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The '''Cleveland Street scandal''' occurred in 1889, when a [[Homosexuality|homosexual]] male brothel in Cleveland Street, [[Fitzrovia]], [[London]], was uncovered by police. At the time, sexual acts between men were illegal in Britain, and the brothel's clients faced possible prosecution and certain social ostracism if discovered. It was rumoured that one of the brothel's clients was [[Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale|Prince Albert Victor]], who was the eldest son of [[Edward VII of the United Kingdom|the Prince of Wales]] and [[Line of succession to the British throne|second-in-line to the British throne]]. Officials were involved in a cover-up to keep the names of the Prince and others out of the scandal.
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One of the clients, [[Lord Arthur Somerset]], was an [[equerry]] to the Prince of Wales. He and the brothel keeper, Charles Hammond, managed to flee abroad before a prosecution could be brought. The [[rent boy]]s, who also worked as messenger boys for the [[Post Office (United Kingdom)|Post Office]], were given light sentences and no clients were prosecuted. After [[Henry FitzRoy, Earl of Euston]], was named in the press as a client, he successfully sued for [[libel]]. The British press never named Prince Albert Victor, and there is no evidence he ever visited the brothel, but his inclusion in the rumours has coloured biographers' perceptions of him since.

The scandal fuelled the attitude that male homosexuality was an aristocratic vice that corrupted lower-class youths. A few years later, such perceptions were still prevalent when [[John Douglas, 9th Marquess of Queensberry|the Marquess of Queensberry]] accused [[Oscar Wilde]] of being an active homosexual. Wilde sued Queensberry for libel but his case collapsed. He was arrested, found guilty of indecency, and condemned to two years' hard labour.

== Male brothel ==
[[Image:F.G.Abberline.jpg|left|thumb|Illustration of Inspector [[Frederick Abberline]] from a contemporary newspaper]]

In July 1889, Police Constable Luke Hanks was investigating a theft from the London Central [[Telegraphy|Telegraph]] Office. During the investigation, a fifteen-year-old telegraph boy named Charles Thomas Swinscow was discovered to be in possession of fourteen [[shilling]]s, equivalent to several weeks of his wages. At the time, messenger boys were not permitted to carry any personal cash in the course of their duties, to prevent their own money being mixed with that of the customers. Suspecting the boy's involvement in the theft, Constable Hanks brought him in for questioning. After hesitating, Swinscow admitted that he earned the money working as a [[rent boy]] for a man named Charles Hammond, who operated a male brothel at 19 Cleveland Street. According to Swinscow, he was introduced to Hammond by a [[Post Office (United Kingdom)|General Post Office]] clerk, eighteen-year-old Henry Newlove. In addition, he named two seventeen-year-old telegraph boys who also worked for Hammond: George Alma Wright and Charles Ernest Thickbroom. Constable Hanks obtained corroborating statements from Wright and Thickbroom and, armed with these, a confession from Newlove.<ref>Aronson, pp.8–10 and Hyde, ''The Cleveland Street Scandal'', pp.20–23</ref><!--References for the entire paragraph-->

Constable Hanks reported the matter to his superiors and the case was given to Detective Inspector [[Frederick Abberline]]. Inspector Abberline went to the brothel on 6 July with a warrant to arrest Hammond and Newlove for violation of Section 11 of the [[Criminal Law Amendment Act 1885]]. The Act made all homosexual acts between men, as well as procurement or attempted procurement of such acts, punishable by up to two years' imprisonment with or without hard labour. He found the house locked and Hammond gone, but Abberline was able to apprehend Newlove at his mother's house in [[Camden Town]].<ref>Aronson, pp.11, 16–17 and Hyde, ''The Cleveland Street Scandal'', pp.23–24</ref> In the time between his statement to Hanks and his arrest, Newlove had gone to Cleveland Street and warned Hammond, who had consequently escaped to his brother's house in [[Gravesend, Kent|Gravesend]].<ref>Hyde, ''The Cleveland Street Scandal'', p.23</ref>

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== Notable clients ==
[[Image:Major Lord Henry Arthur George Somerset (1851-1926), - Vanity fair nov 19 1887.jpg|thumb|right|Caricature of [[Lord Arthur Somerset]] from 1887]]

On the way to the police station, Newlove named [[Lord Arthur Somerset]] and [[Henry FitzRoy, Earl of Euston]] (both of whom were dukes' sons), as well as an Army Colonel by the name of Jervois, as visitors to Cleveland Street.<ref>Aronson, p.11 and Hyde, ''The Cleveland Street Scandal'', p.25</ref> Somerset was the head of the [[Edward VII of the United Kingdom|Prince of Wales's]] stables. Although Somerset was interviewed by police, no immediate action was taken against him and the authorities were slow to act on the allegations of Somerset's involvement.<ref>Aronson, p.135</ref> A watch was placed on the now-empty house and details of the case shuffled between government departments.<ref>Hyde, ''The Cleveland Street Scandal'', pp.26–33</ref>

On 19 August, an arrest warrant was issued in the name of George Veck, an acquaintance of Hammond's who pretended to be a clergyman. Veck had actually worked at the Telegraph Office but had been sacked for "improper conduct" with the messenger boys.<ref>Aronson, pp.11, 133 and Hyde, ''The Cleveland Street Scandal'', p.25</ref> A seventeen-year-old youth found in Veck's London lodgings revealed to the police that Veck had gone to [[Portsmouth]] and was returning shortly by train. The police met and arrested Veck at [[London Waterloo station|London Waterloo railway station]]. In his pockets they discovered letters from Algernon Allies. Abberline sent Constable Hanks to interview Allies at his parents' home in [[Sudbury, Suffolk]]. Allies admitted to receiving money from Somerset, having a sexual relationship with him, and working at Cleveland Street for Hammond.<ref>Aronson, pp.134–135 and Hyde, ''The Cleveland Street Scandal'', pp.34–35</ref> On 22 August, police interviewed Somerset for a second time, after which Somerset left for [[Bad Homburg]],<ref>Hyde, ''The Cleveland Street Scandal'', p.35</ref> where the Prince of Wales was taking his summer holiday.<ref>Hyde, ''The Cleveland Street Scandal'', p.38</ref>

On 11 September, Newlove and Veck were committed for trial. Their defence was handled by Somerset's [[solicitor]], Arthur Newton, with [[Sir Charles Willie Mathews, 1st Baronet|Willie Mathews]] appearing for Newlove, and Charles Gill for Veck. Somerset paid the legal fees.<ref>Hyde, ''The Cleveland Street Scandal'', pp.35, 45, 47</ref> By this time, Somerset had moved on to [[Hanover]], to inspect some horses for the Prince of Wales, and the press was referring to "noble lords" implicated in the trial.<ref>Hyde, ''The Cleveland Street Scandal'', pp.42, 46</ref> Newlove and Veck pleaded guilty to indecency on 18 September and the judge, Sir Thomas Chambers, a former [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal]] [[Member of Parliament]] who had a reputation for leniency, sentenced them to four and nine months' hard labour respectively.<ref>Hyde, ''The Cleveland Street Scandal'', pp.47–53</ref> The boys were also given sentences that were considered at the time to be very lenient.<ref>Aronson, p.137</ref> Hammond escaped to France, but the French authorities expelled him after pressure from the British. Hammond moved on to Belgium from where he emigrated to the United States. Newton, acting for Somerset, paid for Hammond's passage.<ref>Hyde, ''The Cleveland Street Scandal'', pp.74–77</ref> On the advice of the Prime Minister, [[Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury|Lord Salisbury]], no extradition proceedings were attempted, and the case against Hammond was quietly dropped.<ref>Aronson, p.136 and Hyde, ''The Cleveland Street Scandal'', pp.27, 34</ref>

Somerset returned to Britain in late September to attend horse sales at [[Newmarket, Suffolk|Newmarket]] but suddenly left for [[Dieppe, Seine-Maritime|Dieppe]] on 26 September, probably after being told by Newton that he was in danger of arrest.<ref>Hyde, ''The Cleveland Street Scandal'', p.61</ref> He returned again on 30 September. A few days later, his grandmother, Emily Somerset, Duchess of Beaufort, died and he attended her funeral.<ref>Aronson, p.140 and Hyde, ''The Cleveland Street Scandal'', pp.80–81</ref> [[Hamilton Cuffe, 5th Earl of Desart|The Hon. Hamilton Cuffe]], [[Treasury Solicitor's Department|Assistant Treasury Solicitor]], and [[James Monro]], [[Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis|Commissioner of Police]], pressed for action to be taken against Somerset, but the [[Lord Chancellor]], [[Hardinge Giffard, 1st Earl of Halsbury|Lord Halsbury]], blocked any prosecution.<ref>Hyde, ''The Cleveland Street Scandal'', pp.82–86</ref> Rumours of Somerset's involvement were circulating and on 19 October Somerset fled back to France. Lord Salisbury was later accused of warning Somerset through Sir [[Dighton Probyn]], who had met Lord Salisbury the evening before, that a warrant for his arrest was imminent.<ref>Aronson, p.142</ref> This was denied by Lord Salisbury<ref>Hyde, ''The Cleveland Street Scandal'', p.93</ref> and the [[Attorney General]], Sir [[Richard Webster, 1st Viscount Alverstone|Richard Webster]].<ref>Hyde, ''The Cleveland Street Scandal'', p.94</ref> The Prince of Wales wrote to Lord Salisbury expressing satisfaction that Somerset had been allowed to leave the country and asked that if Somerset should "ever dare to show his face in England again" he would remain unmolested by the authorities,<ref>Hyde, ''The Cleveland Street Scandal'', p.97</ref> but Lord Salisbury was also being pressured by the police to prosecute Somerset. On 12 November, a warrant for Somerset's arrest was finally issued.<ref>Aronson, p.144 and Hyde, ''The Cleveland Street Scandal'', pp.98–99</ref> By this time, Somerset was already safely abroad and the warrant caught little public attention.<ref>Aronson, p.150</ref> After an unsuccessful search for employment in [[Turkey]] and [[Austria-Hungary]], Somerset lived the rest of his life in self-imposed and comfortable exile in the south of France.<ref>Aronson, p.175</ref>

== Public revelations ==
[[Image:AlVicarticle.jpg|frame|left|American newspapers claimed that Prince Albert Victor was "mixed up" in the scandal.]]

Because the press barely covered the story, the affair would have faded quickly from public memory if not for journalist Ernest Parke. The editor of the obscure [[Political radicalism|politically radical]] weekly ''The North London Press'', Parke got wind of the affair when one of his reporters brought him the story of Newlove's conviction. Parke began to question why the rent boys had been given such light sentences relative to their offence (the usual penalty for "gross indecency" was two years) and how Hammond had been able to evade arrest. His curiosity aroused, Parke found out that the boys had named prominent aristocrats. He subsequently ran a story on 28 September hinting at their involvement but without detailing specific names.<ref>Hyde, ''The Cleveland Street Scandal'', pp.106–107</ref> It was only on 16 November that he published a follow up story specifically naming Henry Fitzroy, Earl of Euston in "an indescribably loathsome scandal in Cleveland Street".<ref>''North London Press'', 16 November 1889, quoted in Hyde, ''The Other Love'', p.125</ref> He further alleged that Euston may have gone to Peru and that he had been allowed to escape to cover up the involvement of a more highly placed person,<ref name=hyde125>Hyde, ''The Other Love'', p.125 and Aronson, p.150</ref> who was not named but was believed by some to be Prince Albert Victor, the son of the Prince of Wales.<ref>Hyde, ''The Other Love'', p.123</ref>

Euston was in fact still in England and immediately filed a case against Parke for libel. At the trial, Euston admitted that when walking along [[Piccadilly]] a [[tout]] had given him a card which read "''Poses plastiques''. C. Hammond, 19 Cleveland Street". Euston testified that he went to the house believing ''Poses plastiques'' meant a display of female nudes. He paid a [[Sovereign (British coin)|sovereign]] to get in but upon entering Euston said he was appalled to discover the "improper" nature of the place and immediately left. The defence witnesses contradicted each other, and could not describe Euston accurately.<ref>Aronson, pp.151–159 and ''The Cleveland Street Scandal'', pp.113–116, 139–143</ref> The final defence witness, John Saul, was a male prostitute who admitted to earning his living by leading an "immoral life" and "practising criminality".<ref>Saul quoted in Hyde, ''The Cleveland Street Scandal'', pp.146–147</ref> The defence did not call either Newlove or Veck as witnesses, and could not produce any evidence that Euston had left the country. On 16 January 1890, the jury found Parke guilty and the judge sentenced him to twelve months in prison.<ref>Aronson, pp.151–159 and Hyde, ''The Other Love'', p.125–127</ref> [[H. Montgomery Hyde]], an eminent historian of homosexuality, later wrote that there was little doubt that Euston was telling the truth and only visited Cleveland Street once because he was misled by the card.<ref>Hyde, ''The Other Love'', p.127</ref>

The judge, Sir [[Henry Hawkins, 1st Baron Brampton|Henry Hawkins]], had a distinguished career, as did the other lawyers employed in the case. The prosecuting counsels, [[Charles Russell, Baron Russell of Killowen|Charles Russell]] and [[Sir Charles Willie Mathews, 1st Baronet|Willie Mathews]], went on to become [[Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales|Lord Chief Justice]] and [[Director of Public Prosecutions]], respectively. The defence counsel, [[Frank Lockwood]], later became [[Solicitor General for England and Wales]], and he was assisted by [[H. H. Asquith]], who became [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]] twenty years later.<ref>Aronson, p.153 and Hyde, ''The Cleveland Street Scandal'', p.135</ref>

While Parke's conviction cleared Euston, another trial began on 16 December 1889 when Newlove's and Somerset's solicitor, Arthur Newton, was charged with [[obstruction of justice]]. It was alleged that he conspired to prevent Hammond and the boys from testifying, by offering or giving them passage and money to go abroad. Newton was defended by Charles Russell, who had prosecuted Ernest Parke, and the prosecutor was Sir Richard Webster, the Attorney General. Newton pleaded guilty to one of the six charges against him, claiming that he had assisted Hammond to flee merely to protect his clients, who were not at that time charged with any offence or under arrest, from potential blackmail. The Attorney General accepted Newton's pleas and did not present any evidence on the other five charges.<ref>Hyde, ''The Cleveland Street Scandal'', pp.162–207</ref> On 20 May, the judge, Sir [[Lewis Cave]], sentenced Newton to six weeks in prison,<ref>Aronson, p.173</ref> which was widely considered by members of the legal profession to be harsh. A petition signed by 250 London law firms was sent to the [[Home Secretary]], [[Henry Matthews, 1st Viscount Llandaff|Henry Matthews]], protesting at Newton's treatment.<ref>Hyde, ''The Cleveland Street Scandal'', pp.208–212</ref>

[[Image:Henry Labouchère.jpg|thumb|right|[[Henry Labouchère]] accused the government of conspiring to hush up the scandal.]]

During Newton's trial, a motion was brought forth in [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|Parliament]] to further investigate Parke's allegations of a cover-up. [[Henry Labouchère]], a [[Member of Parliament]] from the Radical wing of the [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal Party]], was staunchly against homosexuality and had campaigned successfully to add the "gross indecency" amendment (known as the "[[Labouchere Amendment|Labouchère Amendment]]") to the [[Criminal Law Amendment Act of 1885]]. He was convinced that the conspiracy to cover up the scandal went further up the government than assumed. Labouchère made his suspicions known in Parliament on 28 February 1890. He denied that "a gentleman of very high position"—presumably Prince Albert Victor—was in any way involved with the scandal, but accused the government of conspiracy to pervert the course of justice by hampering the investigation, allowing Somerset and Hammond to escape, delaying the trials and failing to prosecute the case with vigour. Labouchère's accusations were rebutted by the Attorney General, Sir Richard Webster, who was also the prosecutor in the Newton case. Charles Russell, who had prosecuted Parke and was defending Newton, sat on the Liberal benches with Labouchère but refused to be drawn into the debate. After an often passionate debate over seven hours, during which Labouchère was expelled from Parliament after saying "I do not believe Lord Salisbury" and refusing to withdraw his remark, the motion was defeated by a wide margin, 206–66.<ref>Hyde, ''The Cleveland Street Scandal'', pp.215–231</ref><!--Reference for the entire paragraph-->

== Aftermath ==
Public interest in the scandal eventually faded. Nevertheless, newspaper coverage reinforced negative attitudes about male homosexuality as an aristocratic vice, presenting the telegraph boys as corrupted and exploited by members of the upper class. This attitude reached its climax a few years later when [[Oscar Wilde]] was tried for gross indecency as the result of his affair with [[Lord Alfred Douglas]].

Oscar Wilde alluded to the scandal in ''[[The Picture of Dorian Gray]]'', first published in 1890.<ref>In chapter 12 of the original 1890 version, one of the characters, Basil Hallward, refers to "Sir Henry Ashton, who had to leave England, with a tarnished name".</ref> Reviews of the novel were hostile; in a clear reference to the Cleveland Street scandal, one reviewer called it suitable for "none but outlawed noblemen and perverted telegraph boys".<ref>"Reviews and Magazines". ''Scots Observer'' 5 July 1890, p.181</ref><ref>Bristow, Joseph (2006). "Introduction" In: Wilde, Oscar. ''The Picture of Dorian Gray''. Oxford World's Classic, Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-280729-8. p.xxi</ref><ref name=ackroyd>[[Peter Ackroyd|Ackroyd, Peter]] (1985) "Appendix 2: Introduction to the First Penguin Classics Edition" In: Wilde, Oscar. ''The Picture of Dorian Gray''. Penguin Classics, Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-043784-3. pp.224–225</ref> Wilde's 1891 revision of the novel omitted certain key passages, which were considered too homoerotic.<ref name=ackroyd/><ref>Mighall, Robert (2000). "Introduction" In: Wilde, Oscar. ''The Picture of Dorian Gray''. Penguin Classics, Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-043784-3. p.xvi</ref> In 1895, Wilde unsuccessfully sued Lord Alfred's father, [[John Douglas, 9th Marquess of Queensberry|the Marquess of Queensberry]], for libel. [[Edward Carson, Baron Carson|Sir Edward Carson]], Lord Queensberry's counsel, used quotes from the novel against Wilde and questioned him about his associations with young working men.<ref>Kaplan, Morris B. (2004). "Literature in the Dock: The Trials of Oscar Wilde". ''Journal of Law and Society'' '''31:''' (No. 1) 113–130</ref> After the failure of his suit, Wilde was charged with gross indecency, found guilty and subsequently sentenced to two years' hard labour. He was prosecuted by Charles Gill, who had defended Veck in the Cleveland Street case.<ref>Hyde, ''The Cleveland Street Scandal'', p.45</ref>

[[Image:Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence (1864-1892) by William (1829-18 ) and Daniel Downey (18 -1881.jpg|thumb|left|[[Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale|Prince Albert Victor of Wales]] was created Duke of Clarence and Avondale the year after the scandal.]]

Prince Albert Victor died in 1892, but society gossip about his sex life continued. Sixty years after the scandal the official biographer of [[George V of the United Kingdom|King George V]], [[Harold Nicolson]], was told by [[Rayner Goddard, Baron Goddard|Lord Goddard]], who was a twelve-year-old schoolboy at the time of the scandal, that Prince Albert Victor "had been involved in a male brothel scene, and that a solicitor had to commit perjury to clear him. The solicitor was [[struck off]] the rolls for his offence, but was thereafter reinstated."<ref>Lees-Milne, p.231</ref> In fact, none of the lawyers involved in the case were convicted of perjury or struck off at the time, indeed most had very distinguished careers. However, Arthur Newton was struck off for 12 months for professional misconduct in 1910 after falsifying letters from another of his clients—the notorious murderer [[Harvey Crippen]].<ref>Cook, pp.284–285</ref> In 1913, he was struck off indefinitely and sentenced to three years' imprisonment for obtaining money by false pretences.<ref>Cook, pp.285–286 and Hyde, ''The Cleveland Street Scandal'', p.253</ref> Newton may have invented and spread the rumours about Prince Albert Victor in an attempt to protect his clients from prosecution by forcing a cover-up.<ref>[http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/H/history/e-h/eddy6.html ''Prince Eddy: The King We Never Had''.] [[Channel 4]]. Accessed 28 March 2008.</ref> [[State paper]]s on the case in the [[Public Records Office]], released to the public in the 1970s, provide no information on the prince's involvement other than Newton's threat to implicate him.<ref>Cook, pp.172–173</ref> Hamilton Cuffe wrote to the Director of Public Prosecutions, [[Augustus Stephenson|Sir Augustus Stephenson]], "I am told that Newton has boasted that if we go on a very distinguished person will be involved (PAV). I don't mean to say that I for one instant credit it—but in such circumstances as this one never knows what may be said, be concocted or be true."<ref>Hyde, ''The Cleveland Street Scandal'', p.55</ref> Surviving private letters from Somerset to his friend [[Reginald Brett, 2nd Viscount Esher|Lord Esher]], confirm that Somerset knew of the rumours but did not know if they were true. He writes, "I can quite understand the Prince of Wales being much annoyed at his son's name being coupled with the thing&nbsp;... we were both accused of going to this place but not together&nbsp;... I wonder if it is really a fact or only an invention."<ref>Lord Arthur Somerset to Reginald Brett, 2nd Viscount Esher, 10 December 1889, quoted in Cook, p.197</ref> In his correspondence, Sir [[Dighton Probyn]] refers to "cruel and unjust rumours with regard to PAV" and "false reports dragging PAV's name into the sad story".<ref>Hyde, ''The Cleveland Street Scandal'', p.127</ref> When Prince Albert Victor's name appeared in the American press, the ''[[New York Herald]]'' published an anonymous letter, almost certainly written by [[Charles Hall (1843–1900)|Charles Hall]], saying "there is not, and never was, the slightest excuse for mentioning the name of Prince Albert Victor."<ref>Hyde, ''The Cleveland Street Scandal'', p.129</ref> Biographers who believe the rumours suppose that Prince Albert Victor was bisexual,<ref>Aronson, pp.116–120, 170, 217</ref> but this is strongly contested by others who refer to him as "ardently heterosexual" and his involvement in the rumours as "somewhat unfair".<ref>Bradford, p.10</ref>

== Notes and sources ==
{{reflist|2}}

== References ==
* [[Theo Aronson|Aronson, Theo]] (1994). ''Prince Eddy and the Homosexual Underworld''. London: John Murray. ISBN 0-7195-5278-8
* Bradford, Sarah (1989). ''King George VI''. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 0-297-79667-4
* Cook, Andrew (2006). ''Prince Eddy: The King Britain Never Had''. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Tempus Publishing Ltd. ISBN 0-7524-3410-1
* [[H. Montgomery Hyde|Hyde, H. Montgomery]] (1970). ''The Other Love: An Historical and Contemporary Survey of Homosexuality in Britain''. London: Heinemann. ISBN 0-434-35902-5
* Hyde, H. Montgomery (1976). ''The Cleveland Street Scandal''. London: W. H. Allen. ISBN 0-491-01995-5
* [[James Lees-Milne|Lees-Milne, James]] (1981). ''Harold Nicolson: A Biography. Volume 2: 1930–1968'' London: Chatto & Windus. ISBN 0-7011-2602-7

== Further reading ==
* Simpson, Colin; Chester, Lewis and Leitch, David (1976). ''The Cleveland Street Affair''. Boston: Little, Brown.

== External links ==
* [http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/H/history/e-h/eddy6.html ''Prince Eddy: The King We Never Had''.] [[Channel 4]]. Accessed 28 March 2008.
* Wikholm, Andrew (1999). [http://www.gayhistory.com/rev2/events/1889.htm Scandal on Cleveland Street]. Accessed 28 March 2008.

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[[Category:1889 in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Sex scandals]]
[[Category:LGBT history of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Victorian pederasty]]
[[Category:History of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Sexual orientation and history]]

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