Batman in film and Jacky Clark Chisholm: Difference between pages

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{{Infobox Film
{{Infobox Musical artist
|Img = Replace this image female.svg <!-- only free-content images are allowed for depicting living people. Non-free and "fair use" images, e.g. promo photos, CD/DVD covers, posters, screen captures, etc., will be deleted - see [[WP:NONFREE]] --> |
| name | image = Batman ver2.jpg
|Img_size = 150 |
| caption = Poster for ''Batman'' (1989)
| director =
| Name = Jacky Clark Chisholm
| producer =
| Img =‎
| writer =
| Img_capt =
| starring =
| Landscape =
| music =
| Background = solo_singer
| Birth_name = Jacqueline Lenita Chisholm
| cinematography =
| editing =
| Alias =
| Born = 1948 {{Fact|date=February 2007}}
| distributor = [[20th Century Fox]] (1966); <br />[[Warner Bros.]] (1989-2008)
| released = 1966 – present
| Died =
| runtime =
| Origin = [[Detroit, Michigan]]
| country = {{USA}}
| Instrument = [[vocals]]
| awards =
| Genre = [[gospel]]
| language = [[English language|English]]
| Occupation = [[singer]]
| budget =
| Years_active =
| gross = $2,597,560,813
| Label = Entheos Records
| Associated_acts = [[The Clark Sisters]]<br> [[Karen Clark Sheard]]<br> [[Twinkie Clark]]<br> [[Dorinda Clark Cole]]
| preceded_by =
| URL = http://www.theclarksisters.com/ http://www.jackycc.com
| website =

| amg_id =
| imdb_id =
| Current_members =
| Past_members =
| Notable_instruments =
}}
}}
'''Jacky Clark-Chisholm''' (born Jacqueline Cullum) <ref>{{citeweb|url=http://www.theclarksisters.com/mmc.html|title=The Clark Sisters}}</ref> is a two-time [[Grammy]] Award winning American [[Gospel music|gospel]] singer, most notably known as a member of the [[The Clark Sisters]].


==Biography==
The '''''Batman'' [[film series]]''' currently consists of seven [[superhero film]]s based on the fictional [[DC Comics]] [[Batman|character of the same name]], portrayed by [[Adam West]], [[Michael Keaton]], [[Val Kilmer]], [[George Clooney]] and [[Christian Bale]] respectively.
===Early life===
Jacky is the eldest daughter of legendary gospel innovator [[Mattie Moss Clark|Dr. Mattie Moss-Clark]] and Mr Cullum. When her mother remarried she took on the Clark name.


Influenced by their mother’s work, Jacky and her younger sisters formed the world-renowned award-winning gospel singing group [[The Clark Sisters]]. The group flourished and became known for their classic gospel performances including "''[[Is My Living In Vain?]]''" and "''[[You Brought the Sunshine]]''".
The [[Batman (1966 film)|first film]], known simply as ''Batman'' or ''Batman: The Movie'', directed by [[Leslie H. Martinson]] and produced by [[20th Century Fox]], was a theatrical [[Spin-off (media)|spin-off]] of the [[Batman (TV series)|TV series]], produced by [[William Dozier]], that was running at the time and was a quasi-comedy rather than a serious superhero movie. [[Warner Bros.]] hired [[Tim Burton]] to direct the [[Batman (1989 film)|1989 version]], which had no connection to the 1966 movie and is often considered the first "definitive" Batman movie. The series continued with ''[[Batman Returns]]'' ([[1992 in film|1992]]). [[Joel Schumacher]] was hired to direct ''[[Batman Forever]]'' ([[1995 in film|1995]]), and ''[[Batman & Robin (film)|Batman & Robin]]'' ([[1997 in film|1997]]), with various proposals for another installment being cancelled after the critical failure of ''Batman & Robin''. [[Christopher Nolan]] rebooted the film series with ''[[Batman Begins]]'' ([[2005 in film|2005]]) and ''[[The Dark Knight (film)|The Dark Knight]]'' ([[2008 in film|2008]]), completely starting over with a new series of films that have no connection to the previous installments. Throughout the films, Batman has fought with several of [[List of Batman Family enemies|his famous villains]].


===Solo career===
Though the 1966 movie was the first feature length Batman film, two previous efforts had been shown in cinemas in a serial format, 1943's ''[[Batman (serial)|The Batman]]'' and 1949's ''[[Batman and Robin (serial)|Batman and Robin]]''. These were produced on extremely small budgets and featured none of the comic book series' regular villains. Batman was played by [[Lewis Wilson]] in the first serial and [[Robert Lowery]] in the sequel.
On March 29, 2005, Chisholm released her first solo album, ''Expectancy'' on the Entheos Records label. On this album she teamed up with songwriter/producer Carnell Murrell, Autun Foster, and Doreonne Stramler. Recorded live at the Cathedral Center in Detroit, the album’s background vocals were supplied by a special assembly of vocalists, which included two of her children, Angel and Aaron Chisholm, as well as Lorenzo Clark, her sister Denise Clark-Bradford's son. The choir was directed by Bryon Stanfield. Her vision for the album is simply meant to “minister to the heart and soul, to restore the people of God who’ve been hurt working in the church.”{{Fact|date=December 2007}} Her signature vocals can be heard on “Oil of God,” “We Are Overcomers” featuring Twinkie Clark, and the urban Gospel tune “My Soul Says Yes.” The album also features a duet with Jacky and [[Ron Winans]] and a special appearance by the Clark Sisters together on “Blessing Me.” <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amazon.com/Expectancy-Jacky-Clark-Chisholm/dp/B0007TGAWQ|title=
Jacky Clark-Chisholm: Expectancy|publisher=Amazon.com}}</ref>


===Stage performer===
==Development==
As a performer, she has often taken major roles in nationally touring gospel stage plays such as ''Lawd Have Mercy'', ''Mama Don’t'', ''Can A Woman Make A Man Lose His Mind'', and ''The Man of Her Dreams''.


==Musical influence==
The first feature-length film based on Batman was developed by [[William Dozier]] and [[20th Century Fox]] out of the [[Batman (TV series)|television series]] that starred [[Adam West]] as Batman/Bruce Wayne and [[Burt Ward]] as Robin/Dick Grayson. Both West and Ward reprised their roles for the film. Produced between the first and second seasons, the film was just as campy as the series, with its comic relief. It was a moderate success at the box office. When the series ended, no other film based on the series was produced. However, the original ''Batman'' film has become a cult classic and has since been issued on DVD as the only incarnation of the television series to be so released.
While her sibling counterparts are known for their impassioned vocals, Chisholm in contrast is known as the "sweet-voiced" sister. "I feel there is a need for more music that allows the listener to enter into praise and worship for the Lord," Chisholm asserts. "People have a need to meditate upon their own personal relationship with God, and I think that the kind of music I wish to perform will give them the space to reflect on God from their own points of view." <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gospelflava.com/reviews/jackyclarkchisholm.html|title=
Jacky Clark-Chisholm: Expectancy Album Review|publisher=GospelFlava.com}}</ref>


==Personal life==
The Warner Bros. films took a far different approach than Fox's original. [[Michael Uslan]] had recently gained fame for convincing the Dean of [[Indiana University]] to start a course on comic books. [[DC Comics]] was impressed enough with his work to invite him to their offices. Uslan, a fan of the [[Batman]] character, was able to acquire the film rights to the property in April 1979 through a newly formed partnership with Benjamin Melniker. [[CBS]] at that time was developing a ''Batman in Outer Space'' film, though DC had no intention of granting film rights for that concept. The prevailing perception of the character was still that of [[Batman (TV series)|the campy 1960s TV series]]. Uslan was always fascinated with [[Bill Finger]]'s and [[Bob Kane]]'s early stories from 1939, and wished instead to produce the film in that style. For his presentation to studios, Uslan wrote a short story titled ''Return of the Batman'' so as to show the studios what exactly he was aiming for. The treatment anticipated the tone that would later be taken in [[Frank Miller (comics)|Frank Miller]]'s ''[[Batman: The Dark Knight Returns]]''.<ref name=Uslan>{{cite news|author=Bill "Jett" Ramey|title=An Interview With Michael Uslan - Part 1| publisher=Batman-on-Film|date=[[2005-11-08]]|url= http://www.batman-on-film.com/interview_muslan_2.html| accessdate= 2007-11-22 }}</ref>
Chisholm is married to Glynn Chisholm and the mother of three children Angel, Michael, and Aaron.


Chisholm is a missionary and the director of the youth choir at her home church of New St. Paul Tabernacle Church of God in Christ in [[Detroit, Michigan]]., Bishop Phillip A. Brooks, Pastor and 1st Assistant Presiding Bishop of the Church of God in Christ. She has been appointed Director of the Youth Choir for the Church of God in Christ, Inc. National Music Department.
As Uslan and Melniker unsuccessfully pitched the film to many studios,<ref name=shadowbat>{{cite video | title = Shadows of the Bat: The Cinematic Saga of the Dark Knight| format = DVD | publisher = Warner Bros. | year = 2005}}</ref> Uslan started searching for writers. He felt ''[[Superman (film)|Superman]]'', ''[[James Bond (film series)|James Bond]]'', and ''[[Star Wars]]'' were the three most successful film franchises at the time. As such he approached [[Richard Maibaum]] to write the script, with [[Guy Hamilton]] to direct. Both were well known for the various Bond films they had collaborated on, though the two would eventually turn down the opportunity. [[Tom Mankiewicz]] was settled upon, who had recently co-written ''Superman'' and in the past was involved with three James Bond films. Mankiewicz started writing his script sometime in 1980,<ref name=Uslan/> and was able to finish in June 1983, going under the simple title of ''The Batman''.<ref name=manky>{{cite news|author=[[Tom Mankiewicz]]|title=The Batman: Revised First Draft Screenplay| publisher=ScifiScripts.com |date=[[1983-06-20]]|url=http://www.scifiscripts.com/scripts/batmanscript1.txt|accessdate=2007-11-23}}</ref>


In addition to singing in The Clark Sisters, Chisholm soon emerged as a formidable leader in business. She became spokesperson for the group, managing promotion, correspondence, public relations, interviews, and the like, all while earning a nursing degree. Along with her mother, and sister [[Twinkie Clark|Elbernita "Twinkie" Clark]], Chisholm helped with the establishment of the Dr. Mattie Moss [[Clark Conservatory of Music]] in Detroit, Michigan in 1979. Trusted as administrator of the school, Chisholm developed a curriculum and organized workshops that have trained hundreds of students over the years.
The script showcased the origins of both Bruce Wayne and [[Dick Grayson]] and included the [[Joker (comics)|Joker]] and [[Rupert Thorne]] as the main villains (with a brief cameo from the [[Penguin (comics)|Penguin]]). [[Silver St. Cloud]] appeared as the love interest. Several elements from the script ended up appearing in future film installments, such as The Joker being responsible for Bruce's parents' murder (though [[Joe Chill]] was the hired gun), and Batman being framed for crimes he didn't commit (see ''[[Batman Returns]]''). Similarities for ''[[Batman Forever]]'' had Dick Grayson's origin being practically the same (as well as stumbling upon the [[Batcave]]), and Dick saving Bruce's life before becoming Robin.<ref name=manky/>


She is also a spokesperson for the American Diabetes Association, and has done radio and television commercials for [[New York Life Insurance]]. Moreover, her stature provided her a platform as a motivational speaker for fundraisers such as H.O.P.E. South Africa in Johannesburg, South Africa.
While Mankiewicz was writing the script, Uslan and Melniker were still seeking a deal with a studio. Uslan recounts many stories, "At [[Columbia Pictures|Columbia]], the head of production said to me, shaking his head after I pitched my heart out, "Come on, Batman will never be a success as a film because our movie ''[[Annie (film)|Annie]]'' didn’t do well." I looked at this guy dumbfounded. And I asked him what did the little red-headed girl who sang "Tomorrow" have to do with Batman!? And he said, "Michael, they are both out of the funny pages." At [[United Artists]], Uslan recounted a similar story. "An exec said to me that a film with Batman and Robin would never work as a film because ''[[Robin and Marian]]'' wasn’t successful. Now that was about an aging [[Robin Hood]] and [[Maid Marian]] with [[Sean Connery]]! I just picked up all my materials, didn’t say a word and walked out of the room."<ref name=Uslan2>{{cite news|author=Bill "Jett" Ramey|title=An Interview With Michael Uslan - Part 2| publisher=Batman-on-Film|date=[[2005-11-10]]|url=http://www.batman-on-film.com/interview_muslan_3.html| accessdate= 2007-11-23}}</ref>


Professionally, Chisholm has been an instructor for the American Red Cross for 10 years. She recently earned a bachelors degree in Family Life Education and Psychology and plans to open a counseling center for battered women and children. {{Fact|date=September 2007}}
It was in late 1981 that Uslan announced a 1983 release date, with a budget of $15 million, though the project continued to languish in [[development hell]], causing repeated delays.<ref name=production>{{cite news|author=Alan Jones|title=Batman in Production| publisher=[[Cinefantastique]]|date=November 1989|url= http://www.batmanmovieonline.com/behindthescenes/articles/batmanproduction.htm|accessdate=2007-11-23 }}</ref> Uslan and Melniker were finally able to team with [[Peter Guber]] and [[Jon Peters]] in 1982. The four [[film producer|producers]] were able to convince Warner Bros. to finance the film after [[Universal Studios]] declined the offer.<ref name=shadowbat/> Uslan then announced in 1983, the year Mankiewicz finally completed his script, that the film would be released in 1985 and have a budget of $20 million.<ref name=production/> [[Joe Dante]] and [[Ivan Reitman]] were briefly involved as directors though both would take on other projects instead (''[[Gremlins]]'' for Dante, while Reitman opted for ''[[Ghostbusters]]'').<ref name=shadowbat/> Uslan wanted a distinguished unknown actor as Batman, with [[William Holden]] as [[Commissioner Gordon]] and [[David Niven]] as [[Alfred Pennyworth]].<ref name=production/> Even at this stage, [[Jack Nicholson]] was the choice for the role of The Joker.<ref name=Uslan2/>

In the meantime, more scripts came about that included the basic premise of The Joker, Rupert Thorne, Silver St. Cloud, and Robin. All scripts were positioned as an adaptation of [[Steve Englehart]]'s ''Dark Detective'' series.<ref>{{cite news|author=Bill "Jett" Ramey|title=Interview: Steven Englehart|publisher=Batman-on-Film|date=[[2006-11-27]]|url= http://www.batman-on-film.com/interview_steveenglehart_jett_2006.html|accessdate=2007-11-25}}</ref> Warner Bros., however, began to push for the project again to center on the campy tone of the ''[[Batman (TV series)|Batman]]'' TV series from the 1960s, citing [[Bill Murray]] as Batman and [[Eddie Murphy]] as [[Dick Grayson|Robin]] as their primary casting choices, over Uslan's objections. After the success of Frank Miller's ''The Dark Knight Returns'', the studio reconsidered, and decided to depict the film the way Uslan had wanted to since the beginning, though still choosing a comedy director, after the surprising success of ''[[Pee-wee's Big Adventure]]'', Warner Bros. handed the director's position to [[Tim Burton]].<ref name=shadowbat/>

Burton took ''[[Batman (1989 film)|Batman]]'' and ''[[Batman Returns]]'' as opportunities to pay homage to the classic [[German Expressionism|German Expressionist]] [[Horror film]] genre. Burton's influences included ''[[The Phantom of the Opera (1962 film)|The Phantom of the Opera]]'', ''[[The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari]]'', ''[[Dracula (1931 film)|Dracula]]'', ''[[The Bat (1926 film)|The Bat]]'', ''[[The Man Who Laughs (1928 film)|The Man Who Laughs]]'', ''[[Frankenstein (1931 film)|Frankenstein]]'', ''[[Bride of Frankenstein]]'', ''[[Nosferatu]]'', and ''[[The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1923 film)|The Hunchback of Notre Dame]]''. <ref name=Commentary>{{cite video|title=Batman (1989) Audio Commentary by Director [[Tim Burton]]|format = DVD|publisher=Warner Bros.| year=2005}}</ref>
{{see|Batman (1989 film)#Production}}

==Burton/Schumacher series==
<!-- ATTENTION! PLEASE READ BEFORE EDITING! Please help keep this section brief. Every detail about the plot of the Batman films does not need to appear here. As an example see [[Spider-Man film series#Film series]].-->
After this long development history, all of the Batman films were distributed by Warner Brothers. They were directed by [[Tim Burton]]. This does not count the animated film, ''[[Batman: Mask of the Phantasm]]'' (1993), released to theatres during this era--that film was based on the mythos of the [[Warner Brothers]] [[Batman: The Animated Series|animated series]], produced around this time.

===''Batman'' (1989)===
{{main|Batman (1989 film)}}
[[Image:Batman keaton.jpg|right|thumb|175px|Michael Keaton as Batman in Tim Burton's 1989 film ''Batman''.]]
Millionaire playboy [[Bruce Wayne]] ([[Michael Keaton]]) begins his run as the shadowy vigilante known as "The [[Batman]]." [[Gotham City]] is in the grip of mob boss [[Carl Grissom]] ([[Jack Palance]]), and is only met with worse fears with a corrupt [[Gotham City Police Department|police department]]. Reporter [[Vicki Vale]] ([[Kim Basinger]]) investigates the mysterious Batman, and is eventually taken in by Wayne's charms. The situation becomes further worse when Jack Napier ([[Jack Nicholson]]), former right hand man of Grissom, hideously transforms into the psychopathic [[Joker (comics)|Joker]]. Bruce Wayne must confront tragic moments from the past as the homicidal maniac starts his deadly plans against the citizens of Gotham.

===''Batman Returns'' (1992)===
{{main|Batman Returns}}
A mysterious "[[Penguin (comics)|Penguin]]-like" man ([[Danny Devito]]) appears out of the sewers of Gotham and is intent on being accepted into Gotham society. Crooked businessman [[Max Shreck]] ([[Christopher Walken]]) is coerced into helping him become Mayor of Gotham and they both attempt to destroy the reputation of Batman ([[Michael Keaton]]) as a crime-fighter. However, the Penguin secretly schemes to kidnap the children of the wealthiest families of the City. Then, when Max's secretary [[Catwoman|Selina Kyle]] ([[Michelle Pfeiffer]]), is transformed into the mysterious and sensual [[Catwoman]] and allies herself with the Penguin, The Dark Knight must attempt to clear his name, save the children of Gotham and decide the fate of Selina/Catwoman.

===''Batman Forever'' (1995)===
{{main|Batman Forever}}
Former [[District Attorney]] [[Two-Face|Harvey Dent]] ([[Tommy Lee Jones]]) incorrectly believes [[Batman]] ([[Val Kilmer]]) caused the courtroom accident which left him disfigured on one side. As the psychotic '[[Two-Face]]', he then unleashes a reign of terror, and assisting him is [[Riddler|Edward Nygma]] ([[Jim Carrey]]), a former employee of [[Wayne Enterprises]] looking for revenge, who becomes [[Riddler|The Riddler]]. As The Riddler perfects a device for draining information from all the brains in Gotham, including Bruce Wayne's knowledge of his other identity, Batman must stop this fight for the good of mankind with the help of his new sidekick [[Dick Grayson|Robin]] ([[Chris O'Donnell]]) and psychologist [[Dr. Chase Meridian]] ([[Nicole Kidman]]).

===''Batman & Robin'' (1997)===
{{main|Batman & Robin (film)}}
[[Batman]] ([[George Clooney]]) and [[Dick Grayson|Robin]] ([[Chris O'Donnell]]) must protect [[Gotham City]] from the threat of [[Mr. Freeze]] ([[Arnold Schwarzenegger]]). Meanwhile, a young woman named Pamela Isley ([[Uma Thurman]]) witnesses illegal genetic tampering and is, apparently, killed. She is resurrected as [[Poison Ivy (comics)|Poison Ivy]], a woman who has the ability to control and mutate all botanical life and a poisonous kiss that instantly kills her victims. She takes the first person to be genetically experimented on by her former employer as a bodyguard, [[Bane (comics)|Bane]] ([[Robert Swenson]]). They arrive at Gotham, and aid in Mr. Freeze's escape. Meanwhile, [[Alfred Pennyworth|Alfred]] ([[Michael Gough]]) is dying with the first stage of a disease that Mr. Freezes wife suffers from and Wayne must find a cure, while dealing with troubles with Robin, and receiving help from Alfred's niece [[Batgirl]] ([[Alicia Silverstone]]), a new hero of Gotham.

==Unsuccessful projects==
After the critical disaster of ''[[Batman & Robin (film)|Batman & Robin]]'', Warner Bros. was still intent on delivering yet another [[Batman]] film. Since ''Batman & Robin'' did poorly (financially and critically), the next Batman film was to have an atmosphere that veered in the opposite direction. It took roughly seven years to get the fifth Batman film greenlighted, over the course of various developing titles.

===''Batman Triumphant''===
Warner Bros. hired [[Mark Protosevich]] to write a script for the fifth [[Batman]] film, titled ''Batman Triumphant'',<ref name=proto>{{ cite news | first=Brian | last=Linder | url=http://movies.ign.com/articles/034/034018p1.html | title=Rumblings From Gotham | publisher=IGN | date[[2000-07-27]] | accessdate=2006-11-13 }}</ref> even before the theatrical release of ''Batman & Robin''. Joel Schumacher, George Clooney, and Chris O’Donnell were still contracted for another film.<ref>{{ cite news | first=Dave | last=Karger | url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,288644,00.html | title=Big Chill | publisher=Entertainment Weekly | date=[[1997-07-11]] | accessdate=2006-11-13 }}</ref> [[Scarecrow (comics)|The Scarecrow]] was to be the main villain and through the use of his fear gas, Scarecrow would cause [[Batman]] to confront his worst fear: the return of [[Joker (comics)|The Joker]]. [[Harley Quinn]] was in the script and shown as the daughter of Jack Napier.<ref name=proto/>

Due to poor results from ''Batman & Robin'', ''Triumphant'' was cancelled and Warner Bros. commissioned more scripts.<ref name=batV>{{ cite news | first=Bill "Jett" | last=Ramey| url=http://www.batman-on-film.com/opinion_jett_b5history.html | title=A History of BATMAN 5: What It Is and How It Came To Be | publisher=Batman-on-Film | date=[[2005-02-04]] | accessdate=2006-11-13 }}</ref>

===''Batman: DarKnight''===
In 1998, Lee Shapiro and Stephen Wise pitched the idea for a fifth Batman movie to Warner Bros. Vice President Tom Lassally. It was to be called ''Batman: DarKnight'' (not to be confused with ''[[The Dark Knight (film)|The Dark Knight]]'') and included the [[Scarecrow (comics)|Scarecrow]] and [[Man-Bat]] as the new villains, with the studio being most impressed with the characterization of Man-Bat.<ref name=shap>{{ cite news | first=Bill "Jett" | last=Ramey| url=http://batman-on-film.com/interview_lshapiro.html | title=Interview: Lee Shapiro| publisher=Batman-on-Film | date=[[2005-07-28]] | accessdate=2006-11-13 }}</ref> Fear was to be the initial theme (much like the main one for ''[[Batman Begins]]'') and according to Shapiro, with Scarecrow being true to the source material. Within three months, Lee Shapiro and Stephen Wise sent their first draft to Warner Bros. Joel Schumacher was still signed to direct but dropped out only weeks after the first draft was completed.<ref name=shap>{{ cite news | first=Bill "Jett" | last=Ramey| url=http://batman-on-film.com/interview_lshapiro.html | title=Interview: Lee Shapiro| publisher=Batman-on-Film | date=[[2005-07-28]] | accessdate=2006-11-13 }}</ref> The story went as:

<blockquote>
Bruce Wayne is in self-imposed seclusion from life, because he feels he has lost his greatest weapons in the fight against crime: his mystique and his enemies' fear. Dick Grayson attends Gotham University, trying to discover who he is apart from his guardian and unwilling to return as Robin without him. Meanwhile, Dr. Jonathan Crane uses his position as professor of psychology at Gotham University and as resident psychiatrist at [[Arkham Asylum]] to conduct his experiments in fear. During a vengeful confrontation with a colleague, Dr. Kirk Langstrom, Crane unknowingly initiates Kirk's transformation into the creature known as Man-Bat. The unsuspecting denizens of Gotham scream for Batman's head, believing the Man-Bat's nightly hunts to be the Dark Knight's bloodthirsty return to action. Bruce dons cape and cowl once more to clear his name and solve the mystery behind these attacks. Eventually, Dick ends up in Arkham Asylum under Crane's unsympathetic watch, and Kirk struggles with his "man vs. monster" syndrome as he longs to both reunite with his wife and get revenge on Crane.<ref name=shap/>
</blockquote>

The script for ''Batman: DarKnight'' sat at Warner Bros. and languished in [[development hell]] up until late 2000. Shapiro stated that ''DarKnight'' was in the running the longest as the next Batman movie compared to the other Batman projects in development.<ref name=shap/>

===''Batman Beyond''===
In October 1999, the website ''[[Ain't It Cool News]]'' reported that Warner Bros. was seriously considering a live action ''[[Batman Beyond]]'' movie, based on the animated series. In January 2000, ''Ain't It Cool News'' reported that [[Paul Dini]] and [[Alan Burnett]] would be writing the script, both of whom are well known for their work on The DC Animated Universe. In August 2000, it was confirmed that Dini, Burnett, [[Neal Stephenson]], and [[Boaz Yakin]] were to all write the script, with Yakin to direct. A script was written and turned into Warner Bros., though the project was canceled in favor of the ''[[Batman: Year One]]'' project.<ref>{{cite news | author = Rob M. Worley| title = Batman Beyond Live Action Movie (Archives)| publisher = Comics2Film| date = [[2001-10-18]] | url =http://www.comics2film.com/BatmanBeyondLAArch.shtml| accessdate=2007-09-13}}</ref>

===''Batman vs Superman''===
In August 2001,<ref>{{cite news|author=Brian Linder| title=More ''Batman'', ''Superman'' Insanity at WB|publisher=[[IGN]]|date=[[2001-08-09]]|url= http://movies.ign.com/articles/302/302177p1.html|accessdate=2008-02-04}}</ref> [[Andrew Kevin Walker]] pitched [[Warner Bros.]] an idea titled ''Batman vs Superman'', attaching [[Wolfgang Petersen]] as director. [[J. J. Abrams]]' ''Superman'' script was put on hold,<ref name=dynamic>{{cite news| author = Brian M. Raftery and Nancy Miller | title = Dynamic Duel | publisher= [[Entertainment Weekly]] |date = [[2002-07-22]] | url = http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,321972~1~0~holyfranchiseinsidebatman,00.html | accessdate=2007-10-30}}</ref> and for reasons unknown, [[Akiva Goldsman]] was hired to rewrite Walker's draft which was codenamed ''"Asylum"''.<ref>{{cite book|author=David Hughes|title=Tales From Development Hell|id=ISBN 180239914|publisher=[[Titan Books]]|pages=p.205|year=2003}}</ref>

Goldsman's draft (dated June 21, 2002), had the premise of [[Bruce Wayne]] trying to shake all of the demons in his life after his five year retirement of crime fighting. Meanwhile, [[Clark Kent]] is down on his luck and in despair. [[Dick Grayson]], [[Alfred Pennyworth]] and [[Commissioner Gordon]] are all dead, as Clark just recently has divorced [[Lois Lane]]. Clark serves as Bruce's best man at his wedding to the beautiful and lovely Elizabeth Miller. After Elizabeth is killed by the Joker on the honeymoon, Bruce is forced to don the [[Batsuit]] once more, tangling a plot which involves [[Lex Luthor]], while Clark sways a romance with [[Lana Lang]] in [[Smallville (DC Comics)|Smallville]].<ref>{{cite news|author=[[Akiva Goldsman]]|title=''Batman vs Superman'' 2nd Draft|publisher=Daily Scripts|url=http://www.dailyscript.com/scripts/asylum.pdf|date=[[2002-06-21]]| accessdate=2007-10-11}}</ref>

Filming was to start in early 2003, with plans for a five to six month shoot. The release date was set for the summer of 2004.<ref>{{cite news|author= Brian Linder|title=''Batman vs. Superman'' in '04|publisher=[[IGN]]|url= http://movies.ign.com/articles/364/364349p1.html|date= [[2002-07-09]]| accessdate=2008-02-04}}</ref> ''Batman vs Superman'' was to relaunch both the ''Batman'' and ''Superman'' franchises respectively, with both sequels being [[Reboot (fiction)|reboots]].<ref name=dynamic>{{cite news| author = Brian M. Raftery and Nancy Miller | title = Dynamic Duel | publisher= [[Entertainment Weekly]] |date = [[2002-07-22]] | url = http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,321972~1~0~holyfranchiseinsidebatman,00.html | accessdate=2007-10-30}}</ref> Within a month of the studio green lighting the project, Petersen left in favor of ''[[Troy (film)|Troy]]'' (2004).<ref>Hughes, p.207</ref> Warner Bros. could have easily assigned a new director, but chose to cancel ''Batman vs Superman'' in favor of a recent script submitted by Abrams for ''Superman: Flyby''.<ref>Hughes, p.208</ref>

===''Batman: Year One''===
{{main|Batman: Year One#Film adaptation}}
A film based on the graphic novel of the same name by [[Frank Miller (comics)|Frank Miller]] was to be directed by [[Darren Aronofsky]] and written by both Aronofsky and Miller. The project never received the greenlight by [[Warner Bros.]] because they found it to be too violent. Ultimately the project was something of a precursor to [[Christopher Nolan]]'s ''[[Batman Begins]]''.<ref name=hughes>{{cite book | author=David Hughes | title=Tales From Development Hell | id=ISBN 1-84023-691-4 | publisher=[[Titan Books]]|year=2003|authorlink=David Hughes}}</ref>

After the death of his parents young Bruce Wayne remains lost on the street and is taken in by Big Al, owner of an auto repair shop with his son Little Al. We are then introduced to detective [[James Gordon (comics)|James Gordon]] as he struggles with the corruption he finds endemic among Gotham City police officers of all ranks.<ref name=script>{{cite news | author = [[Frank Miller (comics)|Frank Miller]]| title = Batman: Year One Screenplay| publisher = ''Leon Scripts''| url =http://leonscripts.users5.50megs.com/scripts/BATMANYEARONEscript.htm| accessdate=2007-10-31}}</ref>

Bruce's first act as a vigilante is to confront a dirty cop named Campbell, but Campbell ends up dead and Bruce narrowly escapes being blamed. Realizing that he needs to operate with more methodology, he evolves his costume concept, acquires a variety of makeshift gadgets and weapons, and re-configures a black Lincoln Continental into a makeshift "bat-mobile." As "The Bat-Man," Bruce Wayne wages war on criminals from street level to the highest echelons, working his way up to Police Commissioner Loeb and Mayor Noone, even as the executors of the Wayne estate search for their missing heir. In the end, Bruce accepts his dual destiny as heir to the Wayne fortune and the city's savior, and Gordon comes to accept that, while he may not agree with "the Bat-Man"'s methods, he can't argue with the results.<ref name=script/>

No casting ever took place, though [[Val Kilmer]] (who had previously played Batman in [[Joel Schumacher]]'s ''[[Batman Forever]]'' from [[1995 in film|1995]]),<ref name=kilmer>{{cite news| author = Brian Linder | title = Rumblings From Gotham | publisher= ''[[IGN]]''|date = [[2000-07-27]] | url = http://movies.ign.com/articles/034/034018p1.html | accessdate=2007-10-31}}</ref> [[Ben Affleck]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Movie Preview: The Sum of All Fears| publisher=[[Entertainment Weekly]]| date=[[2002-04-18]]|url= http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,231910,00.html| accessdate=2007-10-22}}</ref> [[Keanu Reeves]],<ref name=hughes/> and [[Christian Bale]]<ref name=bale>{{cite news|author = Michael Mason | title = Bale On Batman...vs. Superman, Year One | publisher = ''Comics2Film'' | date = [[2002-08-16]] |url = http://www.comics2film.com/index.php?a=story&b=1536| accessdate=2007-10-31}}</ref> all expressed interest for the role of Batman. Bale would end up being cast for the lead role in [[Christopher Nolan]]'s ''[[Batman Begins]]''.

==Nolan series ==
===''Batman Begins (2005)''===
{{main|Batman Begins}}
[[Image:Batman bale small.jpg|right|thumb|175px|Christian Bale as Batman in Christopher Nolan's 2005 film ''Batman Begins''.]]
Bruce Wayne ([[Christian Bale]]) begins his vigilante career as Batman. Meanwhile, [[Gotham City]], in the hands of crime boss [[Carmine Falcone]] ([[Tom Wilkinson]]), is in danger of being destroyed by hallucinogenic gases smuggled into the water supply by the [[Scarecrow (comics)|Scarecrow]] ([[Cillian Murphy]]). With the help of [[James Gordon (comics)|James Gordon]] ([[Gary Oldman]]) and [[Rachel Dawes]] ([[Katie Holmes]]), Batman fights off [[Ra's al Ghul]] ([[Liam Neeson]]), the mastermind behind the plan, and saves Gotham City.

===''The Dark Knight (2008)''===
{{main|The Dark Knight (film)}}
The 2008 sequel to ''Batman Begins'' has Batman ([[Christian Bale]]), Lt. Jim Gordon ([[Gary Oldman]]), and District Attorney [[Two-Face|Harvey Dent]] ([[Aaron Eckhart]]) forming an alliance to take down the rise in organized crime in Gotham City brought about by [[Carmine Falcone]]'s imprisonment in Arkham Asylum, as well as trying to battle a homicidal criminal mastermind known only as the [[Joker (comics)|Joker]] ([[Heath Ledger]]).

===Future===
<!--DO NOT add a third film without a valid, reliable source!!!-->
Though news on a possible sequel has been limited, according to a Wall Street Journal article from August 22, 2008, a third Batman film is one of the four main focuses of Warner Brothers over the next three years. The article is based on information from Warner Brothers Pictures Group president Jeff Robinov.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB121936107614461929.html?mod=2_1168_1 |title=Warner Bets on Fewer, Bigger Movies - WSJ.com |publisher=Online.wsj.com |author=Lauren A.E. Schuker |date=AUGUST 22, 2008 |accessdate=2008-10-09}}</ref>

Nolan is not committed to another sequel, explaining that he does not normally line up projects after completing a film. [[Gary Oldman]] is confident Nolan will return,<ref>{{cite news | author = Rob Allsletter | title = The Dark Knight's Future | publisher = Comics Continuum | date = 2008-06-30 | url = http://www.comicscontinuum.com/stories/0806/30/index.htm | accessdate=2008-07-01}}</ref> and Bale said he would return if Nolan did.<ref>{{cite news | author = Charlene Chang | title = Christian Bale talks 'Dark Knight' follow-up and 'Terminator Salvation' | date = 2008-06-30 | url = http://ifmagazine.com/new.asp?article=6436 | accessdate=2008-07-01}}</ref> Oldman hinted in the third film Gordon would have to hunt down Batman.<ref>{{cite news|author=Stephanie Sanchez|title=Interview: Gary Oldman Talks THE DARK KNIGHT|work=IESB|date=2008-07-08|url=http://www.iesb.net/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=5175&Itemid=99|accessdate=2008-07-15}}</ref> He has also speculated that the villain of the upcoming film may be the [[Riddler]].<ref>{{cite news | title = Will Chris Nolan Recast the Joker for Batman 3 or Will the Riddler Take His Place? | publisher = MovieWeb | date = 2008-06-29 | url = http://www.movieweb.com/news/18/29618.php | accessdate=2008-07-01}}</ref> Nolan explained that as long as he is directing, he is not including [[Robin (comics)|Robin]] in the franchise because Bale is still portraying a "young Batman", which meant "Robin's not for a few films". Nolan jokingly listed [[Frankie Muniz]] as a potential choice, if the studio forced him to cast.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.superherohype.com/news/batmannews.php?id=3189 | title=Nolan on Robin in ''Batman'' Sequels | publisher=SuperHeroHype.com | date=[[2005-06-23]] | accessdate=2006-07-31 }}</ref> Bale joked "I'll be chaining myself up somewhere and refusing to go to work" if Robin is introduced.<ref>{{cite news | title = Batman Bale Says No To Robin | work = Starpulse.com | date = 2008-07-02 | url = http://www.starpulse.com/news/index.php/2008/07/02/batman_bale_says_no_to_robin_ | accessdate=2008-07-03}}</ref>

In addition, Nolan considered the [[Penguin (comics)|Penguin]] difficult to portray on film, explaining, "There are certain characters that are easier to mesh with the more real take on Batman we're doing. The Penguin would be tricky."<ref>{{cite news | author=Matthew Belloni | title=Q+A: Christopher Nolan | publisher=[[Esquire (magazine)|Esquire]] | url=http://www.esquire.com/features/qa/ESQ1106_qanolan_1 | date=November 2006 | accessdate=2006-10-13 }}</ref>. This would presumably also rule out [[Mr. Freeze]], [[Killer Croc]], [[Clayface]], and [[Man-Bat]]. [[Kate Beckinsale]] has expressed interest in playing [[Catwoman]].<ref>{{cite news | author = Jen Yamato | title = Beckinsale On Catwoman, Wonder Woman, And Her Bond Girl Offer | publisher = [[RottenTomatoes]] | date = [[2007-08-03]] | url = http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/comic_con_2007/news/1659804/}}</ref> [[Julie Newmar]], who played Catwoman in the Batman series from 1966 to 1967, has suggested [[Angelina Jolie]] for the role.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://backseatcuddler.com/2008/07/31/angelina-jolie-is-catwoman-in-dark-knight-sequel/|publisher=[[Back Seat Cuddler]]|title=Angelina Jolie is rumored to play Catwoman|accessdate=2008-10-05}}</ref> [[David Tennant]] wishes to portray [[The Riddler]].<ref>{{cite news | author = Ben Rawson-Jones | title = David Tennant craves 'Batman' villain role | publisher = [[Digital Spy]] | date = [[2007-09-26]] | url = http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/cult/a76431/david-tennant-craves-batman-villain-role.html?rss | accessdate=2007-09-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | author = Jennifer Vineyard | url = http://splashpage.mtv.com/2008/08/12/from-90210-to-gotham-city-brian-austin-green-makes-pitch-for-riddler-casting/ | title = From 90210 To Gotham City? Brian Austin Green Makes Pitch For Riddler Casting | work = [[MTV]] | date = [[2008-08-12]] | accessdate = 2008-08-17}}</ref> Prior to the release of ''The Dark Knight'' in 2008, [[David S. Goyer]] said in an interview that characters like the Penguin or Catwoman will be unlikely to appear in a future film, which may instead use villains that have not been portrayed on the big screen. However, he did not rule out any characters that have been featured in previous Batman films.<ref> {{cite web|first=Erik|last= Amaya|title= Write The Dark Knight: The Writers|url= http://www.comicbookresources.com/?page=article&id=17036|work= Comic Book Resources|date= [[2008-06-30]]|accessdate= 2008-07-10}}</ref> On July 23, 2008, [[Aaron Eckhart]] said he would return for a sequel to ''[[The Dark Knight (film)|The Dark Knight]]'' if asked,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.imdb.com/news/ni0265713/|title=Eckhart Agrees To Third Batman Film|date=2008-07-23|publisher=[[IMDB]]}}</ref> although he later confirmed that he is not signed on for another Batman film and that his character is currently considered dead by Nolan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.superherohype.com/news/featuresnews.php?id=7641 |title=Aaron Eckhart on Two-Face - Superhero Hype! |publisher=Superherohype.com |date= |accessdate=2008-10-09}}</ref> [[Michael Caine]] commented that a studio executive was interested in casting [[Johnny Depp]] as the Riddler, and [[Philip Seymour Hoffman]] as the Penguin.<ref>{{cite news|author=Casey Sejias|title=Michael Caine Says Johnny Depp Is The Riddler, Philip Seymour Hoffman Is The Penguin|work=[[MTV]] Splash Page|date=2008-09-08|url=http://splashpage.mtv.com/2008/09/08/exclusive-michael-caine-says-johnny-depp-is-the-riddler-philip-seymour-hoffman-is-the-penguin/|accessdate=2008-09-08}}</ref> Hoffman later denied the rumor.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://splashpage.mtv.com/2008/09/09/dark-knight-update-philip-seymour-hoffman-responds-to-casting-rumor-i-dont-know-if-id-be-a-good-penguin/|title=‘Dark Knight’ Update: Philip Seymour Hoffman Responds To Casting Rumor, ‘I Don’t Know If I’d Be A Good Penguin’|author=Casey Seijas|date=2009-09-09|accessdate=2009-09-11|publisher=[[MTV]]}}</ref>

IGN listed [[Bane (comics)|Bane]] and [[Black Mask (comics)|Black Mask]] on its list of the best Batman villains ever.<ref>http://comics.ign.com/articles/622/622304p1.html</ref> Both are popular choices among fans, along with Hush and [[Hugo Strange]].<ref>http://www.amazon.com/tag/batman/forum/ref=cm_cd_ef_tft_tp?%5Fencoding=UTF8&cdForum=FxAUBRKAOLV1HW&cdThread=Tx3270SSM80DT73&displayType=tagsDetail</ref>

==Cast and characters==
{{main|List of Batman films cast members}}

==Reception==
===Box office performance===
{| class="wikitable" width=99% border="1"
| rowspan="2" align="center" | '''Film'''
| colspan="2" align="center" | '''Release date'''
| colspan="3" align="center" | '''Box office revenue'''
| colspan="2" align="center" text="wrap" | '''Box office ranking'''
| rowspan="2" align="center" | '''Reference'''
|-
| align="center" | '''United States'''
| align="center" | '''Worldwide'''
| align="center" | '''United States'''
| align="center" | '''Outside US'''
| align="center" | '''Worldwide'''
| align="center" | '''All time US'''
| align="center" | '''[[List of highest-grossing films|All time worldwide]]'''
|-
| ''[[Batman (1966 film)| Batman: The Movie]]''
| July 30, 1966
| December 24, 1966
| $1,377,800
| $2,453,210
| $3,831,010
| align="center" |
| align="center" |
|-
| ''[[Batman (1989 film)|Batman]]''
| June 23, 1989
| June 23, 1989
| $251,188,924
| $160,160,000
| $411,348,924
| align="center" | #44
| align="center" | #92
| align="center" | <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=batman.htm | title=Batman (1989) | publisher=[[Box Office Mojo]] | accessdate=2008-07-18 }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Batman Returns]]''
| June 19, 1992
| June 19, 1992
| $162,831,698
| $104,000,000
| $266,831,698
| align="center" | #143
| align="center" | #224
| align="center" | <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=batmanreturns.htm | title=Batman Returns (1992) | publisher=[[Box Office Mojo]] | accessdate=2008-07-18 }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Batman Forever]]''
| June 16, 1995
| June 16, 1995
| $184,031,112
| $152,500,000
| $336,531,112
| align="center" | #101
| align="center" | #150
| align="center" | <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=batmanforever.htm | title=Batman Forever (1995) | publisher=[[Box Office Mojo]] | accessdate=2008-07-18 }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Batman & Robin (film)|Batman & Robin]]''
| June 20, 1997
| June 20, 1997
| $107,325,195
| $130,881,927
| $238,207,122
| align="center" | #340
| align="center" | #268
| align="center" | <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=batmanrobin.htm | title=Batman and Robin (1997) | publisher=[[Box Office Mojo]] | accessdate=2008-07-18 }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Batman Begins]]''
| June 15, 2005
| June 15, 2005
| $205,343,774
| $166,510,009
| $371,853,783
| align="center" | #81
| align="center" | #111
| align="center" | <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=batmanbegins.htm | title=Batman Begins (2005) | publisher=[[Box Office Mojo]] | accessdate=2008-07-18 }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[The Dark Knight (film)|The Dark Knight]]''
| July 18, 2008
| July 16, 2008
| $525,003,174
| $460,000,000
| $988,000,000
| align="center" | #2
| align="center" | #4
| align="center" | <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=darkknight.htm | title=The Dark Knight (2008) | publisher=[[Box Office Mojo]] | accessdate=2008-07-29 }}</ref>
|-
| ''Batman'' film series
|
|
| '''$1,901,635,877'''
| '''$1,185,751,936'''
| '''$2,597,560,813'''
|
|
|
|}

===Critical reaction===
{| class="wikitable" width=99% border="1"
| rowspan="2" align="center" | '''Film'''
| colspan="2" align="center" | '''[[Rotten Tomatoes]]'''
| rowspan="2" align="center" | '''[[Metacritic]]'''
| rowspan="2" align="center" | '''[[Yahoo!|Yahoo! Movies]]'''
|-
| align="center" | '''Overall'''
| align="center" | '''Cream of the Crop'''
|-
| ''[[Batman (1989 film)|Batman]]''
| 69% (49 reviews)<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/1001781-batman/ | title=Batman | publisher=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] | accessdate=2008-07-18 }}</ref>
| 57% (7 reviews)<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/1001781-batman/?critic=creamcrop | title=Batman (Cream of the Crop) | publisher=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] | accessdate=2008-07-18 }}</ref>
| 66% (17 reviews)<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.metacritic.com/video/titles/batman | title=Batman (1989): Reviews | publisher=[[Metacritic]] | accessdate=2008-07-18 }}</ref>
| B- (5 reviews)<ref>{{cite web | url=http://movies.yahoo.com/movie/1800340927/critic | title=Batman - Critics Reviews | publisher=[[Yahoo!|Yahoo! Movies]] | accessdate=2007-05-17 }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Batman Returns]]''
| 79% (43 reviews)<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/batman_returns/ | title=Batman Returns | publisher=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] | accessdate=2008-07-18 }}</ref>
| 57% (7 reviews)<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/batman_returns/?critic=creamcrop| title=Batman Returns (Cream of the Crop) | publisher=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] | accessdate=2008-07-18 }}</ref>
|
| B (5 reviews)<ref>{{cite web | url=http://movies.yahoo.com/movie/1800174173/critic | title=Batman Returns - Critics Reviews | publisher=[[Yahoo!|Yahoo! Movies]] | accessdate=2007-05-17 }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Batman Forever]]''
| 43% (49 reviews)<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/batman_forever/ | title=Batman Forever | publisher=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] | accessdate=2008-07-18 }}</ref>
| 69% (13 reviews)<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/batman_forever/?critic=creamcrop | title=Batman Forever (Cream of the Crop) | publisher=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] | accessdate=2008-07-18 }}</ref>
| 51% (23 reviews)<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.metacritic.com/video/titles/batmanforever | title=Batman Forever (1995): Reviews | publisher=[[Metacritic]] | accessdate=2008-07-18 }}</ref>
| B- (9 reviews)<ref>{{cite web | url=http://movies.yahoo.com/movie/1800238182/critic| title=Batman Forever - Critics Reviews | publisher=[[Yahoo!|Yahoo! Movies]] | accessdate=2007-05-17 }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Batman & Robin (film)|Batman & Robin]]''
| 12% (58 reviews)<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/1077027-batman_and_robin/ | title=Batman & Robin | publisher=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] | accessdate=2008-07-18 }}</ref>
| 20% (15 reviews)<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/1077027-batman_and_robin/?critic=creamcrop | title=Batman & Robin (Cream of the Crop) | publisher=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] | accessdate=2008-07-18 }}</ref>
| 28% (21 reviews)<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.metacritic.com/video/titles/batmanandrobin | title=Batman & Robin (1997): Reviews | publisher=[[Metacritic]] | accessdate=2008-07-18 }}</ref>
| C- (9 reviews)<ref>{{cite web | url=http://movies.yahoo.com/movie/1800283691/critic | title=Batman & Robin - Critics Reviews | publisher=[[Yahoo!|Yahoo! Movies]] | accessdate=2007-05-17 }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Batman Begins]]''
| 84% (249 reviews)<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/batman_begins/ | title=Batman Begins | publisher=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] | accessdate=2008-07-18 }}</ref>
| 62% (42 reviews)<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/batman_begins/?critic=creamcrop | title=Batman Begins (Cream of the Crop) | publisher=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] | accessdate=2008-07-18 }}</ref>
| 70% (41 reviews)<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.metacritic.com/film/titles/batmanbegins | title=Batman Begins (2005): Reviews | publisher=[[Metacritic]] | accessdate=2008-07-18 }}</ref>
| B+ (15 reviews)<ref>{{cite web | url=http://movies.yahoo.com/movie/1808490910/critic | title=Batman Begins - Critics Reviews | publisher=[[Yahoo!|Yahoo! Movies]] | accessdate=2007-05-17 }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[The Dark Knight (film)|The Dark Knight]]''
| 95% (257 reviews)<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the_dark_knight/ | title=The Dark Knight | publisher=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] | accessdate=2008-07-18 }}</ref>
| 90% (40 reviews)<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the_dark_knight/?critic=creamcrop | title=The Dark Knight(Cream of the Crop) | publisher=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] | accessdate=2008-07-18 }}</ref>
| 82% (36 reviews)<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.metacritic.com/film/titles/darkknight?q=the%20dark%20knight| title=The Dark Knight (2008): Reviews | publisher=[[Metacritic]] | accessdate=2008-07-18 }}</ref>
| A- (14 reviews)<ref>{{cite web | url=http://movies.yahoo.com/movie/1809271891/critic| title=The Dark Knight - Critics Reviews | publisher=[[Yahoo!|Yahoo! Movies]] | accessdate=2008-07-18 }}</ref>
|}


==References==
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist}}


==External links==
==External links==
*[http://www.myspace.com/jackyclarkchisholm Jacky Clark Chisholm Myspace Page]
*[http://current.com/items/89113724_timeline_batman Humorous look at the history of Batman] by [[Current TV|Current TV's]] [[Infomania (TV Series)|infoMania]]
*[http://www.entheosrecordsonline.com/ Entheos Records Official Website]
*[http://movies.ign.com/articles/036/036038p1.html Script review of ''The Batman''] at [[IGN]]
*[http://www.dailyscript.com/scripts/asylum.pdf ''Batman vs. Superman'' script draft] by [[Akiva Goldsman]]
*[http://www.theclarksisters.com/ The Clark Sisters Official Website]
*[http://www.jackycc.com Jacky Clark Chisholm Official Website]

{{DC Comics films}}
{{The Clark Sisters}}
{{Moss-Clark-Sheard}}
{{1989-1997 Batman film series}}
{{Christopher Nolan Batman film series}}

[[Category:Batman films| ]]
[[Category:Action films by series]]
[[Category:Chicago in fiction]]


{{DEFAULTSORT:Chisholm, Jacky Cullum}}
[[es:Serie fílmica de Batman]]
[[Category:American gospel singers]]
[[it:Batman (serie di film)]]
[[Category:Gospel artists from Detroit]]
[[ru:Бэтмен (серия фильмов)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American female singers]]
[[Category:African American singers]]

Revision as of 20:39, 12 October 2008

Jacky Clark Chisholm

Jacky Clark-Chisholm (born Jacqueline Cullum) [1] is a two-time Grammy Award winning American gospel singer, most notably known as a member of the The Clark Sisters.

Biography

Early life

Jacky is the eldest daughter of legendary gospel innovator Dr. Mattie Moss-Clark and Mr Cullum. When her mother remarried she took on the Clark name.

Influenced by their mother’s work, Jacky and her younger sisters formed the world-renowned award-winning gospel singing group The Clark Sisters. The group flourished and became known for their classic gospel performances including "Is My Living In Vain?" and "You Brought the Sunshine".

Solo career

On March 29, 2005, Chisholm released her first solo album, Expectancy on the Entheos Records label. On this album she teamed up with songwriter/producer Carnell Murrell, Autun Foster, and Doreonne Stramler. Recorded live at the Cathedral Center in Detroit, the album’s background vocals were supplied by a special assembly of vocalists, which included two of her children, Angel and Aaron Chisholm, as well as Lorenzo Clark, her sister Denise Clark-Bradford's son. The choir was directed by Bryon Stanfield. Her vision for the album is simply meant to “minister to the heart and soul, to restore the people of God who’ve been hurt working in the church.”[citation needed] Her signature vocals can be heard on “Oil of God,” “We Are Overcomers” featuring Twinkie Clark, and the urban Gospel tune “My Soul Says Yes.” The album also features a duet with Jacky and Ron Winans and a special appearance by the Clark Sisters together on “Blessing Me.” [2]

Stage performer

As a performer, she has often taken major roles in nationally touring gospel stage plays such as Lawd Have Mercy, Mama Don’t, Can A Woman Make A Man Lose His Mind, and The Man of Her Dreams.

Musical influence

While her sibling counterparts are known for their impassioned vocals, Chisholm in contrast is known as the "sweet-voiced" sister. "I feel there is a need for more music that allows the listener to enter into praise and worship for the Lord," Chisholm asserts. "People have a need to meditate upon their own personal relationship with God, and I think that the kind of music I wish to perform will give them the space to reflect on God from their own points of view." [3]

Personal life

Chisholm is married to Glynn Chisholm and the mother of three children Angel, Michael, and Aaron.

Chisholm is a missionary and the director of the youth choir at her home church of New St. Paul Tabernacle Church of God in Christ in Detroit, Michigan., Bishop Phillip A. Brooks, Pastor and 1st Assistant Presiding Bishop of the Church of God in Christ. She has been appointed Director of the Youth Choir for the Church of God in Christ, Inc. National Music Department.

In addition to singing in The Clark Sisters, Chisholm soon emerged as a formidable leader in business. She became spokesperson for the group, managing promotion, correspondence, public relations, interviews, and the like, all while earning a nursing degree. Along with her mother, and sister Elbernita "Twinkie" Clark, Chisholm helped with the establishment of the Dr. Mattie Moss Clark Conservatory of Music in Detroit, Michigan in 1979. Trusted as administrator of the school, Chisholm developed a curriculum and organized workshops that have trained hundreds of students over the years.

She is also a spokesperson for the American Diabetes Association, and has done radio and television commercials for New York Life Insurance. Moreover, her stature provided her a platform as a motivational speaker for fundraisers such as H.O.P.E. South Africa in Johannesburg, South Africa.

Professionally, Chisholm has been an instructor for the American Red Cross for 10 years. She recently earned a bachelors degree in Family Life Education and Psychology and plans to open a counseling center for battered women and children. [citation needed]

References

  1. ^ "The Clark Sisters".
  2. ^ "Jacky Clark-Chisholm: Expectancy". Amazon.com.
  3. ^ "Jacky Clark-Chisholm: Expectancy Album Review". GospelFlava.com.

External links

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