wants to use the Upgrade token to leave the game and take over the real world.
| LineColor = 50A6C2
}}
{{Episode list
| Title = Super Alien Hero Buddy Adventures
| OriginalAirDate = March 3, 2007
| EpisodeNumber = 33
| ProdCode = 307
| ShortSummary = When a television show called ''Super Alien Hero Buddy Adventures'', which stars corny cartoon versions of Fourarms, Heatblast, and [[List of Omnitrix aliens#Wildmutt|Wildmutt]], shows up, Ben wants credit. Furthermore, it has replaced his favorite show, ''Kangaroo Commando''. It just so happens Ben and Gwen are visiting Planetary Studios at the time, so he tries to confront the producer about it. Meanwhile, strange accidents begin occurring around the actor who plays The Commando, conveniently allowing the actor to save the day. The Commando suspects that the artist producing the cartoon, Tim Dean, is responsible, but Gwen suspects foul play on the Commando's part.
| LineColor = 50A6C2
}}
{{Episode list
| Title = Under Wraps
| OriginalAirDate = March 10, 2007
| EpisodeNumber = 34
| ProdCode = 308
| ShortSummary = In order to teach Ben and Gwen the value of hard work, Grandpa Max takes them to a farm. However, a farmhand tells Ben and Gwen of a [[List of villains in Ben 10#Mummy|mummy]] that had recently arrived in a flash of purple lightning, prompting their curiosity. The two of them find it digging for a strange stone, but it attacks them as soon as they see it. XLR8 fights it to no avail, but the mummy flees in the confusion. Max discovers that the strange rock is an unstable chemical called "Corrodium," which causes severe mutation in earthly organisms. The Tennysons track the mummy down to an ice cream factory, but end up in danger when the mummy proves to be invincible. In the resulting struggle, the mummy touches the Omnitrix and inadvertently adds its DNA, allowing Ben to use [[List of Omnitrix aliens#Benmummy|that form]]; however, the Omnitrix decides to transform Ben into Upgrade instead. Upgrade possesses a [[liquid nitrogen]] containment tank and sprays the mummy with the chemical, effectively freezing it. The family then flees the farm for fear of more manual labor.
| LineColor = 50A6C2
}}
{{Episode list
| Title = The Unnaturals
| OriginalAirDate = March 17, 2007
| EpisodeNumber = 35
| ProdCode = 309
| ShortSummary = Ben goes to see his favorite [[Little League]] team, and discovers their opponents, the [[List of villains in Ben 10#Squires|Squires]], are [[robot]]s. He cheats for his own team, but it works against them when the robots try to kidnap people on the team who appeared to be experts due to Ben's help. While attempting a rescue, Ben discovers that the robots plans are to replace the [[President of the United States]], who had also been watching the game. The Tennysons foil the Squires' plan and personally save the [[List of characters in Ben 10#President of the United States|president]]. After they have left, Enoch appears, revealing the plan to be his own. He vows that the Tennysons will pay with their lives.
| LineColor = 50A6C2
}}
{{Episode list
| Title = Monster Weather
| OriginalAirDate = March 24, 2007
| EpisodeNumber = 36
| ProdCode = 310
| ShortSummary = Grandpa Max takes Gwen and Ben to a music festival in Chicago to see his favorite old time band, Shag Carpeting, but the event is interrupted by a weather-controlling robot called S.A.M. Ben uses Fourarms to send shockwaves to the robot eventually destroying him.
| LineColor = 50A6C2
}}
{{Episode list
| Title = The Return
| OriginalAirDate = April 7, 2007
| EpisodeNumber = 37
| ProdCode = 311
| ShortSummary = A shuttle launch at [[NASA]] is interrupted by a purple lightning storm. This attracts the attention of Ben, Gwen, and Max, who hope to discover the origin of the alien werewolf and mummy. While at NASA, Ben runs into an ill-tempered scientist by the name of [[List of villains in Ben 10#Doctor Vicktor|Dr. Vicktor]]. Surveillance tapes associate him with the purple lightning storm, and he is quickly shown to be in cahoots with the two creatures. Ben, Gwen, and Max encounter the creatures again, in addition to Doctor Vicktor in his true form. Following a losing battle, the Tennysons split up: Max and Gwen board the space shuttle that Doctor Vicktor launches, and Ben follows Vicktor as XLR8. The mummy's onboard the space shuttle, and Vicktor sends the werewolf to New Mexico in a flash of purple lightning through use of a teleportation device. But as Ben confronts Dr. Vicktor, the scientist reveals that he is not carrying out his own plan. To Ben's horror, Vicktor revives his master: Ghostfreak.
| LineColor = 50A6C2
}}
{{Episode list
| Title = Be Afraid of the Dark
| OriginalAirDate = April 14, 2007
| EpisodeNumber = 38
| ProdCode = 312
| ShortSummary = From where the "The Return" left off, Ben is now facing both a revived Ghostfreak and Doctor Vicktor, quickly transforming into Grey Matter to escape. Grey Matter is able to discern Ghostfreak's plan from a computer terminal: Using the corrodium to amplify the power source of the orbiting space station, in conjunction with the device the alien werewolf built in New Mexico, Ghostfreak is intent on covering the daylight side of the Earth in a corrodium shield. This will not only mutate Earth's population, but it will also block out the sun, giving Ghostfreak a world of eternal darkness to rule over. Ben uses Upgrade to create a makeshift rocket to get to the space station, which Vicktor clings to so that he might also get to the station. Meanwhile, Max and Gwen fight the mummy aboard the space center and attempt to thwart Ghostfreak's plan from there. Upgrade seemingly defeats the mummy, but Ghostfreak appears again and manually starts the device. In pure darkness, Ghostfreak's form enhances; Ben's new [[List of Omnitrix aliens#Benvicktor|Benvicktor]] form holds him off until doctor Vicktor came back. However, Max tricks Vicktor into destroy the projector, ruining Ghostfreak's plan and apparently killing the werewolf. In a fit of rage, Vicktor attempts to warp Ben away, but accidentally banishes himself and the mummy. Ben and Gwen escape with Max on the shuttle, on which they again expose Ghostfreak to sunlight and defeat him. Cannonbolt protects Gwen and Max from [[atmospheric reentry]], and the three land in Egypt. In the aftermath of the attack, Ben realizes that he has gained Ghostfreak's natural form on the Omnitrix.
| LineColor = 50A6C2
}}
{{Episode list
| Title = The Visitor
| OriginalAirDate = April 21, 2007
| EpisodeNumber = 39
| ProdCode = 313
| ShortSummary = Two snowmobilers accidentally release an alien named [[List of characters in Ben 10#Xylene|Xylene]] from a strange container. Xylene locates the Omnitrix and attacks Ben, under the impression that he had stolen it. However, when Max comes to defend, the two recognize each other as old friends. Xylene and Max reminisce later that night. As Wildvine spies on them, Xylene asks Max to leave Earth and travel through the [[Universe]] with her. Distraught, Ben runs back to the campsite, where he is unable to ward off an attack by one of Vilgax's remaining drones and has to rely on Max and Xylene for help. There, Xylene reveals that she was the commander of the ship bringing the Omnitrix to Earth when Vilgax attacked it, and that she had intended to send it to Max; Ben received the Omnitrix by accident. Ben runs off in shock and Gwen follows. The drone attacks again and captures Max. Ben and Xylene reluctantly team up to save him. In the process, Xylene uses her knowledge of the Omnitrix to unlock a new form, [[List of Omnitrix aliens#Upchuck|Upchuck]], which Ben uses to destroy the robot. At that, Xylene prepares to leave the planet and repeats her offer to Max. Max declines, claiming that Ben and Gwen are his whole world.
| LineColor = 50A6C2
}}
|}


==See also==
=== Season 4: 2007-2008 ===


* [[Nodularin]]s
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 99%;"
* [[Nonribosomal peptide]]s
! width="3%" | EP#
! width="75%" | Title
! width="15%" | Airdate
! width="7%" | Prod. code
|-
{{Episode list
| Title = Perfect Day
| OriginalAirDate = July 14, 2007
| EpisodeNumber = 40
| ProdCode = 401
| ShortSummary = Ben seems to be having a perfect day: Grandpa Max makes a breakfast Ben considers edible, a bus full of cheerleaders breaks down in front of him and unreleased games fall off a truck. However, when another Gwen and Grandpa Max show up, he discovers that Enoch and the Forever Knights have trapped him in a [[dream world (plot device)|dream world]] while they attempt to remove the Omnitrix from his wrist. Revealed, Enoch turns the dream into a nightmare...Ben's school. After managing to take control of the dream and escape, Ben traps Enoch in his own dream world. Once the Tennysons leave, another Forever Knight, the "Forever King", decides to leave Enoch to his fate because of one too many failures.
| LineColor = 50A6C2
}}
{{Episode list
| Title = Divided We Stand
| OriginalAirDate = July 19, 2007
| EpisodeNumber = 41
| ProdCode = 402
| ShortSummary = During a trip to the beach, Ben discovers a new alien on the Omnitrix, [[List of Omnitrix aliens#Ditto|Ditto]]. Ditto has the power to multiply at will, drawing the attention of Dr. Animo, who has just escaped from prison with the help of a mutated seagull. He captures one of Ben's Ditto clones in hopes of exploiting his alien DNA for his own evil purposes. Using the alien DNA, Animo creates an army of self-multiplying mutant Stinkflies, but Ben exploits the inherent weakness in the clones to destroy every Stinkfly clone and capture Dr. Animo once more.
| LineColor = 50A6C2
}}
{{Episode list
| Title = Don't Drink the Water
| OriginalAirDate = July 26, 2007
| EpisodeNumber = 42
| ProdCode = 403
| ShortSummary = Growing weak with old age, Hex is seeking out something to make him stay young. At the same time, Max is having difficulties with his aging body, so he decides to impress his grandkids at a fair to show them he's not as elderly as he seems. At the dunking game Max challenged them to, he and Ben both get splashed, unaware that the water is from the [[Fountain of Youth]]. Max regresses into a ten-year-old while Ben becomes a four-year-old. The booth's owner is the guardian of the fountain, having been charged to do so by [[Juan Ponce de León]] 400 years previous. Hex manages to force the man into revealing the location of the fountain, which he uses to become young again. However, Ben uses Heatblast to vaporize the fountain, in the process exposing Hex to enough of the water to turn him into an infant. With the fountain gone, the man reveals that the effects of the water will wear off without constant exposure. Meanwhile, Charmcaster finds her infant uncle and enjoys taunting him at his expense.
| LineColor = 50A6C2
}}
{{Episode list
| Title = Big Fat Alien Wedding
| OriginalAirDate = August 2, 2007
| EpisodeNumber = 43
| ProdCode = 404
| ShortSummary = Ben, Gwen, and Grandpa Max attend a family wedding for Max's nephew Joel and his bride-to-be, Camille. Before the day of the wedding, Ben tries to go swimming in the lake, only to interrupt a mud alien's attempt to sabotage the wedding. Ben defeats the sludge alien as [[Cannonbolt]], but finds the groom's parents pointing rifles at him soon after. He escapes with Gwen's help, and Max explains that the groom's side of the family are all Plumbers, while the bride's side are all mud-like aliens, called "Sludges", which the Plumbers were enemies with until Joel and Camille meet. This wedding represents a truce. However, on the wedding day, chaos erupts when Camille's parents revolt against the marriage and show their true selves. As [[Heatblast]], Ben defeats them with a little help from the angry bride.
| LineColor = 50A6C2
}}
{{Episode list
| Title = Ben 4 Good Buddy
| OriginalAirDate = September 22, 2007
| EpisodeNumber = 44
| ProdCode = 405
| ShortSummary = While traveling through a desert, the Tennysons encounter a group of modern-day pirates called the [[List of villains in Ben 10#Road Crew|Road Crew]] attempting to hijack the RV of [[List of characters in Ben 10#Laurence Wainright|Laurence Wainright]]. After stopping the Road Crew, the family makes a pit stop and Ben and Gwen start to complain about how the Rust Bucket doesn't work right and isn't nearly as luxurious as Laurence's RV. Shortly afterwards the Road Crew returns and steals the Rust Bucket. While Grandpa Max tries desperately to track down the Rust Bucket, the Road Crew give it a makeover for use in their plans. The Tennysons "borrow" Laurence's RV to catch up to the Road Crew just as they steal missiles from a train. Baron Highway, the leader of the Road Crew, plans on using the missiles to destroy the new highway, which in turn will increase traffic on the roads that the Road Crew patrol. Ultimately Ben stops Baron Highway's plan using his knowledge of the Rust Bucket's quirks.
| LineColor = 50A6C2
}}
{{Episode list
| Title = Ready to Rumble
| OriginalAirDate = September 29, 2007
| EpisodeNumber = 45
| ProdCode = 406
| ShortSummary = After damaging Gwen's laptop, Ben enters a [[mutant (fiction)|mutant]] wrestling competition as Fourarms to earn some money to replace it, becoming an instant celebrity. During the tournament, he fights [[List of characters in Ben 10#Gaterboy and Porcupine|a pair of mutant brothers]] who owe a mob boss a large sum of money in order to save their farm. They entered the competition in order to pay off their debt, which Ben doesn't learn about until after defeating them. After learning the truth, Ben goes with them to save their mother, who is being held by the gang as "collateral". After rescuing her, Ben gives the prize money to the family since they need it more than he does. Returning home, he admits to what he did, only to discover that the computer wasn't even broken in the first place, requiring a special key that Gwen had to active it.
| LineColor = 50A6C2
}}
{{Episode list
| Title = Ken 10
| OriginalAirDate = October 6, 2007
| EpisodeNumber = 46
| ProdCode = 407
| ShortSummary = In the future, Ben's son [[List of characters in Ben 10#Ken Tennyson(Ben's Son)|Ken]] is celebrating his tenth birthday, and to commemorate the occasion Ben gives him an Omnitrix of his very own. However, he equips it with a limiter, unwilling to trust his son to defeat villains on his own. Ken soon befriends a boy named [[List of characters in Ben 10#Devlin|Devlin]], and the same night [[List of villains in Ben 10#Kevin 11|Kevin 11]] attacks. Unable to locate the Null Void, which Ben has moved after the events of "Ben 10,000", he retreats. Ken, also unaware of the move, endeavors to find it on his own, only to unwittingly lead Devlin, who is Kevin's son and can transform into his father's mutant form, right to it. Devlin releases his father from the void, but is soon heartbroken to learn that Kevin's only interest is in fighting Ben, not in seeing his son. Kevin is ultimately defeated by the combined forces of Ben 10,000, Ken 10, and Devlin 11, who is later adopted into the Tennyson family.
| LineColor = 50A6C2
}}
{{Episode list
| Title = Ben 10 vs. the Negative 10 (Part 1)
| OriginalAirDate = March 9, 2008
| EpisodeNumber = 47
| ProdCode = 409
| ShortSummary = The Tennysons pick up the grandson of another Plumber named Cooper, who is hitching a ride home with them. Meanwhile, a Plumber base at [[Fort Knox]] is robbed by the Circus Freaks and Sublimino. By the time the Tennysons find out, they are too late to help. They soon learn of a second robbery, this one run by Rojo (having gained a new cybernetic suit), Animo, Clancy (mutated into an insect), and Charmcaster. Max discovers that they are searching for the keys to the "Sub Energy", an extremely potent sub-atomic power source given to the Plumbers by an alien race. they lose the keys to the villains, and attempt to route them at the Mount Rushmore base, where the Sub Energy is stored. However, they find that the Forever King, joined by a subordinate and the villains that raided the earlier bases, has beaten them to it. He dubs his team the Negative 10 and sets them upon the Tennysons.
| LineColor = 50A6C2
}}
{{Episode list
| Title = Ben 10 vs. the Negative 10 (Part 2)
| OriginalAirDate = March 9, 2008
| EpisodeNumber = 48
| ProdCode = 410
| ShortSummary = Ben, Gwen, and Max, along with Cooper, use the Plumbers' Mount Rushmore installation to mount a final stand against the Forever King's forces. Max discovers that the Forever King was once a plumber named Driscoll who was kicked out after hoarding alien technology. Despite their best efforts, they are unable to keep Driscoll from obtaining the Sub Energy. Driscoll uses the energy to enhance his armor suit and battles Ben, who is able to use Upchuck to digest the power source and destroy it safely (he obliterates the Mount Rushmore faces in doing so, however).
| LineColor = 50A6C2
}}
{{Episode list
| Title = Goodbye and Good Riddance
| OriginalAirDate = April 15, 2008
| EpisodeNumber = 49
| ProdCode = 408
| ShortSummary = Ben returns home after the summer vacation ends, and is told by Max that he must keep the Omnitrix a secret. This is made more difficult with his classmates admiring the alien heroes that they've seen on the news, unaware that it is Ben himself. Initially disappointed, Ben gets the chance to use the Omnitrix when Vilgax attacks, yet again looking to take the device from Ben. All four Tennysons (Ben's father helps) fight off Vilgax's drones running amok in the city. When Vilgax appears again, easily fending off Ben, Ben's father suggests leading him into the underground gas line, which they ignite to incinerate the villain. Ben's secret is revealed to the public during the affair, and Gwen ends up transferring to his school. Just when it seems like everything is quiet, Dr. Animo shows up with a cadre of mutated animals, which Ben and Gwen get ready to fight.
}}
|}


Microcystin-LR is one of over 80 known toxic variants and is the most studied by biologists and ecologists. Microcystin containing 'blooms' are a problem worldwide, including China, Australia, the United States and much of Europe. Once ingested, microcystin travels to the liver, via the bile acid transport system, where most is stored; though some remains in the blood stream and may contaminate tissue. Microcystin binds covalently to protein phosphatases thus disrupting cellular control processes.
=== Ben 10 Shorts ===
The ''Ben 10'' Shorts are a series of roughly two-minute videos that were included as extras on the DVDs. They were also shown on Cartoon Network's video hosting service.
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 99%;"
! width="75%" | Title
|-
{{Episode list
| Title = Hijacked
| OriginalAirDate = February 4, 2008
| ShortSummary = Two men try to carjack the Rustbucket while Grandpa Max is out. Unfortunately, Ben is on the Rustbucket and the carjackers end up messing with Fourarms.
| LineColor = 50A6C2
}}
{{Episode list
| Title = Snack Break
| OriginalAirDate = February 18, 2008
| ShortSummary = Ben and Gwen want something from the vending machine. When Ben's snack doesn't come out of it, his plan to retrieve it as Grey Matter backfires.
| LineColor = 50A6C2
}}
{{Episode list
| Title = Survival Skills
| OriginalAirDate = March 10, 2008
| ShortSummary = When Ben unwittingly puts out the campfire needed to roast marshmallows, Ben must start the fire again without the Omnitrix. But when Max isn't around, Ben ends up using Heatblast and later pays the price.
| LineColor = 50A6C2
}}
{{Episode list
| Title = Radio Dazed
| OriginalAirDate = March 24, 2008
| ShortSummary = Ben and Gwen are tired of the music Grandpa Max listens to. As Upgrade, Ben mixes it up.
| LineColor = 50A6C2
}}
{{Episode list
| Title = Sleepaway Camper
| OriginalAirDate = April 7, 2008
| ShortSummary = Grandpa Max's crazy snoring is keeping Ben awake. Now he must figure out a way to get to sleep. When all else fails, Ben uses Ripjaws and sleeps at the bottom of the lake.
| LineColor = 50A6C2
}}
{{Episode list
| Title = Dogged Pursuit
| OriginalAirDate = April 21, 2008
| ShortSummary = When an elderly woman's purse is snatched, things don't turn out well for Ben when he retrieves it as Wildmutt.
| LineColor = 50A6C2
}}
{{Episode list
| Title = Let The Games Begin.
| OriginalAirDate = July 1, 2008
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 50A6C2
}}
|}


== TV Movies ==
==References==
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 99%;"
! width="75%" | Title
|-
{{Episode list
| Title = ''[[Ben 10: Secret of the Omnitrix]]''
| OriginalAirDate = August 10, 2007
| ShortSummary = During a battle with Dr. Animo, the Omnitrix is accidentally set to self-destruct. In order to stop it, Ben has to travel across space to track down the Omnitrix's creator. Three alternate versions of this have aired, each with a modified opening from the original.
| LineColor = 50A6C2
}}
{{Episode list
| Title = ''[[Ben 10: Race Against Time]]''
| OriginalAirDate = November 21, 2007
| ShortSummary = This is a live-action film based on the animated series. Summer's over and Ben has to go back to school, but the aliens have a different idea. They are planning to have a massive invasion, led by the mysterious Eon.
| LineColor = 50A6C2
}}
|}


National Center for Environmental Assessment. Toxicological Reviews of Cyanobacterial Toxins: Microcystins LR, RR, YR and LA (NCEA-C-1765)
== DVD releases ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Title
! Release date
! Episodes
|-
| align="center"| "Season 1"
| align="center"| [[NTSC]]: February 6, 2007<br/>[[PAL]]: May 3, 2007
| align="center"| 13
|-
| colspan="3" |
The first set contains the entire first season. Bonus features include commentary on the episode "Secrets", a creator drawing lesson, a sneak peak at upcoming story lines, and creator interviews.
|-
| colspan="3" bgcolor="#50A6C2" |
|-
| align="center"| "Season 2"
| align="center"| [[NTSC]]: October 9, 2007<br/>[[PAL]]: November 8, 2007
| align="center"| 13
|-
| colspan="3" |
The second set contains the entire second season. Bonus features include commentary on the episode "Ghostfreaked Out", deleted scenes, a creator drawing lesson, secret alien info, and a collectible poster.
|-
| colspan="3" bgcolor="#50A6C2" |
|-
| align="center"| "Season 3"
| align="center"| [[NTSC]]: March 4, 2008<br/>[[PAL]]: May 14, 2008
| align="center"| 13
|-
| colspan="3" |
The third set contains the entire third season. Bonus features include deleted scenes, a character gallery, and promos.
|-
| colspan="3" bgcolor="#50A6C2" |
|-
| align="center"| "Season 4"
| align="center"| [[NTSC]]: August 5, 2008<br/>[[PAL]]: August 6, 2008
| align="center"| 10
|-
| colspan="3" |
The fourth set contains the entire fourth season and the feature-length animation ''[[Secret Of The Omnitrix]]''. Bonus features include Deleted scenes, Four versions of Secret Of The Omnitrix including the pop up trivia edition, a character gallery, and promos.
|-
| colspan="3" bgcolor="#50A6C2" |
|-
| align="center"| "Race Against Time"
| align="center"| [[NTSC]]: April 8, 2008<br/>[[PAL]]: October 8, 2008
| align="center"| 1
|-
| colspan="3" |
The special features contain Behind The Scenes Footage, Bloopers, Interviews, Outtakes.
|-
| colspan="3" bgcolor="#50A6C2" |
|-
| align="center"| "Secret of the Omnitrix"
| align="center"| [[NTSC]]: May 20, 2008<br/>[[PAL]]: March 17, 2008
| align="center"| 3
|-
| colspan="3" |
Only available in Wal-Mart stores.
|}

==References==
<references />


Yu, S.-Z. 1989. Drinking water and primary liver cancer. In: Primary Liver Cancer, Z.Y. Tang, M.C. Wu and S.S. Xia, Ed. China Academic Publishers, New York, NY. p. 30-37 (as cited in Ueno et al., 1996 and Health Canada, 2002).
{{Ben 10}}


Zhou, L., H. Yu and K. Chen. 2002. Relationship between microcystin in drinking water and colorectal cancer. Biomed. Environ. Sci. 15(2):166-171.
[[Category:Ben 10| ]]
[[Category:Lists of animated television series episodes|Ben 10]]
[[Category:Peptides]]
[[Category:Biomolecules]]


[[de:Microcystine]]
[[bg:Списък с епизоди на Бен и космическата десетка]]
[[es:Anexo:Episodios de Ben 10]]
[[es:Microcistina]]
[[pl:Mikrocystyna]]
[[fr:Liste des épisodes de Ben 10]]
[[tr:Mikrosistin]]
[[nl:Lijst van afleveringen van Ben 10]]
[[no:Liste over Ben 10-episoder]]
[[pl:Lista odcinków serialu animowanego Ben 10]]
[[pt:Anexo:Lista de episódios de Ben 10]]
[[fi:Luettelo televisiosarjan Ben 10 jaksoista]]
[[th:รายชื่อตอนของเบ็นเท็น]]

Revision as of 08:07, 12 October 2008

File:Microcystin-LR.png
Chemical structure of Microcystin LR

Microcystins are cyclic nonribosomal peptides produced by cyanobacteria. They are cyanotoxins and can be very toxic for plants and animals including humans. Their hepatotoxicity may cause serious damage to the liver.

Microcystins consist of several uncommon non-proteinogenic amino acids such as dehydroalanine derivatives and the special β-amino acid ADDA ((all-S,all-E)-3-Amino-9-methoxy-2,6,8-trimethyl-10-phenyldeca-4,6-diene acid).

There appears to be inadequate information to assess carcinogenic potential of microcystins by applying EPA Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment. A few studies suggest that there may be a relationship between liver and colorectral cancers and the occurrence of cyanobacteria in drinking water in China (Yu et al., 1989; Zhou et al., 2002). Evidence is, however, limited due to limited ability to accurately assess and measure exposure.

See also

Microcystin-LR is one of over 80 known toxic variants and is the most studied by biologists and ecologists. Microcystin containing 'blooms' are a problem worldwide, including China, Australia, the United States and much of Europe. Once ingested, microcystin travels to the liver, via the bile acid transport system, where most is stored; though some remains in the blood stream and may contaminate tissue. Microcystin binds covalently to protein phosphatases thus disrupting cellular control processes.

References

National Center for Environmental Assessment. Toxicological Reviews of Cyanobacterial Toxins: Microcystins LR, RR, YR and LA (NCEA-C-1765)

Yu, S.-Z. 1989. Drinking water and primary liver cancer. In: Primary Liver Cancer, Z.Y. Tang, M.C. Wu and S.S. Xia, Ed. China Academic Publishers, New York, NY. p. 30-37 (as cited in Ueno et al., 1996 and Health Canada, 2002).

Zhou, L., H. Yu and K. Chen. 2002. Relationship between microcystin in drinking water and colorectal cancer. Biomed. Environ. Sci. 15(2):166-171.

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