Babbar Khalsa and Zhivopisny Bridge: Difference between pages

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Zhivopisny Bridge (Russian: Живописный Мост) is a cable-stayed bridge that spans Moskva River in north-western Moscow, Russia. It is the first cable-stayed bridge in Moscow. Opened on 27 December 2007 as a part of Krasnoprenensky avenue. It is also the highest cable-stayed bridge in Europe. ^[1] ^[2]

Design and specifications

The bridge is unique in that most of its length runs along the river, not across it (see the site plan). Thus the bridge and highway it carries will bypass the protected territory of Serebryany Bor island.

Total length of an S-shaped deck exceeds 1.5 kilometers, including a 420-meter long, 47-meter wide main section running 30 meters above and along the centerline of river Moskva. The main pylon is a 105-meter high arch across the river, carrying the weight of deck through 78 cables

Under the top of the arch, there is a disk-like tower restaurant.

References

^ Press Release, 14 January 2008, retrieved 29 January 2008.
^ Над излучиной Москвы-реки вознесется арка живописного моста, RusTunnel, 5 December 2006, retrieved 29 January 2008.

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+[[Image:Zhivopisniy bridge.JPG|thumb|220px|Zhivopisny Bridge. March 2008.]]
-{{Infobox militant organization
+'''Zhivopisny Bridge''' ({{lang-ru|Живописный Мост}}) is a [[cable-stayed bridge]]  that spans [[Moskva River]] in north-western [[Moscow]], [[Russia]]. It is the first cable-stayed bridge in Moscow. Opened on 27 December 2007 as a part of [[Krasnoprenensky avenue]]. It is also the highest cable-stayed bridge in [[Europe]].
-|name = Babbar Khalsa
+<ref>[http://www.reuters.com/article/pressRelease/idUS82789+14-Jan-2008+RNS20080114 Press Release], 14 January 2008, retrieved 29 January 2008.</ref>
-|leader = Wadhawa Singh Babbar
+<ref>[http://www.rustunnel.ru/news/5896.html Над излучиной Москвы-реки вознесется арка живописного моста], RusTunnel, 5 December 2006, retrieved 29 January 2008.</ref>
-|foundation = 1979
-|area =  [[Pakistan]] and [[India]]
-|ideology = [[Khalistan]]
-|allies =
-|enemies = [[India]]
-|status = Babbar Khalsa is listed as a [[terrorism|terrorist]] organization by the United Kingdom,<ref>[http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/security/terrorism-and-the-law/terrorism-act/proscribed-groups?version=1 Home Office - Proscribed terrorist groups in the UK]</ref> the EU,<ref>[http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/site/en/oj/2005/l_144/l_14420050608en00540058.pdf EU list of terrorist groups]</ref> Canada,<ref>[http://www.psepc.gc.ca/prg/ns/le/cle-en.asp#bkbki13 Canadian listing of terrorist groups]</ref> India, and the United States.
-}}
+==Design and specifications==
-'''Babbar Khalsa International''' ({{lang-pa|ਬੱਬਰ ਖ਼ਾਲਸਾ}}, {{IPA2|bəbːəɾ kʰɑlsɑ}}) is a among group of Sikh Jathebandis calling for the formation of an independent Sikh state. The envisioned state, called [[Khalistan]] (meaning ''Land of the Pure'') by its proponents, would comprise [[India]]n territory in the [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]], and [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]-speaking areas of [[Haryana]], [[Himachal Pradesh]] and [[Rajasthan]]. Like other organisations, Babbar Khalsa was most active in the late 1970s and 1980s; the end of militancy in 1993 led to a dramatic fall in violence, although infrequent acts of violence are still attributed to it. It was, and continues to be, sponsored largely by expatriate Sikhs, particularly in the [[United Kingdom]] and [[Canada]].
+The bridge is unique in that most of its length runs along the river, not across it (see the [http://www.roads.ru/kp/img/map.php?link=kp-most site plan]). Thus the bridge and highway it carries will bypass the protected territory of [[Serebryany Bor]] island.
-Babbar Khalsa is listed as a [[terrorism|terrorist]] organisation by the United Kingdom,<ref>[http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/security/terrorism-and-the-law/terrorism-act/proscribed-groups?version=1 Home Office - Proscribed terrorist groups in the UK]</ref> the EU,<ref>[http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/site/en/oj/2005/l_144/l_14420050608en00540058.pdf EU list of terrorist groups]</ref> Canada,<ref>[http://www.psepc.gc.ca/prg/ns/le/cle-en.asp#bkbki13 Canadian listing of terrorist groups]</ref> India, and the United States. The United States has designated the Babbar Khalsa responsible for the bombing of [[Air India Flight 182]];<ref>[http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/20123.pdf US designation of Babbar Khalsa responsibility for Flight 182]</ref> . Babbar Khalsa militant Inderjit Singh Reyat, was convicted in the Air India bombing<ref>[http://www.canada.com/ottawacitizen/news/story.html?id=9bfcf081-3b29-45ea-8bb3-ad82c051bcbb Air India bombmaker sent to holding centre<!--Bot-generated title-->]</ref>
+Total length of an S-shaped deck exceeds 1.5 kilometers, including a 420-meter long, 47-meter wide main  section running 30 meters above and ''along'' the centerline of river Moskva. The main pylon is a 105-meter high arch ''across'' the river, carrying the weight of deck through 78 cables
-==Origins of the Babbar Khalsa==
-[[Image:Babbar Khalsa International logo.png|left|thumb|120px|Babbar Khalsa International logo]]
-[[Image:Babbar Khalsa International logo variation.png|left|thumb|120px|Babbar Khalsa International logo variation]]
-{{Terrorist organisations active in India}}
-The Babbar Khalsa ''name'' traces its origin to the [[Babbar Akali Movement]] of 1920, which agitated against British colonial rule in India. The conception of Babbar Khalsa in its modern day form is widely believed to have been brought about as a result of the [[Nirankari]]-[[Akhand Kirtani Jatha]] clash on [[Vaisakhi]] in 1978, where thirteen Sikhs were innocently killed.<ref>[http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/publication/nightsoffalsehood/falsehood4.htm Punjab: The Knights of Falsehood{{ndash}} Psalms of Terror]</ref>. The founders of the organisation were Sukhdev Singh Babbar, Mehal Singh Babbar and Amarjit Kaur (wife of Fauja Singh, the leader of the procession of Sikhs killed in the unexpected assault by Nirankaris). The initial aim of this panthic organisation was to avenge the death of Sikhs. On [[24 April]] [[1980]], [[Gurbachan Singh]], the "Baba" (head) of the Nirankaris, was killed; responsibility for this killing was claimed by Babbar Khalsa.
+Under the top of the arch, there is a disk-like tower restaurant.
-[[Talwinder Singh Parmar]] was put in charge of the international wing of the Babbar Khalsa in 1981, with [[Sukhdev Singh Babbar]] remaining the overall chief or "Jathedar". [[Wadhawa Singh Babbar]] and [[Mehal Singh Babbar]] were assigned as vice-Jathedars.
-==Decline==
+== References ==
+<references/>
-The crackdown on Sikh militant organisations by the Indian Government in the early 1990s, followed by the criminal and government infiltration of the Khalistan movement and the various militant organisations respectively, greatly weakened the Babbar Khalsa, ultimately leading to the death of [[Sukhdev Singh Babbar]] ([[9 August]] [[1992]]) and [[Talwinder Singh Parmar]] ([[15 October]] [[1992]]). Parmar's death remained controversial, and today he is accepted to have been shot dead by Indian police during custody; the [[Tehelka]] investigation found that Indian security forces had killed him after interrogation and were ordered to destroy his confession statements as well as destroy evidence of an Indian agent's involvement in the bombing of [[Air India Flight 182]]<ref>[http://www.tehelka.com/story_main33.asp?filename=Ne040807operation_silence.asp Tehelka:: Free. Fair. Fearless<!--Bot-generated title-->]</ref>, Canada's [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|CBC]] network also reported that Parmar had been in police custody for some time prior to his death<ref>[http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/airindia/key_characters.html#parmar CBC News In Depth: Air India - Bombing of Air India Flight 182<!--Bot-generated title-->]</ref>.
+==External links==
-The death of [[Sukhdev Singh Babbar]], described by [[India Today]] as “the most prominent leader since 1978” who had “an aura of invincibility”, severely weakened Babbar Khalsa.
+*[http://www.mo18.ru Contractor's site]
+*[http://russos.livejournal.com/tag/%D0%96%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82  Photos]
+*[http://www.kventz.ru/moscow/city/city_060724.html Photos of bridge under construction]
+*[http://www.photosight.ru/photo.php?photoid=1685841 Photos of bridge under construction]
+*[http://www.stream-photo.ru/users/LYNX/11676/ August 2006 photographs]
+*[http://photos.streamphoto.ru/2/b/3/1a45f8002a4f1d78a69cbb28666ed3b2.jpg Panorama: Summer 2006]
+==See also==
-Contrary to belief in certain quarters, [[Sukhdev Singh Babbar]] and the late Sant [[Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale]] collobarated with each other during the Indian Army's operation to flush Sikh militants that had taken over the Golden Temple complex. {{Fact|date=September 2007}}
+*[[List of bridges in Moscow]]
+{{coord missing|Russia}}
-==Recent events ==
-Despite setbacks incurred in the early Nineties, Babbar Khalsa is still active under ground, although not to the extent it once was. The organisation at present is predominantly active in the USA, Canada, the United Kingdom, Germany, France, Belgium, Norway, Switzerland and Pakistan. Current leadership resides with Wadhawa Singh Babbar, with Mehal Singh Babbar as deputy Jathedar.
+[[Category:Bridges in Moscow]]
-On [[31 August]] [[1995]], [[Dilawar Singh Babbar]] assassinated Punjab Chief Minister [[Beant Singh]] in a [[suicide bomber|suicide bomb]] attack at the civil secretariat in [[Chandigarh]].<ref>[http://www.telegraphindia.com/1040123/asp/nation/story_2817255.asp The Telegraph, Calcutta, India, "Beant trial trio in tunnel getaway"] [[22 January]] [[2004]]</ref>  Dilawar claimed allegiance to the Babbar Khalsa and four other members of the Babbar Khalsa were named responsible for the killing.
+[[Category:Cable-stayed bridges]]
-On [[31 May]] [[2005]] two alleged members of the Babbar Khalsa, Balvinder Singh Babbar and Jaganath Yadav were arrested and charged with the bombings of cinemas showing [[Jo Bole So Nihal (film)|Jo Bole So Nihal]] in [[New Delhi]] on [[22 May]] [[2005]]. On [[1 June]] [[2005]] the Delhi Police seized arms and ammunition from the house of Jaspal Singh Babbar. The seized items included 1 [[kilogram|kg]] of [[RDX]], a timer, detonator, a .303 rifle, 20 rounds of ammunitions, the uniform of a head constable of the Punjab Police along with several fake driving licences.<ref>[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20050601/main4.htm The Tribune, India, "2 Babbars held for Delhi cinema blasts"] [[31 May]] [[2005]]</ref> Many innocent Sikhs are being accused of terrorist intentions because of the actions of these members of the Babbar Khalsa. {{Fact|date=September 2007}}
-One week later the Delhi police arrested Babbar Khalsa's India Operations Chief [[Jagtar Singh Hawara]] Babbar. Hawara had escaped from jail in Chandigarh through a long tunnel dug by inmates. At the time, he stood accused of being the mastermind behind the assassination of Beant Singh in 1995. Among the items recovered in the arrest were 10.35 [[kilogram|kg]] of [[RDX]], four pistols, 207 live cartridges, remote control devices, and a hand grenade.<ref>[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20050609/main1.htm The Tribune, India, "Delhi blasts: Babbar Khalsa chief Hawara held"] [[8 June]] [[2005]]</ref>
-On of [[21 March]], [[2006]], three Babbar Khalsa members on [[21 March]], [[2006]]. Paramjit Singh Bheora Babbar, the current head of Babbar Khalsa's India Operations was arrested, along with Jasbir Singh Babbar and Bhupinder Singh Babbar. Bheora had assumed the position of head of India Operations following the arrest of Jagtar Singh Hawara Babbar.
-According to Delhi Police, items recovered in the arrest included 4 kilograms of RDX, 3 detonators, 1 remote control device with a wireless set, 1 timer, 3 Star make pistols, 39 cartridges and a stolen car. Bheora had allegedly worked with Jagtar Singh Hawara Babbar Jagtar Singh Tara Babbar in digging a 100-foot escape tunnel in Burail jail.<ref>  [http://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060321/main1.htm The Tribune, India, "Bheora, 2 other Babbars arrested"] [[21 March]] [[2006]]</ref> According to Punjab Police, Paramjit Singh Bheora confessed to recruiting up to 24 people into Babbar Khalsa, allegedly stating his intention to send 6 of them to [[Pakistan]] for training and to purchase some weapons.<ref> [http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=176166 Express Newsline, India, "Bheora recruited 24 men after escaping"] [[1 April]] [[2006]]</ref>
-The Punjab Police arrested 4 more people associated with Babbar Khalsa International (India branch) chief Paramjit Singh Bheora.<ref> [http://www.outlookindia.com/pti_news.asp?id=374752 Outlook India, India, "Four associates of BKI militant Bheora arrested"] [[4 April]] [[2006]]</ref> Punjab Police apprehended Amanpreet Kaur, wife of Paramjit Singh Bheora along with 4 other suspected militants. The police also recovered some weapons from them.<ref> [http://indiamonitor.com/news/readNews.jsp?ni=11212 India Monitor, UK, "Police nab five terrorists in Kapurthala"] [[4 April]] [[2006]]</ref>
-Police arrested an aide to Jagtar Singh Hawara Babbar, known as Gurinder Singh Babbar in the town of Jagraon. Gurinder Singh Babbar was later charged by Indian Police for planning to assassinate a retired army general who played a vital part in [[Operation Bluestar]] and for providing shelter to Hawara when he escaped from Burail prison.<ref> [http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=179896 Express India, India, "Jagraon Police nets ‘big fish’: Hawara aide nabbed from bus stand"] [[28 April]] [[2006]]</ref>
-Following these developments, Indian Police arrested Harpal Singh Cheema in [[New Delhi]] at Indira Gandhi Airport. According to the Indian Police, Cheema allegedly had links to some Sikh militant groups such as Babbar Khalsa.<ref> [http://indiamonitor.com/news/readNews.jsp?ni=11454 India Monitor, UK, "Terrorist nabbed at IGI Airport"] [[3 May]] [[2006]]</ref>
-The [[Canadian]] government decided to deport a Babbar Khalsa militant, Bachan Singh Sogi Babbar, on charges of planning to assassinate former Chief Minister of Punjab Prakash Singh Badal along with his son Sukhbir Singh Badal, and former Punjab Police Chief [[KPS Gill]].<ref> [http://www.zeenews.com/znnew/articles.asp?aid=306695&sid=NAT Zee News, India, "Canada deports Babbar Khalsa militant"] [[3 July]] [[2006]]</ref> Bachan Singh Sogi Babbar was considered to be number three in the Babbar Khalsa hierarchy, after Wadhawa Singh Babbar and Mehal Singh Babbar.<ref> [http://www.zeenews.com/znnew/articles.asp?rep=2&aid=308295&sid=NAT Zee News, India, "Police remand of Sogi extended till July 13"] [[10 July]] [[2006]]</ref>
-On [[December 13]], [[2007]], Punjab Police arrested three members of the module led by Gurpreet Singh Babbar. The 3 were identified as Gurinder Singh, a local Friends Colony resident, Zorawar Singh alias Zora of Mandi Gobindgarh and Parmider singh alias Babloo of Amloh in district Fathgarh Sahib. Police also recovered 9.75 kg of RDX. They allegedly planned to assassinate 2 major religious leaders; [[Gurmeet Ram Rahim Singh]] and head of another sect. Police also recovered 300 gms [[RDX]], two detonators, two timers, 40 cartridges of different bores, four boxes of other explosive material, two kg of copper wire and two mobile phones along with several other articles. The arrested BKI members have confessed that Gurpreet was running a training camp for terrorists in Garhi Mansowal village (Punjab) near [[Garhshankar]] in district [[Hoshiarpur]]. The three were imparted training in assembling explosive devices at this camp. Thee chief of the module, Gurpreet Singh Babbar alias Khalsa is still absconding.<ref> [http://www.newkerala.com/one.php?action=fullnews&id=2870, India, "Punjab Police foil attempt to assassinate Sacha Sauda head"] [[13 December]] [[2007]]</ref>
-On [[December 30]], [[2007]], The Punjab police claimed to have solved the Shingar cinema blast case with the arrest of four activists of Babbar Khalsa International (BKI). Announcing the arrest of the four{{ndash}} Gurpreet Singh Babbar alias Khalsa, Palwinder Singh, Sandeep Singh alias Harry and Ravinder alias Rinku. DGP N.S. Aulakh said the motive behind the [[October 14]] blast, which killed six people and injured 37, was to revive terrorism and to create communal tension.
-A fifth man, Harminder Singh Babbar is still absconding. Incidentally, Gurpreet had escaped arrest days before the blast when a car laden with RDX was intercepted at Mullanpur near here. The driver of the car was Gurpreet, who managed to give police a slip then. The number of arrested BKI activists in December alone is 11.<ref> [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/4_Babbar_Khalsa_men_held_for_Ludhiana_cinema_blast/articleshow/2663186.cms, India, "4 Babbar Khalsa men held for Ludhiana cinema blast"] [[30 December]] [[2007]]</ref>
-==See also==
-*[[Sukhdev Singh Babbar]]
-*[[Jagtar Singh Hawara]]
-*[[Talwinder Singh Parmar]]
-*[[Malagar Singh Babbar]]
-*[[Dilawar Singh Babbar]]
-*[[Jagdev Singh Mehra]]
+{{bridge-struct-stub}}
-==References==
-{{reflist|2}}
-{{Air India Flight 182}}
-[[Category:Sikh politics]]
-[[Category:Irregular military]]
-[[Category:Canada Public Safety designated terrorist entities]]
-[[Category:European Union designated terrorist organizations]]
-[[Category:UK Home Office designated terrorist groups]]
-[[de:Babbar Khalsa]]
+[[de:Schiwopisny-Brücke]]
+[[ru:Живописный мост]]
-[[th:พัพพาร์ ขาลสา]]