Cigarette filter and Mojo Nixon & Skid Roper (album): Difference between pages

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-[[Image:Cigarettefiltar.jpg|thumb|Filters in a new and used cigarette]]
-A '''cigarette filter''' has the purpose of reducing the amount of smoke, [[Tar (tobacco residue)|tar]], and [[Particulate|fine particles]] inhaled during the [[combustion]] of a [[cigarette]]. Filters also reduce the harshness of the smoke.
-==History==
-In [[1925]] [[Hungary|Hungarian]] inventor [[Boris Aivaz]] patented the process of making [[cigarette filter]]s from [[crepe paper]], with some variants including [[cellulose]] wadding, during experiments at the Ortmann plant of [[Bunzl]]. Aivaz produced the first cigarette filter from [[1927]] in co-operation with Bunzl's [[Filtrona|Filtronic]] subsidiary, but up take was low due to a lack of machinery to produce cigarettes with the filtered tip.<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://www.tobaccoasia.com/news.asp?id=534|title=The History of Filters|publisher=tobaccoasia.com|accessdate=2008-05-18}}</ref>
-From 1935, a [[United Kingdom|British]] company began developing a machine to make cigarettes that incorporated the tipped filter, but it was a specialty item until [[1954]], when manufacturers introduced it broadly following a spate of speculative announcements from [[physician|doctors]] and researchers concerning a possible link between [[lung diseases]] and smoking. Since filtered cigarettes were considered "safer," by the 1960s, they dominated the market.
-With classic filter cigarettes, the filter is covered with a cork-colored mouthpiece.  Nowadays, some cigarette brands use a white mouth piece, especially those which are oriented to a predominantly female target group; it is also used to signify a [[menthol]] cigarette in the [[United Kingdom]] and a "light" cigarette in the [[United States]].
-Most factory-made cigarettes are equipped with a filter; those who roll their own can buy them in a tobacco store.
-==Manufacture==
-[[Image:Celluloseacetuar.jpg|thumb|Material of a used cigarette filter]]
-The raw material for the manufacture of cigarette filters is [[cellulose]] (obtained from wood). The cellulose is acetylated, dissolved, and spun as continuous synthetic fibers arranged into a bundle called [[tow]]. The cellulose is a substituted diacetate (actually 2.35 - 2.55 substitution range) cellulose, due to its  chemical and physical processing. This tow is opened, plasticized, shaped, and cut to length to act as a filter.
-In the early 1950s [[Kent (cigarette)|Kent]] brand cigarettes used [[crocidolite]] [[asbestos]] as part of the (Micronite) filter. Asbestos fiber is heatproof, insoluble and forms extremely fine fibers &mdash; but has been proven to cause lung cancer when inhaled.<ref>Snopes.com: [http://www.snopes.com/medical/toxins/filter.asp "Cigarette Filter Danger"]</ref>
-The [[United States Department of Agriculture|U.S. Department of Agriculture]] price support for the various grades of tobacco favored the use of #4 and 5 grade, included what were known as sand lugs and floor sweepings at 10 cents/lb versus #1 grade at close to 70 cents{{Fact|date=August 2007}}. During the 1940s, it was less expensive to manufacture a filtered cigarette than a regular one.
-== "Light" cigarettes ==
-In "light" cigarettes the filter is perforated with tiny holes in order to dilute the smoke with air. As such, it contains less tar and [[nicotine]].  In theory, this should make the cigarette "safer" than full flavor ones. In practice, however, the average smoker compensates by inhaling more deeply or by covering parts of the holes with fingers or lips. Because of this, smokers of light cigarettes can be exposed to equal or greater doses of carcinogens and tar than they would be with medium tar cigarettes.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Rigotti NA, Tindle HA |title=The fallacy of "light" cigarettes |journal=BMJ |volume=328 |issue=7440 |pages=E278–9 |year=2004 |month=Mar |pmid=15016715 |doi=10.1136/bmj.328.7440.E278 |url=http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/328/7440/E278}}</ref>
-== Disposal ==
-The [[cellulose acetate]] most cigarette filters are made from is a biodegradable resistant material.  Depending on conditions, estimates for the time taken for them to degrade range from [[British_American_Tobacco|British American Tobacco's]] 10 months - 3 years<ref>[http://www.bat.com/group/sites/UK__3MNFEN.nsf/vwPagesWebLive/4572237B0C2D456CC1257314004EF667 British American Tobacco Cigarette Design]</ref>, to 10-15 years<ref name="chicagotribune">http://www.chicagotribune.com/features/lifestyle/chi-cigarette-butts-numbers-0618jun18,0,2241103.story How the butts stack up</ref>.
-This resistance to biodegrading is a factor in littering<ref>[http://www.ceredigion.gov.uk/index.cfm?articleid=5364 Ceredigion County Council]</ref>, environmental damage<ref>{{cite journal |author=Register KM |title=Cigarette Butts as Litter—Toxic as Well as Ugly |journal="Underwater Naturalist" Bulletin of the American Littoral Society |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages= |month=Aug |year=2000 |url=http://www.longwood.edu/cleanva/ciglitterarticle.htm}}  </ref> and suggested lung damage<ref>[http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn2027.html "Defective" cigarette filters hidden for 40 years, claim scientists] New Scientist 12 March 2002</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Pauly JL, Mepani AB, Lesses JD, Cummings KM, Streck RJ |title=Cigarettes with defective filters marketed for 40 years: what Philip Morris never told smokers |journal=Tob Control |volume=11 Suppl 1 |issue= |pages=I51–61 |year=2002 |month=Mar |pmid=11893815 |pmc=1766058 |doi= |url=http://tc.bmjjournals.com/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=11893815 |quote=[http://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/11/suppl_1/i51/T1 Table 1  Chronology of events related to the marketing of cigarettes filters in the USA, and filter fibre and carbon particle "fall-out" assays of Phillip Morris, Inc]}}</ref>.  In the 2006 International Coastal Cleanup, cigarettes and cigarette butts constituted 24.7% of the total collected garbage, over twice as much as any other category.<ref>[http://www.oceanconservancy.org/site/DocServer/Final_ICC_report_2007_release.pdf?docID=2841 International Coastal Cleanup 2006 Report, page 8]</ref>
-==See also==
-*[[Cigarette holder]]
-*[[Nicotine]]
-*[[Tobacco smoking]]
-*[[List of cigarette smoke constituents]]
-*[[List of additives in cigarettes]]
-==References==
-{{reflist}}
-==External links==
-* [http://science.howstuffworks.com/question650.htm How stuff works: Cigarette filters]
-* [http://tc.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/11/suppl_1/i40 Article] on ''Tobacco Control'' website on the "defective design" of cigarette filters ("Essentially, this journal offers a one-stop shopping guide for anti-smoking literature and other resources." - Philip Morris 1992.)
-* [http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/cigarette/anat_text.html [[Public Broadcasting Service|PBS]]'s [[NOVA (TV series)|NOVA]] ''Search for a Safer Cigarette'']
-* [http://www.archive.org/details/tobaccoarchives UCSF Tobacco Industry Videos Collection]
-* [http://www.archive.org/details/tobaccoarchives_audio UCSF Tobacco Industry Audio Recordings Collection]
-[[Category:Cigarettes]]
-[[Category:Filters]]
-[[ru:Сигаретный фильтр]]