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[[Category:1964 Summer Olympics]]
{{pp-move-vandalism|small=yes}}
[[Category:Nations at the Summer Olympics|1964]]
{{otheruses}}
{{Infobox Prefecture Japan
|Name = Tokyo
|Fullname = Tokyo
|JapaneseName = 東京都
|Rōmaji = Tōkyō-to
|Symbol = PrefSymbol-Tokyo.svg
|SymbolName = Tokyo Metropolitan Symbol
|SymbolDescription = The Metropolitan Symbol, one of the two [[Insignias of Tokyo|official emblems of Tokyo]].
|Capital = n/a
|Region = [[Kantō region|Kantō]]
|Island = [[Honshū]]
|TotalArea = 2,187.08
|AreaRank = 45th
|PCWater = 1.0
|PopDate = [[October 1]], [[2007]]
|Population = 12,790,000<br>(8,652,700 in [[Special wards of Tokyo|special wards]])
|PopRank = 1st
|Density = 5796
|DistrictCategory = Districts of Japan
|Districts = 1
|Municipalities = 62
|latd = 35
|latm = 41
|lats =
|latNS = N
|longd = 139
|longm = 45
|longs =
|longEW = E
|ISOCode = JP-13
|Flower = [[Sakura|Somei-Yoshino]] cherry blossom
|Tree = [[Ginkgo biloba|Ginkgo tree]] (''Ginkgo&nbsp;biloba'')
|Bird = [[Black-headed Gull]] (''Larus&nbsp;ridibundus'')
|Map =Map_of_Japan_with_highlight_on_13_Tokyo_prefecture.svg
|Website = [http://www.metro.tokyo.jp/ENGLISH/ metro.tokyo.jp]{{en icon}}
|Governor = [[Shintaro Ishihara]]
}}
{{nihongo|'''Tokyo'''|東京|Tōkyō}}, officially {{nihongo|'''Tokyo Metropolis'''|東京都|Tōkyō-to}}<ref>[http://www.metro.tokyo.jp/ENGLISH/PROFILE/overview02.htm]</ref>, is one of the 47 [[prefectures of Japan|prefectures]] of [[Japan]] and located on the eastern side of the main island [[Honshū]]. The twenty-three [[special wards of Tokyo]], each governed as a city, cover the area that was once the [[Tokyo City|city of Tokyo]] in the eastern part of the prefecture, and total over 8 million people. The population of the prefecture exceeds 12 million.


[[de:Kategorie:Teilnehmer bei den Olympischen Sommerspielen 1964]]
Tokyo is the seat of the [[Government of Japan|Japanese government]] and the [[Kokyo|Imperial Palace]], and the home of the [[Imperial House of Japan|Japanese Imperial Family]].
[[nl:Categorie:Land op de Olympische Zomerspelen 1964]]

[[pt:Categoria:Países nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 1964]]
==Name==
Tokyo was originally known as [[Edo]], meaning estuary.<ref name=placenames>Room, Adrian. ''Placenames of the World''. McFarland & Company (1996), [http://books.google.com/books?id=PzIer-wYbnQC&pg=PA360&sig=X75YRM_z45rzt4ZcemXMFhn9uWs p360]. ISBN 0786418141.</ref> Its name was changed to Tokyo (''Tōkyō'': ''tō'' (east) + ''kyō'' (capital)) when it became the imperial capital in 1868.<ref name=placenames/> During the early Meiji period, the city was also called "Tōkei", an alternative pronunciation for the same Chinese characters representing "Tokyo". Some surviving official English documents use the spelling "Tokei".<ref name="Tōkei">{{cite book
|title=Japanese Capitals in Historical Perspective: Place, Power and Memory in Kyoto, Edo and Tokyo
|last=Waley
|first=Paul
|publisher=[[Routledge]]
|year=2003
|pages=p. 253
|isbn=070071409X
}}</ref> This pronunciation is now obsolete.<ref>[http://www.soumu.metro.tokyo.jp/01soumu/archives/0715tokei.htm "明治東京異聞～トウケイかトウキョウか～東京の読み方" Tokyo Metropolitan Archives (2008)]. Retrieved on [[13 September]] [[2008]]. {{ja icon}}</ref>

== History ==
{{main|History of Tokyo}}
[[Image:Tokugawa 1.jpg|thumb|230px|[[Tokugawa Ieyasu]]]]
Tokyo was originally a small fishing village named Edo. In 1457, [[Ōta Dōkan]] built [[Edo Castle]]. In 1590, [[Tokugawa Ieyasu]] made Edo his base and when he became [[shogun]] in 1603, the town became the center of his nationwide military government. During the subsequent [[Edo period]], Edo grew into one of the largest cities in the world with a population topping one million by the 18th century.<ref>{{cite book
|title=Edo and Paris: Urban Life and the State in the Early Modern Era
|last=McClain
|first=James
|publisher=[[Cornell University Press]]
|year=1994
|pages=p. 13
|isbn=080148183X
}}</ref> It became the de facto capital of Japan<ref>{{cite book
|title=The Making of Urban Japan: Cities and Planning from Edo to the Twenty First Century
|last=Sorensen
|first=Andre
|publisher=[[RoutledgeCurzon]]
|year=2004
|pages=p. 16
|isbn=0415354226
}}</ref> even while the emperor lived in [[Kyoto]], the imperial capital.
After about 263 years, the shogunate was overthrown under the banner of [[Meiji Restoration|restoring imperial rule]]. In 1869, the 17-year-old [[Emperor Meiji]] moved to Edo. Tokyo was already the nation's political and cultural center,<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.metro.tokyo.jp/ENGLISH/PROFILE/overview01.htm
|title=History of Tokyo
|accessdate=2007-10-17
|publisher=Tokyo Metropolitan Government
}}</ref> and the emperor's residence made it a de facto imperial capital as well with the former [[Edo Castle]] becoming the [[Kokyo|Imperial Palace]]. The [[Tokyo City|city of Tokyo]] was established, and continued to be the capital until it was abolished as a municipality in 1943 and merged with the "Metropolitan Prefecture" of Tokyo.

Central Tokyo, like [[Osaka]], has been designed since about the turn of the century (1900) to be centered around major train stations in a high-density fashion{{Fact|date=October 2007}}, so suburban railways were built relatively cheaply at street level and with their own [[right-of-way]]. This differs from cities in the [[United States]], such as [[Los Angeles]], that are low-density and automobile-centric. Though [[Shuto Expressway|expressways]] have been built in Tokyo, the basic design has not changed.

Tokyo went on to suffer two major catastrophes in the 20th century, but it recovered from both. One was the [[1923 Great Kantō earthquake]], and the other was [[World War II]]. The [[Bombing of Tokyo in World War II|firebombings in 1945]], with 75,000 to 200,000 killed and half of the city destroyed, were almost as devastating as the atomic bombs of [[Hiroshima]] and [[Nagasaki, Nagasaki|Nagasaki]] combined.<ref>{{cite book |title=Modern Japan: A Social and Political History |author=Tipton, Elise K. |publisher=Routledge |year=2002 |pages=p. 141}}</ref> After the war, Tokyo was completely rebuilt, and showcased to the world during the [[1964 Summer Olympics]]. The 1970s brought new high-rise developments such as [[Sunshine 60]], a new and controversial<ref>[http://tokyo-nrt.airports-guides.com/ "Tokyo Narita International Airport (NRT) Airport Information (Tokyo, Japan)"]. Retrieved on [[11 September]] [[2008]].</ref> [[Narita International Airport|airport]] at [[Narita]] in 1978 (some distance outside city limits), and a population increase to about 11 million (in the metropolitan area).

[[Tokyo subway|Tokyo's subway]] and commuter rail network became one of the busiest in the world,<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.jrtr.net/jrtr25/pdf/f04_oka.pdf
|title=Rail Transport in The World's Major Cities
|publisher=Japan Railway and Transport Review
|accessdate=2007-10-17
|format=PDF
}}</ref> as more and more people moved to the area. In the 1980s, real estate prices skyrocketed during an economic [[Japanese asset price bubble|bubble]]. The bubble burst in the early 1990s and many companies, banks, and individuals were caught with real estate shrinking in value. A major recession followed, making the 1990s Japan's "[[lost decade]]"<ref>{{cite book
|last=Saxonhouse
|first=Gary R. (ed.)
|coauthors=Robert M. Stern (ed.)
|title=Japan's Lost Decade: Origins, Consequences and Prospects for Recovery
|publisher=[[Blackwell Publishing Limited]]
|year=2004
|isbn=1405119179 }}</ref> from which it is slowly recovering.
Tokyo still sees new urban developments on large lots of less profitable land. Recent projects include [[Ebisu, Tokyo|Ebisu]] Garden Place, Tennozu Isle, [[Shiodome]], [[Roppongi Hills]], [[Shinagawa, Tokyo|Shinagawa]] (now also a [[Shinkansen]] station), and the [[Marunouchi]] side of [[Tokyo Station]]. Buildings of significance are demolished for more up-to-date shopping facilities such as [[Omotesando Hills]]. Land reclamation projects in Tokyo have also been going on for centuries. The most prominent is the [[Odaiba]] area, now a major shopping and entertainment center. Various plans have been proposed<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.jpc-sed.or.jp/eng/committee/committee06.html
|title=Shift of Capital from Tokyo Committee
|accessdate=2007-10-14
|publisher=Japan Productivity Center for Socio-Economic Development
}}</ref> for transferring national government functions from Tokyo to secondary capitals in other regions of Japan, in order to slow down rapid development in Tokyo and revitalize economically lagging areas of the country. These plans have been controversial<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.metro.tokyo.jp/ENGLISH/GOVERNOR/SPEECH/2003/0301/2.htm
|title=Policy Speech by Governor of Tokyo, Shintaro Ishihara at the First Regular Session of the Metropolitan Assembly, 2003
|accessdate=2007-10-17
|publisher=Tokyo Metropolitan Government
}}</ref> within Japan and have yet to be realized.

{{clear}}

== Geography and administrative divisions ==
{{main|Politics of Tokyo}}
{{main|List of mergers in Tokyo}}
[[Image:Japan Tokyo1.jpg|thumb|230px|From top left: [[Shinjuku]], the [[Tokyo Tower]], [[Rainbow Bridge (Tokyo)|Rainbow Bridge]], [[Shibuya]], and [[National Diet Building]]]]
The mainland portion of Tokyo lies northwest of [[Tokyo Bay]] and measures about 90&nbsp;km east to west and 25&nbsp;km north to south. [[Chiba Prefecture]] borders it to the east, [[Yamanashi Prefecture|Yamanashi]] to the west, [[Kanagawa Prefecture|Kanagawa]] to the south, and [[Saitama Prefecture|Saitama]] to the north. Mainland Tokyo is further subdivided into the special wards (occupying the eastern half) and the Tama area (多摩地域) stretching westwards.

Also within the administrative boundaries of Tokyo Metropolis are two island chains in the [[Pacific Ocean]] directly south: the [[Izu Islands]], and the [[Ogasawara Islands]], which stretch more than 1,000&nbsp;km away from mainland Japan. Because of these islands and mountainous regions to the west, Tokyo's overall population density figures far underrepresent the real figures for urban and suburban regions of Tokyo.

Under [[Japanese law]], Tokyo is designated as a ''to'' ([[wiktionary:都|都]]), translated as ''[[metropolis]]''.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://70.86.96.100/pdfs/en/localg2006.pdf
|title=Local Government in Japan
|accessdate=2008-09-14
|publisher=Council of Local Authorities for International Relations
|type=PDF
|pages=p. 8
}}</ref> Its administrative structure is similar to that of Japan's other [[Prefectures of Japan|prefectures]]. Within Tokyo lie dozens of smaller entities, most of them conventionally{{Fact|date=October 2007}} referred to as cities. It includes [[Special wards of Tokyo|twenty-three special wards]] (特別[[wiktionary:区|区]] -ku) which until 1943 comprised the [[Tokyo City|city of Tokyo]] but are now separate, self-governing municipalities, each with a mayor and a council, and having the status of a city. In addition to these 23 municipalities, Tokyo also encompasses 26 more cities ([[wiktionary:市|市]] -shi), five towns ([[wiktionary:町|町]] -chō or machi), and eight villages ([[wiktionary:村|村]] -son or -mura), each of which has a local government. The Tokyo Metropolitan Government is headed by a publicly elected governor and metropolitan assembly. Its [[Tokyo Metropolitan Government Building|headquarters]] are in the ward of [[Shinjuku, Tokyo|Shinjuku]]. They govern all of Tokyo, including lakes, rivers, dams, farms, remote islands, and [[national parks]] in addition to its famous neon jungle, skyscrapers and crowded subways.

=== The twenty-three special wards ===
The [[Special wards of Tokyo|special wards]] (''tokubetsu-ku'') of Tokyo comprise the area formerly incorporated as Tokyo City. On [[July 1]], [[1943]], Tokyo City was merged with Tokyo Prefecture (東京府, ''Tōkyō-fu'') forming the current "metropolitan prefecture". As a result of this merger, unlike other [[wards of Japan|city wards]] in Japan, these wards are not part of any larger incorporated city.
Each ward is a [[Municipalities of Japan|municipality]] with its own elected mayor and assembly like the other cities of Japan. The wards differ from other cities in having a unique administrative relationship with the prefectural government. Certain municipal functions, such as waterworks, sewerage, and fire-fighting, are handled by the Tokyo Metropolitan Government. To pay for the added administrative costs, the prefecture collects municipal taxes, which would usually be levied by the city.<ref>[http://www.metro.tokyo.jp/ENGLISH/PROFILE/overview06.htm THE STRUCTURE OF THE TOKYO METROPOLITAN GOVERNMENT (Tokyo government webpage)]</ref>
[[Image:Tokyo aerial night.jpg|thumb|Northwest of Tokyo Bay at night]]
The special wards of Tokyo are as follows:
{|
|- valign="top"
|
* [[Adachi, Tokyo|Adachi]]
* [[Arakawa, Tokyo|Arakawa]]
* [[Bunkyō, Tokyo|Bunkyō]]
* [[Chiyoda, Tokyo|Chiyoda]]
* [[Chūō, Tokyo|Chūō]]
* [[Edogawa, Tokyo|Edogawa]]
* [[Itabashi, Tokyo|Itabashi]]
* [[Katsushika, Tokyo|Katsushika]]
|
* [[Kita, Tokyo|Kita]]
* [[Kōtō, Tokyo|Kōtō]]
* [[Meguro, Tokyo|Meguro]]
* [[Minato, Tokyo|Minato]]
* [[Nakano, Tokyo|Nakano]]
* [[Nerima, Tokyo|Nerima]]
* [[Ōta, Tokyo|Ōta]]
* [[Setagaya, Tokyo|Setagaya]]
|
* [[Shibuya, Tokyo|Shibuya]]
* [[Shinagawa, Tokyo|Shinagawa]]
* [[Shinjuku, Tokyo|Shinjuku]]
* [[Suginami, Tokyo|Suginami]]
* [[Sumida, Tokyo|Sumida]]
* [[Taitō, Tokyo|Taitō]]
* [[Toshima, Tokyo (ward)|Toshima]]
|}

The term "central Tokyo" today may refer to all of the 23 special wards, to all but the outermost special wards, or only to the three centrally located wards of [[Chiyoda, Tokyo|Chiyoda]], [[Chūō, Tokyo|Chūō]] and [[Minato, Tokyo|Minato]].

=== Western Tokyo ===
[[Image:Tokyo Landsat.jpg|thumb|Satellite photo of Tokyo taken by [[NASA]]'s [[Landsat 7]]]]
[[Image:TokyoMap.svg|thumb|Mainland portion of Tokyo]]
To the west of the special wards, Tokyo Metropolis consists of cities, towns and villages that enjoy the same legal status as those elsewhere in Japan.

While serving a role as "[[Bedroom community|bed towns]]" for those working in central Tokyo, some of these also have a local commercial and industrial base. Collectively, these are often known as the Tama Area or [[Western Tokyo]].

==== Cities ====
Twenty-six cities lie within the western part of Tokyo:
{|
|- valign="top"
|
* [[Akiruno, Tokyo|Akiruno]]
* [[Akishima, Tokyo|Akishima]]
* [[Chōfu, Tokyo|Chōfu]]
* [[Fuchū, Tokyo|Fuchū]]
* [[Fussa, Tokyo|Fussa]]
* [[Hachiōji, Tokyo|Hachiōji]]
* [[Hamura, Tokyo|Hamura]]
* [[Higashikurume, Tokyo|Higashikurume]]
* [[Higashimurayama, Tokyo|Higashimurayama]]
|
* [[Higashiyamato, Tokyo|Higashiyamato]]
* [[Hino, Tokyo|Hino]]
* [[Inagi, Tokyo|Inagi]]
* [[Kiyose, Tokyo|Kiyose]]
* [[Kodaira, Tokyo|Kodaira]]
* [[Koganei, Tokyo|Koganei]]
* [[Kokubunji, Tokyo|Kokubunji]]
* [[Komae, Tokyo|Komae]]
* [[Kunitachi, Tokyo|Kunitachi]]
|
* [[Machida, Tokyo|Machida]]
* [[Mitaka, Tokyo|Mitaka]]
* [[Musashimurayama, Tokyo|Musashimurayama]]
* [[Musashino, Tokyo|Musashino]]
* [[Nishitōkyō, Tokyo|Nishitōkyō]]
* [[Ōme, Tokyo|Ōme]]
* [[Tachikawa, Tokyo|Tachikawa]]
* [[Tama, Tokyo|Tama]]
|}

The Tokyo Metropolitan Government has designated Hachiōji, Tachikawa, Machida, Ōme and Tama New Town as regional centres of the Tama area,<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.toshiseibi.metro.tokyo.jp/plan/pe-011.htm
|title=Development of the Metropolitan Center, Subcenters and New Base
|accessdate=2007-10-14
|publisher=Bureau of Urban Development, Tokyo Metropolitan Government
}}</ref> as part of their plans to disperse urban functions away from central Tokyo.

==== Districts, towns and villages ====
The far west is occupied by the district (''gun'') of [[Nishitama, Tokyo|Nishitama]]. Much of this area is mountainous and unsuitable for urbanization. The highest mountain in Tokyo, [[Mount Kumotori]], is 2,017&nbsp;m high; other mountains in Tokyo include Takasu (1737&nbsp;m), Odake (1266&nbsp;m), and [[Mount Mitake|Mitake]] (929&nbsp;m). [[Lake Okutama]], on the [[Tama River]] near [[Yamanashi Prefecture]], is Tokyo's largest lake.
* [[Hinode, Tokyo|Hinode]]
* [[Mizuho, Tokyo|Mizuho]]
* [[Okutama, Tokyo|Okutama]]
* [[Hinohara, Tokyo|Hinohara]]

=== Islands ===
[[Image:ShikinePortTyoJpDec04-01.jpg|thumb|[[Shikinejima]]]]
[[Image:Hachijo-jima.JPG|thumb|[[Fuji-Hakone-Izu National Park]]]]
Tokyo has numerous outlying islands, which extend as far as 1850&nbsp;km from central Tokyo. Because of the islands' distance from the administrative headquarters of the metropolitan government in Shinjuku, local offices administer them.

The [[Izu Islands]] are a group of volcanic islands and form part of the [[Fuji-Hakone-Izu National Park]]. The islands in order from closest to Tokyo are [[Izu Ōshima]], [[Toshima Island|Toshima]], [[Niijima]], [[Shikinejima]], [[Kozushima]], [[Miyakejima]], [[Mikurajima]], [[Hachijojima]], and [[Aogashima]]. Izu Ōshima and Hachijojima are towns. The remaining islands are six villages, with Niijima and Shikinejima forming [[Niijima, Tokyo|one village]].

The [[Ogasawara, Tokyo|Ogasawara]] Islands include, from north to south, [[Chichi-jima]], [[Nishinoshima]], [[Haha-jima]], [[Kita Iwo Jima]], [[Iwo Jima]], and [[Minami Iwo Jima]]. Ogasawara also administers two tiny outlying islands: [[Minami Torishima]], the easternmost point in Japan and at 1,850&nbsp;km the most distant island from central Tokyo, and [[Okino Torishima]], the southernmost point in Japan. The last island is contested by the [[People's Republic of China]] as being only uninhabited rocks. The Iwo chain and the outlying islands have no permanent population, but host [[Japanese Self-Defense Forces]] personnel. Local populations are only found on [[Chichi-jima]] and [[Haha-jima]]. The islands form the village of Ogasawara.

=== National parks ===
There are several national parks within Tokyo, among them:
* [[Meiji no Mori Takao Quasi-National Park]], around [[Mount Takao]] to the south of Hachiōji
* [[Ogasawara Islands|Ogasawara National Park]]. [[Wikipedia:As of|As of]] 2006, efforts were being made to make Ogasawara National Park a [[UNESCO]] natural [[World Heritage Site]].

== Demographics ==
{| class="toccolours" align="right" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="1" style="margin:0 0 2em 2em; font-size: 95%;"
|+ Population of Tokyo
|-
! By area<sup>1</sup>
|
Tokyo<br />
''Special wards''<br />
Tama Area<br />
Islands
|
12.6 million<br />
''8.64 million''<br />
4 million<br />
27,000
|-
! By age²
|
Juveniles (age 0-14)<br />
Working (age 15-64)<br />
Retired (age 65+)<br />
|
1.433 million (12%)<br />
8.507 million (71.4%)<br />
2.057 million (16.6%)
|-
! By hours³
|
Day<br />
Night
|
14.667 million<br />
12.017 million
|-
! By nationality
|
Foreign residents
|
353,826<sup>4</sup>
|-
|colspan="3" style="font-size:90%;"|
{|
| valign="top" |
<sup>1</sup> as of [[June 1]], [[2007]].<br />
² as of [[January 1]], [[2003]].<br />
| valign="top" |
³ as of 2000.<br />
<sup>4</sup> as of [[January 1]], [[2005]].
|}
|}
Over eight million people live within Tokyo's 23 wards. During the daytime, the population swells by over 2.5 million as workers and students commute from adjacent areas.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.metro.tokyo.jp/ENGLISH/PROFILE/overview03.htm
|title=Population of Tokyo
|accessdate=2007-10-14
|publisher=Tokyo Metropolitan Government
}}</ref> This effect is even more pronounced in the three central wards of [[Chiyoda, Tokyo|Chiyoda]], [[Chūō, Tokyo|Chūō]], and [[Minato, Tokyo|Minato]], whose collective population is less than 300,000 at night, but over two million during the day. The entire prefecture has 12,790,000 residents in October 2007 (8,657,000 in 23 wards), with an increase of over 3 million in the day. Tokyo is at its highest population ever, while that of the 23 wards peak official count was 8,893,094 in the 1965 Census, with the count dipping below 8 million in the 1995 Census. People continue to move back into the core city as land prices have fallen dramatically.

As of 2005, the five most common foreign nationalities found in Tokyo are Chinese (123,661), South Korean (106,697), North Korean (62,000) Filipino (31,077), American (18,848), British (7,696), Brazilian (5,300) & French (3,000).<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.toukei.metro.tokyo.jp/tnenkan/2005/tn05qyte0510b.htm
|title=Tokyo Statistical Yearbook 2005, Population
|accessdate=2007-10-14
|publisher=Bureau of General Affairs, Tokyo Metropolitan Government
}}</ref>

The 1889 Census {{Fact|date=September 2008}} recorded 1,389,600 people in [[Tokyo City]], Japan's largest city at the time.

{{clear}}

== Climate and seismology==
{{climate chart
| Tokyo
| 1 | 10 | 45
| 2 | 10 | 60
| 4 | 13 | 100
| 10 | 18 | 125
| 15 | 23 | 138
| 19 | 25 | 185
| 22 | 29 | 126
| 24 | 31 | 148
| 20 | 26 | 180
| 14 | 21 | 164
| 9 | 17 | 89
| 4 | 12 | 46
| source = [http://www.climate-charts.com/Locations/j/JP47662.html Climate-Charts.com]
| float = right
}}
Tokyo lies in the [[humid subtropical climate]] zone ([[Koppen climate classification]] ''Cfa''),<ref>Peel, M. C., Finlayson, B. L., and McMahon, T. A.: [http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.html Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification], Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 11, 1633-1644, 2007.</ref> with hot humid summers and generally mild winters with cool spells. Annual rainfall averages 1,380&nbsp;mm (55&nbsp;inches), with a wetter summer and a drier winter. Snowfall is sporadic, but does occur almost annually.<ref>[http://asia.news.yahoo.com/070316/kyodo/d8nsv0600.html LEAD: Tokyo observes latest ever 1st snowfall<!--Bot-generated title-->]</ref> Tokyo is an example of an [[urban heat island]]; the city's population is a significant contributor to its climate.<ref name=barry>Barry, Roger Graham & Richard J. Chorley. ''Atmosphere, Weather and Climate.'' Routledge (2003), [http://books.google.com/books?id=MUQOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA344&sig=mCflboQ0b9ePkGAT3upACg-SOHs p344]. ISBN 0415271703.</ref><ref>Toshiaki Ichinose, Kazuhiro Shimodozono, and Keisuke Hanaki. Impact of anthropogenic heat on urban climate in Tokyo. Atmospheric Environment 33 (1999): 3897-3909.</ref> Tokyo has been cited as a "convincing example of the relationship between urban growth and climate". Tokyo also often sees typhoons each year, though few are strong. The last one to hit was [[Typhoon Fitow (2007)|Fitow]] in 2007.<ref name=barry/>

Tokyo was hit by powerful [[earthquake]]s in 1703, 1782, 1812, 1855 and 1923.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://sicarius.wr.usgs.gov/tokyo/submitted/GrunewaldJGR_submitted.pdf
|title=A New 1649-1884 Catalog of Destructive Earthquakes near Tokyo and Implications for the Long-term Seismic Process
|accessdate=2007-10-14
|format=PDF
|publisher=U.S. Geological Survey
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://walrus.wr.usgs.gov/reports/reprints/Stein_PRSLA_364.pdf
|title=A new probabilistic seismic hazard assessment for greater Tokyo
|accessdate=2007-10-14
|format=PDF
|publisher=U.S. Geological Survey
}}</ref> The [[Great Kanto Earthquake|1923 earthquake]], with an estimated magnitude of 8.3, killed 142,000 people.

== Environment ==
=== Global warming ===
Tokyo has enacted a measure to cut greenhouse gases. Governor [[Shintaro Ishihara]] created Japan's first [[emissions cap system]], aiming to reduce [[greenhouse gas]] emission by a total of 25 percent by 2020 from the 2000 level. <ref>[http://www.wbcsd.org/plugins/DocSearch/details.asp?type=DocDet&ObjectId=MzAyNzQ World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD)<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>

== Economy ==
[[Image:BoJ.jpg|thumb|left|[[Bank of Japan]]]]
[[Image:Tokyo stock exchange.jpg|thumb|left|[[Tokyo Stock Exchange]]]]

Tokyo is one of the three world finance "command centres", along with [[New York City]] and [[London]]. Tokyo has the largest metropolitan economy in the world. According to a study conducted by [[PricewaterhouseCoopers]], the Tokyo [[urban area]] (35.2 million people) had a total GDP of US$1,191 billion in 2005 (at [[purchasing power parity]]), ranking again as the largest urban agglomeration GDP in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/imagelibrary/downloadMedia.asp?MediaDetailsID=863|title="Table 1.2 – Top 30 urban agglomeration GDP rankings in 2005 and illustrative projections to 2020 (using UN definitions and population estimates)"|first="UK Economic Outlook, March 2007", page 5|last=[[PriceWaterhouseCoopers]]|format=PDF |accessdate=2007-03-09}}</ref> 50 of the companies listed on the [[Fortune Global 500|Global 500]] are based in Tokyo, almost twice that of the second-placed city. See also [[List of cities by GDP]].

Tokyo is a major international finance center,<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.economist.com/specialreports/displaystory.cfm?story_id=9753204
|title=Financial Centres, All shapes and sizes
|accessdate=2007-10-14
|publisher=The Economist
}}</ref> houses the headquarters of several of the world's largest [[investment bank]]s and [[insurance]] companies, and serves as a hub for Japan's [[transportation]], [[publishing]], and [[broadcasting]] industries. During the centralized growth of Japan's economy following [[World War II]], many large firms moved their headquarters from cities such as [[Osaka]] (the historical commercial capital) to Tokyo, in an attempt to take advantage of better access to the government. This trend has begun to slow due to ongoing population growth in Tokyo and the high cost of living there.

Tokyo was rated by the [[The Economist|Economist Intelligence Unit]] as the most expensive (highest [[Cost-of-living index|cost-of-living]]) city in the world for 14 years in a row ending in 2006.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://today.reuters.com/news/newsArticle.aspx?type=worldNews&storyID=2006-01-31T113907Z_01_L312905_RTRUKOC_0_US-LIFE-CITIES.xml&archived=False |title=Oslo is world's most expensive city: survey |publisher=[[Reuters]] |date=[[January 31]], [[2006]] |accessdate=February 1}} (inactive).</ref> This analysis is for living a Western corporate executive lifestyle, with items like a detached house and several automobiles.

The [[Tokyo Stock Exchange]] is Japan's largest [[stock exchange]], and second largest in the world by [[market capitalization]] and fourth largest by share turnover. In [[1990]] at the end of the [[Japanese asset price bubble]], it accounted for more than 60% of the world stock market value.<ref>[http://www.stock-market.in/2007/02/26/tokyo-stock-exchange/ Tokyo stock exchange]</ref>

Tokyo had 8,460&nbsp;ha (20,900&nbsp;acres) of agricultural land as of 2003,<ref>http://www.maff.go.jp/esokuhou/sei200305.pdf</ref> according to the [[Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (Japan)|Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries]], placing it last among the nation's prefectures. The farmland is concentrated in Western Tokyo. Perishables such as vegetables, fruits, and flowers can be conveniently shipped to the markets in the eastern part of the prefecture. [[Komatsuna|Japanese leaf spinach]] and [[spinach]] are the most important vegetables; as of 2000, Tokyo supplied 32.5% of the Japanese leaf spinach sold at its central produce market.

With 36% of its area covered by forest, Tokyo has extensive growths of [[cryptomeria]] and [[Chamaecyparis obtusa|Japanese cypress]], especially in the mountainous western communities of Akiruno, Ōme, Okutama, Hachiōji, Hinode, and Hinohara. Decreases in the price of lumber, increases in the cost of production, and advancing old age among the forestry population have resulted in a decline in Tokyo's output. In addition, pollen, especially from cryptomeria, is a major allergen for the nearby population centers.

Tokyo Bay was once a major source of fish. Presently, most of Tokyo's fish production comes from the outer islands, such as Izu Ōshima and Hachijōjima. [[Skipjack tuna]], [[nori]], and [[Carangidae|''aji'']] are among the ocean products.

[[Tourism in Tokyo]] is also a contributor to the economy.

{{clear}}

== Transportation ==
{{main|Transportation in Greater Tokyo}}
[[Image:500 series Shinkansen train at Tokyo Station.jpg|thumb|right|[[Shinkansen]] at [[Tokyo station]]]]
Tokyo, as the center of the [[Greater Tokyo Area]], is Japan's largest domestic and international hub for rail, ground, and air transportation. Public transportation within Tokyo is dominated by an extensive network of clean and efficient<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/jptoc.html
|title=A Country Study: Japan
|accessdate=2007-10-24
|pages=Chapter 2, Neighborhoods
|publisher=The Library of Congress
}}</ref> trains and subways run by a variety of operators, with buses, monorails and trams playing a secondary feeder role.

Within [[Ōta, Tokyo|Ōta]], one of the 23 special wards, [[Tokyo International Airport]] ("Haneda") offers mainly domestic flights. Outside Tokyo, [[Narita International Airport]], in [[Chiba Prefecture]], is the major gateway for international travelers.

Various islands governed by Tokyo have their own airports. [[Hachijōjima]] ([[Hachijojima Airport]]), [[Miyakejima]] ([[Miyakejima Airport]]), and [[Izu Ōshima]] ([[Oshima Airport]]) have service to Tokyo International and other airports.

[[Image:Tokyo subway map.PNG|thumb|right|Map of Tokyo Subway system, with transfer stations labeled]]
Rail is the primary mode of transportation in Tokyo, which has the most extensive urban railway network in the world and an equally extensive network of surface lines. [[East Japan Railway Company|JR East]] operates Tokyo's largest railway network, including the [[Yamanote Line]] loop that circles the center of downtown Tokyo. Two organizations operate the subway network: the private [[Tokyo Metro]] and the governmental [[Tokyo Metropolitan Bureau of Transportation]]. The metropolitan government and private carriers operate bus routes. Local, regional, and national services are available, with major terminals at the giant railroad stations, including [[Tokyo Station|Tokyo]] and [[Shinjuku Station|Shinjuku]].

Expressways link the capital to other points in the Greater Tokyo area, the Kantō region, and the islands of [[Kyūshū]] and [[Shikoku]].

Other transportation includes taxis operating in the special wards and the cities and towns. Also long-distance ferries serve the islands of Tokyo and carry passengers and cargo to domestic and foreign ports.

{{clear}}

== Education ==
{{main|Education in Tokyo}}
[[Image:Yasuda Auditorium, Tokyo University - Nov 2005.JPG|thumb|[[University of Tokyo]], Yasuda Auditorium]]
[[Image:Photo071.jpg|thumb|[[Tokyo Metropolitan University]] in Minami Osawa]]

Tokyo has many universities, junior colleges, and vocational schools. Many of Japan's most prestigious universities are in Tokyo, including [[University of Tokyo]].<ref>{{cite book
|last=Knafelc
|first=Kara
|title=Tokyo, City Guide
|pages=p. 76
|publisher=[[Lonely Planet]]
|isbn=1740594509
}}</ref> Some of the biggest [[Japanese national universities|national universities]] located in Tokyo are:
*[[Hitotsubashi University]]
*[[Tokyo Medical and Dental University]]
*[[Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology]]
*[[University of Electro-Communications]]
*[[Tokyo Institute of Technology]]
*[[Tokyo National University of Fine Arts and Music]]
*[[University of Tokyo]].
There is only one non-national [[public university]]: [[Tokyo Metropolitan University]].

Also located in Tokyo are [[Keio University]] and [[Waseda University]]; the top private universities in Japan.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.nber.org/2004japanconf/kawaguchi.pdf
|title=The Causal Effect of Graduating from a Top University on Promotion: Evidence from the University of Tokyo’s Admission Freeze in 1969
|accessdate=2007-10-27
|format=PDF
}}</ref> There are also a few universities well-known for classes conducted in English. They include:
*[[International Christian University]]
*[[Sophia University]]
*[[Waseda University]]
*[[Temple University Japan]]

For an extensive list, see [[List of universities in Tokyo]].

Publicly run kindergartens, [[elementary school]]s (years 1 through 6), and [[junior high school]]s (7 through 9) are operated by local wards or municipal offices. Public [[high school]]s in Tokyo are run by the [[Tokyo Metropolitan Government Board of Education]] and are called "Metropolitan High Schools". Regardless, Tokyo has many private schools from kindergarten through high school.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/東京都高等学校一覧 |title=東京都高等学校一覧 |work=Japanese Wikipedia |language=Japanese |accessdate=2007-10-19}}</ref>

{{clear}}

== Culture and sports==
[[Image:TokyoNationalMuseum.jpg|thumb|right|[[Tokyo National Museum]], Ueno]]
[[Image:Tokyo Dome night.jpg|thumb|right|[[Tokyo Dome]], the home stadium for the [[Yomiuri Giants]]]]

Tokyo has many museums. In [[Ueno Park]] are four national museums: [[Tokyo National Museum]], the country's largest museum and specializing in traditional [[Japanese art]]; the [[National Museum of Western Art]]; and the [[Tokyo National Museum of Modern Art]], with its collections of Japanese [[modern art]] as well as over 40,000 Japanese and foreign films.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.bunka.go.jp/english/pdf/chapter_11.pdf
|format=pdf
|title=National Cultural Facilities
|publisher=The Agency for Cultural Affairs
|accessdate=2007-10-18
}}</ref> Also in Ueno Park are the [[National Science Museum of Japan|National Museum of Science]] and the [[Ueno Zoo|public zoo]]. Other museums include the [[Nezu Art Museum]] in [[Aoyama]]; the [[Edo-Tokyo Museum]] in [[Sumida]] across the [[Sumida River]] from the center of Tokyo; and the [[National Diet Library]], National Archives, and the [[Tokyo National Museum of Modern Art|National Museum of Modern Art]], which are located near the [[Tokyo Imperial Palace|Imperial Palace]].

Tokyo has many theaters for the performing arts as well. These include national and private theaters for traditional forms of Japanese drama (like [[noh]] and [[kabuki]]) as well as modern dramas. Symphony orchestras and other musical organizations perform Western and traditional music. Tokyo also hosts modern Japanese and Western [[Pop music|pop]] and [[rock music]] at venues ranging in size from intimate clubs to internationally known arenas like the [[Nippon Budokan]].
Many different [[Festivals in Tokyo|festivals occur throughout Tokyo]]. Major events include the Sannō at [[Hie Shrine]], the Sanja at [[Asakusa Shrine]], and the biennial [[Kanda]] Festivals. The last features a parade with elaborately decorated floats and thousands of people. Annually on the last Saturday of July, an enormous [[fireworks]] display over the [[Sumida River]] attracts over a million viewers. Once cherry blossoms, or ''[[sakura]]'', bloom in spring, many residents gather in Ueno Park, [[Inokashira Park]], and the [[Shinjuku Gyoen|Shinjuku Gyoen National Garden]] for picnics under the blossoms.

[[Harajuku|Harajuku Station]] on the [[Yamanote Line]] in the [[Shibuya, Tokyo|Shibuya ward]] of Tokyo is known internationally for its youth style and fashion.<ref name="Harajuku">{{cite paper
|first=Chris |last=Perry |publisher=Self-published (Scribd)
|title=Rebels on the Bridge: Subversion, Style, and the New Subculture
|date= 2007-04-25 |accessdate=2007-12-04
|url=http://www.scribd.com/doc/38260/Harajuku-Rebels-on-the-Bridge |format=Flash
}}</ref>

Cuisine in Tokyo is internationally acclaimed. In November 2007, [[Michelin guide|Michelin]] released their guide for fine dining in Tokyo, garnering 191 stars in total, or about twice as many as its nearest competitor, [[Paris]]. Eight establishments were awarded the maximum of three stars (Paris has 10), 25 received two stars, and 117 earned one star. Of the eight top-rated restaurants, three offer traditional Japanese fine dining, two are sushi houses, three serve French cuisine. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/also_in_the_news/7103255.stm]
[[Sports in Tokyo]] are diverse. Tokyo is home to two professional [[baseball]] clubs, the [[Yomiuri Giants]] ([[Tokyo Dome]]) and [[Yakult Swallows]] ([[Meiji-Jingu Stadium]]) .
The [[Japan Sumo Association]] is also headquartered in Tokyo at the [[Ryōgoku Kokugikan]] sumo arena where three official [[sumo]] tournaments are held annually (in January, May, and September). [[Football (soccer)]] clubs in Tokyo include [[F.C. Tokyo]] and [[Tokyo Verdy]], both of which play at [[Ajinomoto Stadium]] in [[Chōfu, Tokyo|Chōfu]]. Tokyo hosted the [[1964 Summer Olympics]]. National Stadium, also known as [[Olympic Stadium, Tokyo]] is host to a number of international sporting events. With a number of world-class sports venues, Tokyo often hosts national and international sporting events such as tennis tournaments, swim meets, marathons, American football exhibition games, judo, karate, etc. [[Tokyo Metropolitan Gymnasium]], in Sendagaya, Shibuya, is a large sports complex that includes swimming pools, training rooms, and a large indoor arena.
Tokyo is one of the cities bidding to host the [[Tokyo 2016 Olympic bid|2016 Summer Olympics]].

== Tokyo in popular media ==
[[Image:Fuji TV headquarters and Aqua City Odaiba - 2006-05-03 edit.jpg|thumb|[[Fuji TV]] headquarters]]

As the largest population center in Japan and the location of the country's largest broadcasters and studios, Tokyo is frequently the setting for many Japanese movies, television shows, animated series (''[[anime]]''), [[web comics]], and comic books (''[[manga]]''). In the ''[[kaiju]]'' (monster movie) genre, landmarks of Tokyo are routinely destroyed by giant monsters such as [[Godzilla]].

Some Hollywood directors have turned to Tokyo as a filming location for movies set in Tokyo. Well-known examples from the postwar era include ''[[Tokyo Joe]]'', ''[[My Geisha]]'', and the [[James Bond]] film ''[[You Only Live Twice (film)|You Only Live Twice]]''; well-known contemporary examples include ''[[Kill Bill]]'', ''[[The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift]]'' and ''[[Lost in Translation (film)|Lost in Translation]]''.

{{clear}}

==Cityscape==
[[Architecture in Tokyo]] has largely been shaped by Tokyo's history. Twice in recent history has the metropolis been left in ruins: first in the [[1923 Great Kantō earthquake]] and later after [[Bombing of Tokyo in World War II|extensive firebombing in World War II]].<ref name=spatial/> Because of this, Tokyo's current urban landscape is one of modern and contemporary architecture, and older buildings are scarce.<ref name=spatial>Hidenobu Jinnai. ''Tokyo: A Spatial Anthropology''. University of California
Press (1995), [http://books.google.com/books?id=LT3C3PQGt-IC&pg=PA1&sig=Nt5t1_CL_B8kcncWgb93-B4h6dQ p1-3]. ISBN 0520071352.</ref>

Tokyo also contains [[Parks and gardens in Tokyo|numerous parks and gardens]].

[[Image:Mtfuji.jpg|thumb|center|600px|Panoramic view of Tokyo city and [[Mount Fuji]].]]
[[Image:imperial Palace Tokyo Panorama.jpg|thumb|center|600px|Panoramic view of [[Tokyo Imperial Palace]] as seen from [[Marunouchi]].]]
[[Image:Sakuraintokyo.jpg|thumb|center|600px|[[Sakura]] in [[Tokyo Imperial Palace]].]]



== Sister relationships ==
<!-- Note to editors: Please do not put a link in a header. -->

Tokyo has eleven [[Town twinning|sister cities/states]]:<ref name=TMG>{{cite web |url=http://www.metro.tokyo.jp/ENGLISH/PROFILE/policy06.htm |title=Sister Cities (States) of Tokyo - Tokyo Metropolitan Government|accessdate=2008-09-16 |work= |publisher= |date= }}</ref>

<!-- Note to editors: before adding to this list, be sure to check Tokyo's official site and make sure the place you're adding is on Tokyo's list at http://www.metro.tokyo.jp/ENGLISH/PROFILE/policy06.htm -->
{|
| valign="top" |
* {{flagicon|PRC}} [[Beijing]], [[China]]
* {{flagicon|GER}} [[Berlin]], [[Germany]]
* {{flagicon|EGY}} [[Cairo]], [[Egypt]]
* {{flagicon|Indonesia}} [[Jakarta]], [[Indonesia]]
* {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Moscow]], [[Russia]]
* {{flagicon|AUS}} [[New South Wales]], [[Australia]]
<!-- Note that Tokyo is twinned with New South Wales - not Sydney -->
| valign="top" |
* {{flagicon|USA}} [[New York City]], [[United States]]
* {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Paris]], [[France]]
* {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Rome]], [[Italy]]
* {{flagicon|BRA}} [[São Paulo (state)|São Paulo State]], [[Brazil]]
* {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Seoul]], [[South Korea]]
|}

In addition, Tokyo has a "partnership" agreement with [[London]], [[United Kingdom]]<ref name=TMG/>.

== See also ==
{{portal|Tokyo|PrefSymbol-Tokyo.svg}}
*[[Capital of Japan]] -- for discussion of the [[de jure]] or [[de facto]] status of Tokyo as capital
*[[1703 Genroku earthquake]]

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

== External links ==
{{commonscat|Tokyo}}
{{sisterlinks|Tokyo}}
* [http://www.metro.tokyo.jp/ENGLISH/ Official Tokyo Metropolitan Government homepage]
* {{wikitravel}}
* [http://www.japaneselifestyle.com.au/tokyo/tokyomap.htm Tokyo Map] - interactive with points of interest
* [http://www.picturetokyo.com/ Tokyo Japan Travel Guide and Photos]

<!-- DO NOT ADD LINKS HERE -->
<!-- Ask in the discussion section before you add a link here, otherwise it is likely to be deleted -->

{{start box}}
{{succession box|title=[[Capital of Japan]]| before=[[Heian-kyō]]|after=—|years=1868&ndash;}}
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{{Tokyo}}
{{Regions and administrative divisions of Japan}}
{{List of Asian capitals by region}}
{{Olympic Summer Games Host Cities}}
{{World's fifty most-populated urban areas}}
{{coord|35|41|N|139|46|E|type:city_region:JP|display=title}}

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<!--Categories-->
[[Category:Tokyo| ]]
[[Category:Kantō region]]
[[Category:Port settlements in Japan]]
[[Category:Prefectures of Japan]]
[[Category:Capitals in Asia]]
[[Category:Coastal settlements]]
[[Category:Host cities of the Summer Olympic Games]]
[[Category:Coastal settlements in Japan]]

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