Wine and Ferst Center for the Arts: Difference between pages
(Difference between pages)
Content deleted Content added
Adding geodata: {{coord missing|United States}} |
|||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
[[Image:Robert Ferst Center for the Art.jpg|thumb|right|300px|The main entrance, just north of Georgia Tech's Student Center.]] |
|||
{{otheruses2|Wine}} |
|||
The '''Robert Ferst Center for the Arts''' is [[Georgia Institute of Technology|Georgia Tech]]'s theater and arts center and is adjacent to [[DramaTech]], the student run theater. It contains a 1,155 seat auditorium that features a [[proscenium]] stage, [[orchestra pit]], and theatrical lighting and sound systems.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ferstcenter.gatech.edu/pages/about/|title=About Us|publisher=Ferst Center for the Arts|accessdate=2007-08-23}}</ref> |
|||
[[Image:Red Wine Glas.jpg|180px|thumb|A glass of red wine]] |
|||
==References== |
|||
'''Wine''' is an [[alcoholic beverage]] made from the [[fermentation (wine)|fermentation]] of [[grape]] juice.<ref name=britannica>{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |title=wine |url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9106005/wine |accessdate=2008-06-25 |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica Online}}</ref> The natural chemical balance of grapes is such that they can ferment without the addition of sugars, acids, enzymes or other nutrients.<ref>{{cite book |title=Vintage: The Story of Wine |last=Johnson |first=H. |year=1989 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |isbn=0671791826 |pages=11–6 }}</ref> Wine is produced by fermenting crushed grapes using various types of [[yeast]] which consume the sugars found in the grapes and convert them into [[Ethanol|alcohol]]. Various varieties of grapes and strains of yeasts are used depending on the types of wine produced.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.2basnob.com/wine-introduction.html |title=Introduction to Wine |publisher=2basnob.com }}</ref> |
|||
{{reflist}} |
|||
==External links== |
|||
Although other fruits such as apples and berries can also be fermented, the resultant "wines" are normally named after the fruit from which they are produced (for example, [[Apfelwein|apple wine]] or elderberry wine) and are generically known as [[fruit wine]] or [[country wine]] (not to be confused with the [[French language|French]] term [[vin du pays]]). Others, such as [[barley wine]] and [[rice wine]] (e.g. [[sake]]), are made from starch-based materials and resemble [[beer]] and [[Distilled beverage|spirit]] more than wine, while [[ginger wine]] is [[Fortified wine|fortified]] with brandy. In these cases, the use of the term "wine" is a reference to the higher alcohol content, rather than production process.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.avbc.com/news/BW.html |title=Barley Wine |accessdate=2008-06-25 |last=Allen |first=Fal |publisher=Anderson Valley Brewing Company}}</ref> The commercial use of the [[England|English]] word "wine" (and its equivalent in other languages) is protected by law in many jurisdictions.<ref name="Wine Label decoder">{{cite book |last=George |first=Rosemary |title=The Simon & Schuster Pocket Wine Label Decoder |year=1991 |publisher=Fireside |isbn=978-0671728977}}</ref> |
|||
{{commonscat|Robert Ferst Center for the Arts}} |
|||
*[http://www.ferstcenter.gatech.edu/ Official website] |
|||
{{coord missing|United States}} |
|||
Wine has a rich history dating back to around 6000 BC and is thought to have originated in areas now within the borders of [[Israel]], [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] and [[Iran]].<ref name=independent8k>{{cite news |first=David |last=Keys |title=Now that's what you call a real vintage: professor unearths 8,000-year-old wine |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/now-thats-what-you-call-a-real-vintage-professor-unearths-8000yearold-wine-577863.html |work=[[The Independent]] |date=2003-12-28 |accessdate=2008-06-25}}</ref><ref name=archaeology96>{{cite journal |first=Mark |last=Berkowitz |title=World's Earliest Wine |url=http://www.archaeology.org/9609/newsbriefs/wine.html |publisher=Archaeological Institute of America |journal=Archaeology |volume=49 |issue=5 |year=1996 |accessdate=2008-06-25}}</ref> Wine probably appeared in [[Europe]] at about 4500 BC in what is now [[Bulgaria]] and [[Greece]], and was very common in [[ancient Greece]], [[Thrace]] and [[Ancient Rome and wine|Rome]]. Wine has also played an important role in religion throughout history. The [[Ancient Greek Religion|Greek]] god [[Dionysos]] and the [[Roman Religion|Roman]] equivalent [[Dionysus|Bacchus]] represented wine, and the drink is also used in [[Christian]] and [[Jewish]] ceremonies such as the [[Eucharist]] and [[Kiddush]]. |
|||
[[Category:Georgia Institute of Technology buildings and structures]] |
|||
The word "wine" derives from the [[Proto-Germanic language|Proto-Germanic]] ''*winam'', an early borrowing from the [[Latin]] ''vinum'', "wine" or "(grape) [[vine]]", itself derived from the [[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]] stem *win-o- (cf. [[Ancient Greek]] ''{{polytonic|οῖνος}}'' - ''oînos'', [[Aeolic Greek]] ''{{polytonic|ϝοίνος}}'' - ''woinos'').<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Harper |first=Douglas |encyclopedia=Online Etymology Dictionary |title=wine |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=wine |accessdate=2008-06-25 |year=2001}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Whiter |first=Walter |encyclopedia=Etymologicon Magnum, Or Universal Etymological Dictionary, on a New Plan |title=Wine |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=SRPVgBfSrdMC&pg=PA145&lpg=PA145&dq=foinos+wine&source=web&ots=58NDry0knJ&sig=yfPbZKi10TxJSR-mAt5LzlGLLRA |accessdate=2008-06-25 |year=1800 |publisher=Francis Hodson |pages=145}}</ref> Similar words for wine or grapes are found in the [[Semitic languages]] (cf. [[Arabic language|Arabic]] ﻭﻳﻦ ''wayn'') and in [[Georgian language|Georgian]] (''ğvino''); some consider the term to be a ''[[wanderwort]]'', or "wandering |
|||
[[Category:Theatres in Atlanta]] |
|||
word".<ref>{{cite journal |last=Bretscher |first=Thomas |coauthors=Dominique Buchholz, Ruth Schlittler, |
|||
Joëlle Seiz and Simone Zahler |title=John Enjoys his Glass of Wine – Are there any English Words at all? |journal=eHistLing |volume=1 |pages=59–73 |url=http://www.ehistling.meotod.de/data/papers/group_e_pub.pdf |accessdate=2008-06-25}}</ref> |
|||
{{theater-struct-stub}} |
|||
==History== |
|||
{{GeorgiaUS-school-stub}} |
|||
[[Image:16th century wine press.jpg|thumb|right|16th century wine press]] |
|||
{{Main|History of wine}} |
|||
Archaeological evidence suggests that the earliest production of wine, made by fermenting grapes, took place in sites in [[Israel]], [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] and [[Iran]], from as early as 6000 BC.<ref name=independent8k /><ref name=archaeology96 /> These locations are all within the natural area of the European grapevine ''[[Vitis vinifera]]''. |
|||
A 2003 report by archaeologists indicates a possibility that grapes were used together with [[rice]] to produce mixed fermented beverages in China as early as 7000 BC. Pottery jars from the Neolithic site of [[Jiahu]], [[Henan]] were found to contain traces of [[tartaric acid]] and other organic compounds commonly found in wine. However, other fruits indigenous to the region, such as [[Common hawthorn|hawthorn]], could not be ruled out.<ref name="PNAS">{{cite article | url=http://www.pnas.org/content/101/51/17593.full?sid=deed5ba2-d55a-40a6-89f0-e4051226b236 | title=Fermented beverages of pre- and proto-historic China | publisher=The National Academy of Sciences | work=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | author=Patrick E. McGovern, et al. | date=2003-09-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite article | url=http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2004/12/041219134133.htm | publisher=ScienceDaily LLC | work=ScienceDaily | title=Penn Museum Archaeochemist And International Scholars Confirm 9,000-Year History Of Chinese Fermented Beverages | date=2004-12-24}}</ref> If these beverages, which seem to be the precursors of [[rice wine]], included grapes rather than other fruits, these grapes were of any of the several dozen indigenous wild species of grape in China, rather than from ''Vitis vinifera'', which were introduced into China some 6000 years later.<ref name="PNAS"/> |
|||
[[Image:Banquet Louvre G133.jpg|thumb|250px|Wine boy at a [[symposium]]]] |
|||
The oldest known evidence of wine production in Europe is dated to 4500 BC and comes from archaeological sites in [[Greece]].<ref name=disc07>{{cite news |first=Jennifer |last=Viegas |title=Ancient Mashed Grapes Found in Greece |url=http://dsc.discovery.com/news/2007/03/16/oldgrapes_arc.html?category=archaeology&guid=20070316120000 |work=Discovery News |publisher=Discovery Communications |date=2007-03-16 |accessdate=2008-06-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Bureau Report |title=Mashed grapes find could re-write history of wine |url=http://www.zeenews.com/articles.asp?aid=361797&sid=FTP |publisher=Zee News |accessdate=2008-06-25}}</ref> The same sites also contain the world’s earliest evidence of crushed grapes.<ref name=disc07 /> In [[Ancient Egypt]], six of 36 wine [[amphora]]s were found in the tomb of King [[Tutankhamun]] bearing the name "Kha'y", a royal chief vintner. Five of these amphoras were designated as from the King's personal estate with the sixth listed as from the estate of the royal house of [[Aten]].<ref>{{cite book | author=Johnson, Hugh | title=Vintage: The Story of Wine | pages=32 | publisher=Simon and Schuster | year=1989}}</ref> Traces of wine have also been found in central Asian [[Xinjiang]], dating from the second and first millennia BC.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sytu.edu.cn/zhgjiu/u5-2.htm |title=Wine Production in China |accessdate=2008-06-25 |last=Rong |first=Xu Gan |coauthors=Bao Tong Fa |work=Grandiose Survey of Chinese Alcoholic Drinks and Beverages}}</ref> |
|||
In [[Middle Ages|medieval Europe]], the [[Roman Catholic Church]] was a staunch supporter of wine since it was necessary for the celebration of [[Eucharist (Catholic Church)|Mass]]. In places such as Germany, [[beer]] was banned and considered [[Paganism|pagan]] and [[Barbarian|barbaric]], while wine consumption was viewed as civilized and a sign of conversion to [[Christianity]]. [[Monks]] in [[France]] made wine for years, storing it underground in caves to age.<ref name="Phillips pg 62-63">{{cite book |last=Phillips |first=Rod |title=A Short History of Wine |date=[[2002-11-12]] |publisher=Harper Perennial |isbn=978-0060937379 |pages=62–63}}</ref> |
|||
In the [[Islamic world]], wine was forbidden during the [[Islamic Golden Age]]. After [[Geber]] and other [[Alchemy (Islam)|Muslim chemists]] pioneered the [[distillation]] of wine, however, it was legalized for [[cosmetics|cosmetic]] and [[Islamic medicine|medical]] uses.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.history-science-technology.com/Notes/Notes%207.htm |title=Alcohol and the Distillation of Wine in Arabic Sources |accessdate=2008-06-25 |last=Al-Hassan |first=Ahmad Y. |authorlink=[[Ahmad Y Hassan]]}}</ref> In fact, the 10th-century Persian philosopher and scientist [[Al Biruni]] described recipes where herbs, minerals and even gemstones are mixed with wine for medicinal purposes. Wine became so revered and its effect so feared that elaborate theories were developed about which gemstones would best counteract its negative side effects.<ref name="farlang">{{cite web |url=http://www.farlang.com/content/2007-07-26.3408347790/view_cpage |title=Wine Drinking and Making in Antiquity: Historical References on the Role of Gemstones |accessdate=2008-06-25}}</ref> |
|||
==Grape varieties== |
|||
{{main|List of grape varieties}} |
|||
[[Image:Grape Vineyard.jpg|thumb|right|Grape Vineyard]] |
|||
[[Image:Wine grapes03.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Wine grapes on a vine]] |
|||
Wine is usually made from one or more [[Variety (biology)|varieties]] of the European [[species]] ''[[Vitis vinifera]]'', such as [[Pinot Noir]], [[Chardonnay]], [[Cabernet Sauvignon]], and [[Merlot]]. When one of these varieties is used as the predominant grape (usually defined by law as a minimum of 75% or 85%), the result is a ''[[varietal]]'', as opposed to a ''blended'', wine. Blended wines are not considered inferior to varietal wines; in fact, some of the world's most valued and expensive wines, from regions like [[Bordeaux]] and the [[Rhone Valley]], are blended from different grape varieties of the same [[vintage]]. |
|||
Wine can also be made from other species of grape or from [[Hybrid (biology)|hybrids]], created by the genetic crossing of two species. ''[[Vitis labrusca]]'' (of which the [[Concord grape]] is a [[cultivar]]), ''[[Vitis aestivalis]]'', ''[[Vitis rupestris]]'', ''[[Vitis rotundifolia]]'' and ''[[Vitis riparia]]'' are native [[North America]]n grapes usually grown for consumption as fruit or for the production of grape juice, jam, or jelly, but sometimes made into wine. |
|||
Hybridization is not to be confused with the practice of [[grafting]]. Most of the world's vineyards are planted with European ''V. vinifera'' vines that have been grafted onto North American species rootstock. This is common practice because North American grape species are resistant to [[phylloxera]], a root louse that eventually kills the vine. In the late 19th century, Europe's vineyards were devastated by the bug, leading to massive vine deaths and eventual replanting. Grafting is done in every wine-producing country of the world except for the Canary Islands, Chile and Argentina, which are the only ones that have not yet been exposed to the insect.<ref name="Robinson pg 97">{{cite book |last=Robinson |first=Jancis |title=Jancis Robinson's Wine Course: A Guide to the World of Wine |date=[[2006-04-28]] |publisher=Abbeville Press |isbn=978-0789208835 |pages=97}}</ref> |
|||
In the context of wine production, ''[[terroir]]'' is a concept that encompasses the varieties of grapes used, elevation and shape of the vineyard, type and chemistry of soil, climate and seasonal conditions, and the local yeast cultures. The range of possibilities here can result in great differences between wines, influencing the fermentation, finishing, and aging processes as well. Many wineries use growing and production methods that preserve or accentuate the aroma and taste influences of their unique ''terroir''.<ref name="Johnson & Robinson pg 22-23">{{cite book |last=Johnson |first=Hugh |coauthors=Jancis Robinson |title=The World Atlas of Wine |date=[[2001-09-13]] |publisher=Mitchell Beazley |isbn=978-1840003321 |pages=22–23}}</ref> However, flavor differences are not desirable for producers of mass-market [[table wine]] or other cheaper wines, where consistency is more important. Such producers will try to minimize differences in sources of grapes by using production techniques such as [[micro-oxygenation]], tannin filtration, cross-flow filtration, thin film evaporation, |
|||
and spinning cones.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://winegeeks.com/articles/85 |title=High Alcohol is a Wine Fault... Not a Badge of Honor |accessdate=2008-06-25 |last=Citriglia |first=Matthew |date=2006-05-14 |publisher=GeekSpeak, LLC}}</ref> |
|||
==Classification== |
|||
[[Image:White Wine Glas.jpg|200px|thumb|right|A glass of white wine]] |
|||
{{main|Classification of wine}} |
|||
Regulations govern the classification and sale of wine in many regions of the world. European wines tend to be classified by region (e.g. Bordeaux and [[Chianti]]), while non-European wines are most often classified by grape (e.g. [[Pinot Noir]] and [[Merlot]]). More and more, however, market recognition of particular regions is leading to their increased prominence on non-European wine labels. Examples of non-European recognized locales include: [[Napa Valley AVA|Napa Valley]] in [[California]], [[Barossa Valley]] in [[Australia]], [[Willamette Valley]] in [[Oregon]], [[Chile_wine#Wine_regions | Central Valley]] in [[Chile]] and [[Marlborough, New Zealand|Marlborough]] in [[New Zealand]]. |
|||
Some blended wine names are marketing terms, and the use of these names is governed by [[trademark]] or [[copyright law]] rather than by specific wine laws. For example, [[Meritage]] (sounds like "heritage") is generally a Bordeaux-style blend of [[Cabernet Sauvignon]] and Merlot, and may also include [[Cabernet Franc]], [[Petit Verdot]], and [[Malbec]]. Commercial use of the term "Meritage" is allowed only via licensing agreements with an organization called the "Meritage Association". |
|||
===Europe classification=== |
|||
France has an [[appellation]] system based on the concept of terroir, with classifications which range from [[Vin de Table]] ("table wine") at the bottom, through [[Vin de Pays]] and [[Vin Délimité de Qualité Supérieure]] (VDQS) up to [[Appellation d'Origine Contrôlée]] (AOC).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.terroir-france.com/wine/rates.htm |title=Wine classification |accessdate=2007-06-22 |work=French Wine Guide}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wineanorak.com/terroir2.htm |title=Terroir revisited: towards a working definition |accessdate=2007-06-22 |last=Goode |first=Jamie}}</ref> Portugal has something similar and, in fact, pioneered this technique back in 1756 with a royal charter which created the "Demarcated Douro Region" and regulated wine production and trade.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.250rdd.utad.pt/en/index.html |title=The Spirit of the Commemorations |accessdate=2008-06-25}}</ref> Germany did likewise in 2002, although their system has not yet achieved the authority of those of the other countries'.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.germanwinesociety.org/wine_classification.htm |title=About German Wine |accessdate=2007-06-22 |work=German wine society }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thewinedoctor.com/regionalguides/germanylawsandclassifications.shtml |title=German Wine Guide: Wine Laws and Classifications |accessdate=2007-06-22 |work=The Winedoctor}}</ref> Spain and Italy have classifications which are based on a dual system of region of origin and quality of product.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.winesfromspain.com/icex/cda/controller/pageGen/0,3346,1549487_4938361_4938888_1_-1,00.html |title=Land of wines |accessdate=2007-07-17 |work=Wines from Spain}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wineintro.com/regions/classification.html |title=Wine Classification — by Region or by Wine Type? |accessdate=2007-07-17 |work=Wine Intro}}</ref> |
|||
===Outside of Europe=== |
|||
[[New World wine]]—wines from outside of the traditional wine growing regions of Europe—tend to be classified by grape rather than by ''terroir'' or region of origin, although there have been non-official attempts to classify them by quality.<ref> {{cite web |url=http://www.nicks.com.au/Index.aspx?link_id=76.907 |title=Towards an Australian Wine Classification |last=Chlebnikowski |first=Simon |coauthors=Alex Chlebnikowski |accessdate=2008-06-26 |publisher=Nicks Wine Merchants}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.camwheeler.com/wine/2005/langtons-australian-wine-classification-iv/ |title=Langton's Australian Wine Classification IV |accessdate=2008-06-26 |date=2007-07-27}}</ref> |
|||
==Vintages== |
|||
{{main|Vintage}} |
|||
A "vintage wine" is one made from grapes that were all or mostly grown in a single specified year, and labeled as such. (Most countries allow a vintage wine to include a portion of wine that is not from the labeled vintage.) Variations in a wine's character from year to year can include subtle differences in color, palate, nose, body and development. High-quality red table wines can improve in flavor with age if properly stored.<ref name=britannica /> Consequently, it is not uncommon for wine enthusiasts and traders to save bottles of an especially good vintage wine for future consumption. |
|||
In the [[United States]], for a wine to be vintage dated and labeled with a country of origin or [[American Viticultural Area]] (AVA) (such as "[[Sonoma Valley]]"), it must contain at least 95% of its volume from grapes harvested in that year.<ref name="27 CFR 4.27"> [[Title 27 of the United States Code]], [[Code of Federal Regulations]] [http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr&sid=33fc0c0194b58b6fe95208945b5c637a&rgn=div5&view=text&node=27:1.0.1.1.2&idno=27#27:1.0.1.1.2.3.25.8 §4.27]</ref> If a wine is not labeled with a country of origin or AVA the percentage requirement is lowered to 85%.<ref name="27 CFR 4.27" /> |
|||
Vintage wines are generally bottled in a single batch so that each bottle will have a similar taste. Climate can have a big impact on the character of a wine to the extent that different vintages from the same vineyard can vary dramatically in flavor and quality.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.frenchscout.com/wine-vintages |title=Wine vintages, vintage charts |accessdate=2008-06-26 |last=Breton |first=Félicien |publisher=French Scout}}</ref> Thus, vintage wines are produced to be individually characteristic of the vintage and to serve as the flagship wines of the producer. Superior vintages, from reputable producers and regions, will often fetch much higher prices than their average vintages. Some vintage wines, like [[Brunello di Montalcino|Brunello]]s, are only made in better-than-average years. |
|||
Non-vintage wines can be blended from more than one vintage for consistency, a process which allows wine makers to keep a reliable market image and maintain sales even in bad years.<ref>{{cite news |first=Clive |last=Platman |title=Wine: Lovely bubbly |date=[[2002-10-02]] |url=http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:AWNB:BPOC&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=0F671027250245CB&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated4&req_dat=0D0CB57AB53DF815 |work =[[Birmingham Post]] |accessdate=2008-06-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |year=2006 |month=May |title=Change to Vintage Date Requirements (2005R-212P) |journal=[[Federal Register]] |volume=71 |issue=84 |url=http://regulations.justia.com/view/43285/ |accessdate=2008-06-26 |pages=25748 |author=Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau}}</ref> One recent study suggests that for normal drinkers, vintage year may not be as significant to perceived wine quality as currently thought, although wine connoisseurs continue to place great importance on it.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.liquidasset.com/WEILVDQS.PDF |title=Parker v. Prial: The Death of the Vintage Chart |accessdate=2008-06-26 |last=Weil |first=Roman L. |date=2001-05-25}}</ref> |
|||
==Tasting== |
|||
{{main|Wine tasting}} |
|||
[[Image:Tempranillowine.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Judging color is the first step in tasting a wine]] |
|||
Wine tasting is the sensory examination and evaluation of wine. Wines may be classified by their effect on the drinker's [[palate]]. They are made up of chemical compounds which are similar or identical to those in fruits, vegetables, and [[spice]]s. The [[sweetness of wine]] is determined by the amount of residual sugar in the wine after fermentation, relative to the acidity present in the wine. [[Dry wine]], for example, has only a small amount of residual sugar. Inexperienced wine drinkers often tend to mistake the taste of ripe fruit for sweetness when, in fact, the wine in question is very dry. |
|||
Individual flavors may also be detected, due to the complex mix of organic molecules such as [[ester]]s and [[terpene]]s that grape juice and wine can contain. Tasters often can distinguish between flavors characteristic of a specific grape (e.g., [[Chianti]] and sour cherry) and flavors that result from other factors in wine making, either intentional or not. The most typical intentional flavor elements in wine are those that are imparted by aging in oak casks; chocolate, vanilla, or coffee almost always come from the oak and not the grape itself.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.frenchscout.com/types-of-wine |title=Types of wine |accessdate=2008-06-26 |last=Breton |first=Félicien |publisher=French Scout}}</ref> |
|||
Banana flavors ([[isoamyl acetate]]) are the product of yeast metabolism, as are spoilage aromas such as sweaty, barnyard, band-aid ([[4-Ethylphenol|4-ethylphenol]] and [[4-ethylguaiacol]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.etslabs.com/scripts/ets/pagetemplate/blank.asp?pageid=193 |title=''Brettanomyces'' Monitoring by Analysis of 4-ethylphenol and 4-ethylguaiacol |accessdate=2008-06-26 |author=ETS Laboratories |date=2001-03-15}}</ref> and rotten egg ([[hydrogen sulfide]]).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.etslabs.com/scripts/ets/pagetemplate/blank.asp?pageid=350 |title=Sulfides in Wine |accessdate=2008-06-26 |author=ETS Laboratories |date=2002-05-15}}</ref> Some varietals can also have a mineral flavor, because some salts are soluble in water (like limestone), and are absorbed by the wine. |
|||
Wine aroma comes from volatile compounds in the wine that are released into the air.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Gómez-Míguez |first=M. José |coauthors=Manuela Gómez-Mígueza, Isabel M. Vicarioa and Francisco J. Heredia |year=2007 |month=April |title=Assessment of colour and aroma in white wines vinifications: Effects of grape maturity and soil type |journal=Journal of Food Engineering |volume=79 |issue=3 |pages=758–764 |doi=10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2006.02.038 |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6T8J-4JWFGMW-2/2/23595bac8aab73913dd9b4aed36bb8c9 |accessdate=2008-06-26}}</ref> Vaporization of these compounds can be sped up by twirling the wine glass or serving the wine at room temperature. For red wines that are already highly aromatic, like [[Chinon]] and [[Beaujolais]], many people prefer them chilled.<ref name="Johnson & Robinson pg 44-45">{{cite book |last=Johnson |first=Hugh |coauthors=Jancis Robinson |title=The World Atlas of Wine |date=[[2001-09-13]] |publisher=Mitchell Beazley |isbn=978-1840003321 |pages=44–45}}</ref> |
|||
==Collecting== |
|||
[[Image:Margaux94 1.jpg|right|thumb|155px|[[Château Margaux]], a [[First Growth]] from the Bordeaux region of France, is highly collectible.]] |
|||
At the highest end, rare, super-premium wines are the most expensive of all food, and outstanding vintages from the best vineyards may sell for thousands of [[United States dollar|dollars]] per bottle. Such wines are considered by some to be ''[[Veblen good]]s''—that is, goods for which demand increases instead of decreases as its price rises. The most common wines purchased for investment include those from [[Bordeaux wine|Bordeaux]], [[cult wine]]s from [[California]], and [[Port wine|Vintage port]]. Characteristics of highly collectible wines include: |
|||
#A proven track record of holding well over time |
|||
#A drinking window plateau (i.e., the period for maturity and approachability) that is many years long |
|||
#A consensus amongst experts as to the quality of the wines |
|||
Investment in fine wine has attracted fraudsters who prey on their victims' ignorance of this sector of the wine market.<!-->Couldn't find any evidence that this article ever existed <ref>McCoy, Elin. "Trophy Status and History Trump Taste in Fuss Over Old Wines." Bloomberg.com, [[March 20]], [[2007]].</ref></!--> [[Wine fraud]]sters often work by charging excessively high prices for off-vintage or lower-status wines from famous wine regions, while claiming that they are offering a sound investment unaffected by [[economic cycle]]s. Like any investment, proper research is essential before investing. Counterfeiting of labels and bottles is another scam that is frequently encountered in auctions of famous wines such as 1982 [[Château Pétrus|Pétrus]].{{Fact|date=June 2008}} |
|||
==Production== |
|||
{{main|List of wine-producing countries|List of wine-producing regions}} |
|||
{| class="wikitable" |
|||
|+'''Wine production by country 2006'''{{Fact|date=June 2008}} |
|||
! Rank !! Country<br /><small>(with link to wine article)</small> !! Production<br /><small>([[tonnes]])</small> |
|||
|- |
|||
!1 |
|||
| {{flagicon|France}} [[French wine|France]] || align="right"|5,349,333 |
|||
|- |
|||
!2 |
|||
| {{flagicon|Italy}} [[Italian wine|Italy]] || align="right"|4,711,665 |
|||
|- |
|||
!3 |
|||
| {{flagicon|Spain}} [[Spanish wine|Spain]] || align="right"|3,643,666 |
|||
|- |
|||
!4 |
|||
| {{flagicon|US}} [[American wine|United States]] || align="right"|2,232,000 |
|||
|- |
|||
!5 |
|||
| {{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Argentine wine|Argentina]] || align="right"|1,539,600 |
|||
|- |
|||
!6 |
|||
| {{flagicon|Australia}} [[Australian wine|Australia]] || align="right"|1,410,483 |
|||
|- |
|||
!7 |
|||
| {{flagicon|China}} [[Chinese grape wine|China]] || align="right"|1,400,000 |
|||
|- |
|||
!8 |
|||
| {{flagicon|South Africa}} [[South African wine|South Africa]] || align="right"|1,012,980 |
|||
|- |
|||
!9 |
|||
| {{flagicon|Chile}} [[Chilean wine|Chile]] || align="right"|977,087 |
|||
|- |
|||
!10 |
|||
| {{flagicon|Germany}} [[German wine|Germany]] || align="right"|891,600 |
|||
|} |
|||
Wine grapes grow almost exclusively between thirty and fifty degrees north or south of the [[equator]]. The world's southernmost vineyards are in the [[Central Otago]] region of New Zealand's [[South Island]] near the 45th parallel,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wineoftheweek.com/regions/otago.html |title=New Zealand Wine Regions - Central Otago |accessdate=2008-06-26 |last=Courtney |first=Sue |date=2005-04-16}}</ref> and the northernmost are in [[Flen]], [[Sweden]], just north of the 59th parallel.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.beer100.com/history/winehistory.htm |title=Wine History |accessdate=2008-06-26}}</ref> |
|||
===Exporting countries=== |
|||
{{Col-begin|width=80%}} |
|||
{{Col-2}} |
|||
{| class="wikitable" |
|||
|+'''Top ten wine exporting countries in 2005'''{{Fact|date=June 2008}} |
|||
! Rank |
|||
! width="140"|Country |
|||
! width="100"|1000 [[tonnes]] |
|||
|- |
|||
!1 |
|||
|{{flagicon|Italy}} [[Italian wine|Italy]] || align="center"|1,552.10 |
|||
|- |
|||
!2 |
|||
|{{flagicon|France}} [[French wine|France]] || align="center"|1,367.86 |
|||
|- |
|||
!3 |
|||
|{{flagicon|Spain}} [[Spanish wine|Spain]] || align="center"|1,364.75 |
|||
|- |
|||
!4 |
|||
|{{flagicon|Australia}} [[Australian wine|Australia]] || align="center"|695.51 |
|||
|- |
|||
!5 |
|||
|{{flagicon|Chile}} [[Chilean wine|Chile]] || align="center"|422.42 |
|||
|- |
|||
!6 |
|||
|{{flagicon|South Africa}} [[South African wine|South Africa]] || align="center"|349.28 |
|||
|- |
|||
!7 |
|||
|{{flagicon|United States}} [[American wine|United States]] || align="center"|345.92 |
|||
|- |
|||
!8 |
|||
|{{flagicon|Germany}} [[German wine|Germany]] || align="center"|284.50 |
|||
|- |
|||
!9 |
|||
|{{flagicon|Moldova}} [[Moldovan wine|Moldova]] || align="center"|254.18 |
|||
|- |
|||
!10 |
|||
|{{flagicon|Portugal}} [[Portuguese wine|Portugal]] || align="center"|251.47 |
|||
|-bgcolor="whitesmoke" |
|||
!colspan=2|{{flagcountry|World}} |
|||
|align="center"|'''7,929.85''' |
|||
|} |
|||
{{Col-2}} |
|||
{| class="wikitable" |
|||
|+ 2005 Export market shares{{Fact|date=June 2008}} |
|||
! Rank |
|||
! width="140"|Country |
|||
! width="110"|Market share<br><small>(% of value in US$)</small> |
|||
|- |
|||
!1 |
|||
|{{flagicon|France}} [[French wine|France]] || align="center"|34.01% |
|||
|- |
|||
!2 |
|||
|{{flagicon|Italy}} [[Italian wine|Italy]] || align="center"|18.03% |
|||
|- |
|||
!3 |
|||
|{{flagicon|Australia}} [[Australian wine|Australia]] || align="center"|10.24% |
|||
|- |
|||
!4 |
|||
|{{flagicon|Spain}} [[Spanish wine|Spain]] || align="center"|9.18% |
|||
|- |
|||
!5 |
|||
|{{flagicon|Chile}} [[Chilean wine|Chile]] || align="center"|4.13% |
|||
|- |
|||
!6 |
|||
|{{flagicon|Germany}} [[German wine|Germany]] || align="center"|3.25% |
|||
|- |
|||
!7 |
|||
|{{flagicon|Portugal}} [[Portuguese wine|Portugal]] || align="center"|3.17% |
|||
|- |
|||
!8 |
|||
|{{flagicon|United States}} [[American wine|United States]] || align="center"|3.00% |
|||
|- |
|||
!9 |
|||
|{{flagicon|South Africa}} [[South African wine|South Africa]] || align="center"|2.90% |
|||
|- |
|||
!10 |
|||
|{{flagicon|New Zealand}} [[New Zealand wine|New Zealand]] || align="center"|1.61% |
|||
|} |
|||
{{Col-end}} |
|||
==Uses== |
|||
[[Image:Wine consumption world map.png|thumb|300px|[[Per capita]] annual wine consumption: |
|||
{{legend|#eeeeee|less than 1 litre.}} |
|||
{{legend|#eed4d3|from 1 to 7 litres.}} |
|||
{{legend|#dea2a0|from 7 to 15 litres.}} |
|||
{{legend|#ae6f6d|from 15 to 30 litres.}} |
|||
{{legend|#5f0400|More than 30 litres.}}]] |
|||
Wine is a popular and important [[beverage]] that accompanies and enhances a wide range of [[Cuisine of Europe|European]] and [[Mediterranean diet|Mediterranean]]-style [[cuisine]]s, from the simple and traditional to the most sophisticated and complex. Wine is important in cuisine not just for its value as a beverage, but as a flavor agent, primarily in [[stock (food)|stock]]s and [[braising]], since its acidity lends balance to rich [[Basic taste#Savouriness|savory]] or [[sweet]] dishes. Red, white and sparkling wines are the most popular, and are known as ''light wines'' because they are only 10–14% [[alcohol]]-content by volume. [[Apéritif]] and [[dessert wine]]s contain 14–20% alcohol, and are sometimes fortified to make them richer and sweeter. |
|||
Some wine labels suggest opening the bottle and letting the wine "breathe" for a couple hours before serving, while others recommend drinking it immediately. [[Decanter|Decanting]]—the act of pouring a wine into a special container just for breathing—is a controversial subject in wine. In addition to aeration, decanting with a filter allows one to remove bitter sediments that may have formed in the wine. Sediment is more common in older bottles but younger wines usually benefit more from aeration.<ref name="Johnson & Robinson pg 46">{{cite book |last=Johnson |first=Hugh |coauthors=Jancis Robinson |title=The World Atlas of Wine |date=[[2001-09-13]] |publisher=Mitchell Beazley |isbn=978-1840003321 |pages=46}}</ref> |
|||
During aeration, the exposure of younger wines to air often "relaxes" the flavors and makes them taste smoother and better integrated in aroma, texture, and flavor. Older wines generally ''fade'', or lose their character and flavor intensity, with extended aeration.<ref>{{cite news | first= | last= | coauthors= | title=Fruity character and breathing times | date=[[2005-09-18]] | publisher= | url =http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:AWNB:KLSC&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=10CBABDF8E627AD8&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated4&req_dat=0D0CB57AB53DF815 | work =[[New Straits Times]] | pages = | accessdate = 2007-10-24 | language = }}</ref> Despite these general rules, breathing does not necessarily benefit all wines. Wine should be tasted as soon as it is opened to determine how long it should be aerated, if at all. |
|||
===Religious uses=== |
|||
{{seealso|Kosher wine|Christianity and alcohol|Islam and alcohol}} |
|||
[[Image:Mei.jpg|thumb|right|200px|In [[Iran]] (Persia), ''mei'' (Persian wine) has been a central theme of [[poetry]] for more than a thousand years, although alcohol is strictly forbidden under [[Islamic law]].]] |
|||
The use of wine in religious ceremonies is common to many cultures and regions. [[Libation]]s often included wine, and the [[Dionysian Mysteries|religious mysteries]] of Dionysus used wine as a sacramental [[entheogen]] to induce a mind-altering state. |
|||
Wine is an integral part of [[halakha|Jewish laws and traditions]]. The ''[[Kiddush]]'' is a blessing recited over wine or grape juice to sanctify the [[Shabbat]] or a [[Jewish holiday]]. On Pesach ([[Passover]]) during the Seder, it is a Rabbinic obligation of men and women to drink four cups of wine.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jewfaq.org/holidaya.htm |title=Pesach: Passover |last=Rich |first=Tracey R |work=Judaism 101}}</ref> In the [[Tabernacle (Judaism)|Tabernacle]] and in the [[Temple in Jerusalem]], the libation of wine was part of the sacrificial service.<ref>{{cite book |last=Neusner |first=Jacob |title=The Halakhah: An Encyclopaedia of the Law of Judaism |publisher=BRILL |date=2000 |location=Boston, Massachusetts |pages=82 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=XThbHMAHbNAC |isbn=9004116176}}</ref> Note that this does not mean that wine is a symbol of blood, a common misconception which contributes to the myth of the [[blood libel]]. A blessing over wine said before |
|||
indulging in the drink is: ''"Baruch atah Hashem elokeinu melech ha-olam, boray p’ree hagafen"''—"Praised be the Eternal, Ruler of the universe, who makes the fruit of the vine." |
|||
In [[Christianity]], wine or grape juice is used in a sacred rite called the [[Eucharist]], which originates in [[Gospel]] accounts of the [[Last Supper]] in which [[Jesus]] shared bread and wine with his disciples and commanded his followers to "do this in remembrance of me" ([[Gospel of Luke]] 22:19). Beliefs about the nature of the Eucharist vary among [[Christian denomination|denominations]]; [[Roman Catholicism|Roman Catholics]], for example, hold that the bread and wine are changed into the real body and blood of Christ in a process called ''[[transubstantiation]]''. |
|||
Wine was used in the Eucharist by all Protestant groups until an alternative arose in 1869. [[Methodism|Methodist]] [[minister of religion|minister]]-turned-[[dentist]] [[Thomas Bramwell Welch]] applied new [[pasteurization]] techniques to stop the natural fermentation process of [[grape juice]]. Some Christians who were part of the growing [[temperance movement]] pressed for a switch from wine to grape juice, and the substitution spread quickly over much of the United States. (However, in such rites the beverage is usually still called "wine" in accordance with scriptural references.)<ref>{{cite news |title=Almost Like Wine |date=[[1956-09-03]] |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,824374,00.html |work=[[Time Magazine]] |accessdate=2008-06-26}}</ref> There remains an ongoing debate between some American [[Protestant]] denominations as to whether wine can and should be used for the Eucharist or allowed as a regular |
|||
beverage. |
|||
The use of wine is forbidden under [[Islamic law]]. Iran used to have a thriving wine industry that disappeared after the [[Iranian Revolution|Islamic Revolution]] in 1979.<ref>{{cite news |first=Robert |last=Tait |title=End of the vine |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2005/oct/12/worlddispatch.iran |publisher=Guardian News and Media Limited |date=2005-10-12 |accessdate=2008-06-26}}</ref> |
|||
==Health effects== |
|||
<!-- PLEASE ENSURE THAT ALL HEALTH BENEFIT CLAIMS IN THIS SECTION ARE REFERENCED OR THEY MAY BE REMOVED --> |
|||
{{nutritionalvalue | name=Red table wine | kJ=355 | fat=0.0 g | protein=0.1 g | carbs=2.6 g | sugars=0.6 g | alcohol=10.6 g | source_usda=1 | noRDA=1 | right=1 | note=10.6 g alcohol is 13%vol.<br />100 g wine is approximately 100 ml (3.4 fl oz.)<br />Sugar and alcohol content can vary.}} |
|||
{{seealso|Long-term effects of alcohol}} |
|||
{{alcohealth}} |
|||
The [[health effects]] of wine (and [[Alcoholic beverage|alcohol]] in general) are the subject of considerable ongoing study.<ref>{{cite journal |last=German |first=J. Bruce |coauthors= Rosemary L. Walzem |year=2000 |month=July |title=The health benefits of wine |journal=Annual Review of Nutrition |volume=20 |issue= |pages=561–593 |id= |url=http://arjournals.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146%2Fannurev.nutr.20.1.561 |accessdate=2008-06-26 |doi=10.1146/annurev.nutr.20.1.561}}</ref> In the [[United States]], a boom in red wine consumption was initiated in the 1990s by the TV show ''[[60 Minutes]]'', and additional news reports on the ''[[French paradox]]''. The French paradox refers to the comparatively lower incidence of [[coronary heart disease]] in France despite high levels of [[saturated fat]] in the traditional French diet. Epidemiologists suspect that this difference is due to the high consumption of wines by the French, but the scientific evidence for this theory is currently limited. |
|||
Population studies have observed a [[J curve]] association between wine consumption and the risk of heart disease.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nutra-smart.net/redwine.htm |title=Red Wine, Heart Disease and Cancer |first=Stuart J. |last=Adams |accessdate=2008-06-26}}</ref> This means that heavy drinkers have an elevated risk, while moderate drinkers have a lower risk than non-drinkers. Studies have also found that moderate consumption of other alcoholic beverages may be cardioprotective, although the association is considerably stronger for wine. Also, the studies have found increased health benefits for red wine over white wine, including cancer protection. Researchers suspect that this may be because red wine contains more [[polyphenol]]s than white wine.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=23592 |title=Cancer Prevention and Red Wine |accessdate=2008-06-26 |author=MedicineNet |date=2003-06-09}}</ref> |
|||
A chemical in red wine called [[resveratrol]] has been shown to have both cardioprotective and chemoprotective effects in animal studies.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Olas |first=Beata |coauthors=Barbara Wachowicz, Joanna Saluk-Juszczak and Tomasz Zieliński |year=2002 |month=August |title=Effect of resveratrol, a natural polyphenolic compound, on platelet activation induced by endotoxin or thrombin |journal=Thrombosis Research |volume=107 |issue=3 |pages=141–145 |url=http://www.thrombosisresearch.com/article/PIIS0049384802002736/abstract |accessdate=2008-06-26 |doi=10.1016/S0049-3848(02)00273-6}}</ref> Low doses of resveratrol in the diet of middle-aged mice has a widespread influence on the genetic levers of aging and may confer special protection on the heart. Specifically, low doses of resveratrol mimic the effects of what is known as [[caloric restriction]] - diets with 20-30 percent fewer calories than a typical diet.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Barger |first=Jamie L. |coauthors=Tsuyoshi Kayo, James M. Vann, Edward B. Arias, Jelai Wang, Timothy A. Hacker, Ying Wang, Daniel Raederstorff, Jason D. Morrow, Christiaan Leeuwenburgh, David B. Allison, Kurt W. Saupe, Gregory D. Cartee, Richard Weindruch, Tomas A. Prolla |year=2008 |month= |title=A Low Dose of Dietary Resveratrol Partially Mimics Caloric Restriction and Retards Aging Parameters in Mice |journal=[[PLoS ONE]] |volume=3 |issue=6 |url=http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0002264 |accessdate=2008-06-26|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0002264 |accessdate=2008-06-26}}</ref> Resveratrol is produced naturally by grape skins in response to fungal infection, including exposure to yeast during [[Fermentation (wine)|fermentation]]. As white wine has minimal contact with grape skins during this process, it generally contains lower levels of the chemical.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Frémont |first=Lucie |year=2000 |month=January |title=Biological effects of resveratrol |journal=Life Sciences |volume=66 |issue=8 |pages=663–673 |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6T99-3YJYV42-1/2/f3e6d1a78598fb9c6de3e20b58bdc475 |accessdate=2008-06-26 |doi=10.1016/S0024-3205(99)00410-5}}</ref> Other beneficial compounds in wine include other [[polyphenols (wine)|polyphenols]], [[antioxidant]]s, and [[flavonoid]]s.<ref>{{cite journal |last=de Lange |first=D.W. |year=2007 |month= |title=From red wine to polyphenols and back: A journey through the history of the French Paradox |journal=Thrombosis Research |volume=119 |issue=4 |pages=403–406 |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6T1C-4KCXJ95-2/2/78efd7cd7ed0ce19403d64d649518c2a |accessdate=2008-06-26|doi=10.1016/j.thromres.2006.06.001}}</ref> |
|||
Red wines from south of France and from [[Sardinia]] in Italy have been found to have the highest levels of ''[[Proanthocyanidin|procyanidins]]'', which are compounds in grape seeds suspected to be responsible for red wine's heart benefits. Red wines from these areas have between two and four times as much procyanidins as other red wines. Procyanidins suppress the synthesis of a peptide called [[endothelin-1]] that constricts blood vessels.<ref> {{cite journal |title=Oenology: Red wine procyanidins and vascular health |journal=Nature |date= |first=R. |last=Corder |coauthors=W. Mullen, N. Q. Khan, S. C. Marks, E. G. Wood, M. J. Carrier and A. Crozier |volume=444 |issue=566 | pages=566 |doi=10.1038/444566a |url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v444/n7119/abs/444566a.html |format= |accessdate=}}</ref> |
|||
A 2007 study found that both red and white wines are effective anti-bacterial agents against strains of ''[[Streptococcus]]''.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Antibacterial Activity of Red and White Wine against Oral Streptococci|journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry |year=2007 |first=M. |last=Daglia |coauthors=A. Papetti, P. Grisoli, C. Aceti, C. Dacarro, and G. Gazzani |volume=55 |issue=13 |pages=5038 |id= |doi=10.1021/jf070352q}}</ref> Interestingly, wine has traditionally been used to treat wounds in some parts of the world.{{Fact|date=June 2008}} |
|||
While evidence from both laboratory studies as well as [[epidemiological]] (observational) studies suggest a cardioprotective effect, no controlled studies have yet been completed that study the effect of alcoholic drinks on the risk of developing heart disease or stroke. Moreover, excessive consumption of alcohol can cause some diseases including [[cirrhosis]] of the liver and [[alcoholism]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cdc.gov/alcohol/quickstats/general_info.htm |title=General Information on Alcohol Use and Health |accessdate=2008-06-26 |author=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}</ref> Also, the [[American Heart Association]] cautions people "not to start drinking ... if they do not already drink alcohol. Consult your doctor on the benefits and risks of consuming alcohol in moderation."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=4422 |title=Alcohol, Wine and Cardiovascular Disease |accessdate=2008-06-26 |author=American Heart Association}}</ref> |
|||
Based on the [[United Kingdom|UK]] unit system for measuring alcoholic content, the average bottle of wine contains 9.4 units.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/PolicyAndGuidance/HealthAndSocialCareTopics/AlcoholMisuse/AlcoholMisuseGeneralInformation/DH_4062199 |title=UK Department of Health: ''Alcohol and Health''}}</ref> |
|||
[[Sulphites]] are present in all wines and are formed as a natural product of the fermentation process. Additionally, many wine producers add [[sulfur dioxide]] in order to help preserve wine. The level of added sulfites varies, and some wines have been marketed with low sulfite content.<ref>[http://www.winesofcanada.com/larchhill2.html Ageing and Storing Wines], Wines of Canada, Retrieved [[5 June]] [[2007]]</ref> Sulphites in wine are not a problem for most people, although some, particularly those with [[asthma]], can have adverse reactions. Sulfur dioxide is also added to many other foods as well, such as dried [[apricot]]s and [[orange juice]]. |
|||
Wine's effect on the brain has also been studied. Although some researchers have concluded that wine made from the [[Cabernet Sauvignon]] grape reduces the risk of [[Alzheimer's Disease]],<ref>{{cite journal |last=Wang |first=Jun |coauthors=Lap Ho, Zhong Zhao, Ilana Seror, Nelson Humala, Dara L. Dickstein, Meenakshisundaram Thiyagarajan, Susan S. Percival, Stephen T. Talcott and Giulio Maria Pasinetti |year=2006 |title=Moderate Consumption of Cabernet Sauvignon Attenuates β-amyloid Neuropathology in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease |journal=FASEB |volume=20 |pages=2313–2320 |url=http://www.fasebj.org/cgi/content/full/20/13/2313 |accessdate=2008-06-25 |doi=10.1096/fj.06-6281com |pmid=17077308}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Cabernet Sauvignon Red Wine Reduces The Risk Of Alzheimer's Disease |url=http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/09/060918163551.htm |work=ScienceDaily |publisher=ScienceDaily LLC |date=2007-09-21 |accessdate=2008-06-25}}</ref> others have found that among diagnosed alcoholics, wine damages the hippocampus to a greater degree than other alcoholic beverages.<ref>{{cite news |first=Vanessa |last=Allen |title=Wine is worse for brain than beer, scientists reveal in blow for women drinkers |url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-535988/Wine-worse-brain-beer-scientists-reveal-blow-women-drinkers.html |work=Daily Mail |publisher=Associated Newspapers Ltd |date=2008-03-17 |accessdate=2008-06-25}}</ref> |
|||
According to a report in the [[October]], [[2008]] issue of Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention, moderate consumption of red wine may decrease the risk of [[lung cancer]] in men.<ref>[http://newswise.com/articles/view/544833/ Red Wine May Lower Lung Cancer Risk] Newswise, Retrieved on [[October 7]], [[2008]].</ref> |
|||
== Packaging and storage == |
|||
[[Image:Corks019.jpg|thumb|Assorted wine corks]] |
|||
{{seealso|Cork (material)|Alternative wine closures|Wine bottle|Box wine}} |
|||
{{Unreferencedsection|date=June 2008}} |
|||
Most wines are sold in [[wine bottle|glass bottles]] and are sealed using [[cork (material)|corks]]. Recently, a growing number of wine producers have been using alternative closures such as [[screwcaps]] or synthetic [[plastic]] "corks". Some wines are packaged in heavy plastic bags within cardboard boxes, like [[breakfast cereal]], and are called ''[[box wine]]s'' or cask wine. One advantage of box wine is that it can stay fresh for up to a month after opening, while bottled wine will start to [[oxidize]] immediately. The wine in a box wine is typically accessed via a tap on the side of the box. In addition to being less expensive, alternative closures prevent [[cork taint]], although they have been blamed for other problems such as excessive [[reduction (chemistry)|reduction]]. |
|||
''[[Wine cellar]]s'' (also called ''wine rooms'' if they are aboveground) are places designed specifically for the storage and aging of wine. In an ''active'' wine cellar, factors such as temperature and humidity are maintained by a climate control system. In contrast, ''passive'' wine cellars are not climate-controlled, and thus must be carefully located. Wine is a natural, perishable food product. Left exposed to heat, light, vibration or fluctuations in temperature and humidity, all types of wine, including red, white, sparkling, and fortified, can spoil. When properly stored, wines not only maintain their quality but can actually improve in aroma, flavor, and complexity as they mature. Most experts say the optimal temperature for aging wine is 55 °F(12.778 °C). |
|||
==Profession == |
|||
[[Image:Wine Barrels.jpg|thumb|right|Oak Wine Barrels]] |
|||
*[[Cooper (profession)|Cooper]]: Someone who makes wooden barrels, casks, and other similar wooden objects. |
|||
*[[Garagistes|Garagiste]]: One who makes wine in a garage (or basement, or home, etc.)—in other words, an amateur wine maker. Also used in a derogatory way when speaking of small scale operations of recent inception, usually without pedigree (and typically located in Bordeaux). |
|||
*[[Négociant]]: A wine merchant who assembles the produce of smaller growers and winemakers and sells them under their own name. Sometimes, this term is just a synonym for wine merchant. |
|||
*[[Oenologist]]: Wine scientist or wine chemist; a student of [[oenology]]. A winemaker may be trained as oenologist, but often hires a consultant instead. |
|||
*[[Sommelier]]: A person in a restaurant who specializes in wine. He or she is usually in charge of assembling the [[wine list]], educating the staff about wine, and assisting customers with their wine selections. |
|||
*[[Vintner]]: A wine merchant or producer. |
|||
*[[Viticulturist]]: A person who specializes in the science of the grapevines themselves. Can also be someone who manages a vineyard, which includes making decisions about pruning, irrigation, and pest control. |
|||
*[[Winemaker]]: A person who makes wine. May or may not be formally trained. |
|||
==Film and television== |
|||
*''[[Falcon Crest]]'', USA 1981–1990: A [[CBS]] primetime soap opera about the fictional Falcon Crest winery and the family who owned it, set in a fictional "Tuscany Valley" in California. The series was very popular and a wine named "Falcon Crest" even went on the market. |
|||
*''[[French Kiss (film)|French Kiss]]'', 1995. Meg Ryan and [[Kevin Kline]] act in this romantic comedy. Kline's character wants to have his own vineyard since he comes from a family of winemakers. |
|||
*''[[A Walk in the Clouds]]'' 1995. A love story set in a Mexican-American family's traditional vineyard showcasing different moments in the production of wine. |
|||
*''[[Mondovino]]'', USA/France 2004. A documentary film directed by American film maker [[Jonathan Nossiter]], exploring the impact of [[globalization]] on various wine-producing regions. |
|||
*''[[Sideways]]'', 2004. A comedy/drama film, directed by [[Alexander Payne]], with the tagline: "In search of wine. In search of women. In search of themselves." Wine, particularly [[Pinot Noir]], plays a central role. |
|||
*''[[A Good Year]]'', 2006. Ridley Scott directs Russell Crowe in an adaptation of [[Peter Mayle]]'s novel. |
|||
*''[[Oz and James's Big Wine Adventure]]'', UK 2006–7. "Wine ponce" [[Oz Clarke]] tries to teach motor head [[James May]] about wine. The first series saw them traveling in a classic [[Jaguar (automobile)|Jaguar]] through the wine regions of France, and the second series saw them drive a [[recreational vehicle]] throughout California. |
|||
*''Crush'', USA 2007. Produced and directed by [[Bret Lyman]], this is a documentary short that covers the 2006 grape harvest and crush in California's wine country. It also features winemaker Richard Bruno. |
|||
*''The Judgment of Paris'', USA 2008. A film currently in production, it is based on journalist [[George M. Taber]]'s account of the [[Judgment of Paris (wine)|Paris Wine Tasting of 1976]]. |
|||
*''[[Bottle Shock]]'', USA 2008. A film currently in production, it tells the story of the birth of the Napa wine industry. |
|||
this is a load of bull shit and wine tastes like shit if you ask me!!!!!! it sfor gaybos!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! |
|||
== References == |
|||
{{reflist|2}} |
|||
== Further reading == |
|||
<div class="references-small"> |
|||
*{{cite book | last = Foulkes | first = Christopher | year = 2001 | title = Larousse Encyclopedia of Wine | publisher = Larousse | id = ISBN 2-03-585013-4 }} |
|||
*{{ cite book | title = Hugh Johnson's Wine Companion | authorlink = Hugh Johnson | last = Johnson | first = Hugh | publisher = Mitchell Beazley | edition = 5th edition | year = 2003 | id = ISBN 978-1840007046}} |
|||
*{{ cite book | title = Wine for Dummies | last = McCarthy | first = Ed | coauthors = Mary Ewing-Mulligan, Piero Antinori | publisher = HarperCollins | id = ISBN 0-470-04579-5 | year = 2006 }} |
|||
*{{ cite book | title = The Wine Bible | last = MacNeil | first = Karen | publisher = Workman | id = ISBN 1-56305-434-5 | year = 2001 }} |
|||
*{{cite book | title = Planet Wine: A Grape by Grape Visual Guide to the Contemporary Wine World | first = Stuart | last = Pigott | publisher = Mitchell Beazley | id = ISBN 978-1840007763 }} |
|||
*{{ cite book | title = The Oxford Companion to Wine | edition = 3rd edition | authorlink = Jancis Robinson | last = Robinson | first = Jancis | location = Oxford | publisher = OUP | id = ISBN 0-19-860990-6 | year = 2006 }} |
|||
*{{ cite book | title = Windows on the World Complete Wine Course | last = Zraly |first = Kevin | publisher = Sterling | id = ISBN 1-4027-3928-1 | year = 2006 }} |
|||
</div> |
|||
== External links == |
|||
{{sisterlinks}} |
|||
*[http://www.wineanorak.com The wine anorak] by wine writer [[Jamie Goode]] |
|||
{{Wines}} |
|||
{{Wine by country}} |
|||
{{Alcoholic beverages}} |
|||
[[Category:Wine|*]] |
|||
[[Category:Symbols of California]] |
|||
[[af:Wyn]] |
|||
[[als:Wein]] |
|||
[[ar:نبيذ]] |
|||
[[an:Bín]] |
|||
[[frp:Vin]] |
|||
[[ast:Vinu]] |
|||
[[az:Şərab]] |
|||
[[zh-min-nan:Phô-tô-chiú]] |
|||
[[be-x-old:Віно]] |
|||
[[bs:Vino]] |
|||
[[br:Gwin]] |
|||
[[bg:Вино]] |
|||
[[ca:Vi]] |
|||
[[cs:Víno]] |
|||
[[cy:Gwin]] |
|||
[[da:Vin]] |
|||
[[de:Wein]] |
|||
[[et:Vein]] |
|||
[[el:Κρασί]] |
|||
[[es:Vino]] |
|||
[[eo:Vino]] |
|||
[[ext:Vinu]] |
|||
[[eu:Ardo]] |
|||
[[fa:شراب]] |
|||
[[fr:Vin]] |
|||
[[fur:Vin]] |
|||
[[ga:Fíon]] |
|||
[[gd:Fìon]] |
|||
[[gl:Viño]] |
|||
[[ko:포도주]] |
|||
[[hr:Vino]] |
|||
[[io:Vino]] |
|||
[[id:Anggur (minuman)]] |
|||
[[ia:Vino]] |
|||
[[is:Vín]] |
|||
[[it:Vino]] |
|||
[[he:יין]] |
|||
[[jv:Anggur (minuman)]] |
|||
[[ka:ღვინო]] |
|||
[[sw:Divai]] |
|||
[[ku:Şerab]] |
|||
[[la:Vinum]] |
|||
[[lv:Vīns]] |
|||
[[lb:Wäin]] |
|||
[[lt:Vynas]] |
|||
[[lij:Vin]] |
|||
[[li:Wien]] |
|||
[[hu:Bor]] |
|||
[[mk:Вино]] |
|||
[[ml:വീഞ്ഞ്]] |
|||
[[mr:ग्रेप वाईन]] |
|||
[[ms:Wain]] |
|||
[[nah:Octli]] |
|||
[[nl:Wijn]] |
|||
[[nds-nl:Wien]] |
|||
[[ja:ワイン]] |
|||
[[no:Vin]] |
|||
[[nn:Vin]] |
|||
[[nrm:Vîn]] |
|||
[[oc:Vin]] |
|||
[[pms:Vin]] |
|||
[[pl:Wino]] |
|||
[[pt:Vinho]] |
|||
[[ro:Vin]] |
|||
[[qu:Winu]] |
|||
[[ru:Вино]] |
|||
[[sah:Вино]] |
|||
[[sc:Binu]] |
|||
[[sq:Vera (pije alkoolike)]] |
|||
[[scn:Vinu]] |
|||
[[simple:Wine]] |
|||
[[sk:Víno]] |
|||
[[sl:Vino]] |
|||
[[sr:Вино]] |
|||
[[sh:Vino]] |
|||
[[fi:Viini]] |
|||
[[sv:Vin]] |
|||
[[ta:வைன்]] |
|||
[[th:ไวน์]] |
|||
[[vi:Rượu vang]] |
|||
[[tr:Şarap]] |
|||
[[uk:Вино]] |
|||
[[vec:Vin]] |
|||
[[vls:Wyn]] |
|||
[[yi:וויין]] |
|||
[[zh-yue:葡萄酒]] |
|||
[[bat-smg:Vīns]] |
|||
[[zh:葡萄酒]] |
|||
Revision as of 04:48, 13 October 2008
The Robert Ferst Center for the Arts is Georgia Tech's theater and arts center and is adjacent to DramaTech, the student run theater. It contains a 1,155 seat auditorium that features a proscenium stage, orchestra pit, and theatrical lighting and sound systems.[1]
References
- ^ "About Us". Ferst Center for the Arts. Retrieved 2007-08-23.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Robert Ferst Center for the Arts.
_2.jpg){kind=small} | This article about a theater building in the United States is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. |
 | This school-related article concerning the U.S. state of Georgia is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. |