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===[[Pentagon Centre]]===
{{redirect|WP:DATE|the other guideline|Wikipedia:Avoid statements that will date quickly}}
{{REMOVE THIS TEMPLATE WHEN CLOSING THIS AfD|O}}
{{Mergesection | Manual of Style (text formatting) | Symbols for variables in formulas | Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style (dates and numbers)#Text formatting math section merge proposal |date=September 2008 }}
{{style-guideline|WP:MOSNUM|WP:DATE|MOS:DATE|MOS:NUM}}
{{Style}}
<!--PLEASE MAKE MINOR CHANGES TO THIS TEXT ALSO TO THE EQUIVALENT TEXT AT MOS. MORE SIGNIFICANT CHANGES, ESPECIALLY IN POLICY, NEED TO BE FLAGGED AT MOS TALK PAGE BEFORE IMPLEMENTATION HERE AND AT MOS, UNLESS THEY INVOLVE SECTIONS HERE THAT HAVE NO EQUIVALENT AT MOS (e.g., GEOGRAPHICAL COORDINATES).-->
This part of the '''[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style|Manual of Style]]''' aims to achieve consistency in the use and formatting of dates and numbers in Wikipedia articles. Consistent standards make articles easier to read, write and edit. Where this manual provides options, consistency should be maintained within an article, unless there is a good reason to do otherwise. In direct quotations, the original text should be preserved.


:{{la|Pentagon Centre}} (<span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Pentagon Centre|wpReason={{urlencode: [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Pentagon Centre]]}}&action=delete}} delete]</span>) – <includeonly>([[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Pentagon Centre|View AfD]])</includeonly><noinclude>([[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Log/2008 October 10#{{anchorencode:Pentagon Centre}}|View log]])</noinclude>
In June 2005, the [[Wikipedia:Arbitration Committee|Arbitration Committee]] stated [[Wikipedia:Requests_for_arbitration/Jguk#Optional_styles|that when either of two styles]] is acceptable, it is inappropriate for an editor to change an article from one to the other without substantial reason. For example, with respect to British date formats as opposed to American it would be acceptable to change from American format to British if the article concerned a British subject. [[WP:EDITWAR|Edit warring]] over optional styles (such as 14 February and February 14) is unacceptable. If an article has been stable in a given style, it should not be converted without a style-independent reason. Where in doubt, defer to the style used by the first major contributor.
Non-notable shopping mall. [[User:Largoplazo|—Largo Plazo]] ([[User talk:Largoplazo|talk]]) 22:52, 10 October 2008 (UTC)


::I feel this shopping center is notable enough since it is adjacent to a very well-known mall, [[Fashion Centre at Pentagon City]], is featured in its article, and would not fit within the article for Fashion Centre. Regardless, most of the shopping centers listed under [[Template:DC Malls]] are not notable. --[[User:Old Guard|Old Guard]] ([[User talk:Old Guard|talk]]) 23:07, 10 October 2008 (UTC)
== Non-breaking spaces ==
:::By the theory of "six degrees of separation", if everything next to something notable or mentioned in an article about something notable is considered inherently notable as a result, then everything would be notable. Then nothing would be. The argument that (something else) is an article and isn't notable is irrelevant, because if they aren't, then they're subject to deletion as well.[[User:Largoplazo|—Largo Plazo]] ([[User talk:Largoplazo|talk]]) 23:09, 10 October 2008 (UTC)
<div style="float:right; width:70px;">{{Shortcut|WP:NBSP}}</div>
::*A mall is a mall is a mall... Would anyone care to dig through these sources [http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=Pentagon+Centre][http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=Pentagon+Centre%2C+awards][http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=%22Pentagon+Centre%22%2C+history] to establish some special notability? '''[[User:MichaelQSchmidt|<font color="blue">Schmidt,</font>]]''' ''[[User talk:MichaelQSchmidt|<b><sup><small>MICHAEL Q.</small></sup></b>]]'' 23:21, 10 October 2008 (UTC)
:''See also: [[Wikipedia:Line break handling]] and [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Non-breaking spaces]]''
::**I frequent these malls, and I can imagine that [[Pentagon Row]], the other mall that I flagged at the same time as this one, might have garnered an award, as one of the newer livable smart-growth outdoor malls with consolidated residential space; I'll take a look. But this one? It's a nondescript building with a homely interior with a CostCo, a Marshall's, a Linens and Things, a Best Buy, a Borders, a Chevy's, and (surprise!) a Starbucks. No way there's anything remarkable about it.[[User:Largoplazo|—Largo Plazo]] ([[User talk:Largoplazo|talk]]) 23:40, 10 October 2008 (UTC)

::***So you're saying you flagged [[Pentagon Row]] for deletion and will ''now'' investigate whether it's notable?--[[User:Samuel J. Howard|Samuel J. Howard]] ([[User talk:Samuel J. Howard|talk]]) 01:51, 11 October 2008 (UTC)
*Wikipedia recommends the use of a [[non-breaking space]] (also known as a ''hard space'') when necessary to prevent the end-of-line displacement of elements that would be awkward at the beginning of a new line:
::****Part of the dynamic of these discussions is that someone might make a point that someone else hadn't already considered. It hadn't occurred to me before to think of it in terms of having won an award. Originally I'd been thinking in terms of, "Gee, it has a Noodle & Company, a Baja Fresh, a Hallmark store, and a Harris Teeter. How does this distinguish it from 50,000 other shopping malls in this country alone?" In fact, the realization that there might be something I don't know about how shopping malls are judged de facto for notability purposes (not de jure&#8212;there is no operative notability policy specifically for shopping malls on Wikipedia at the moment), as well as leaving open the possibility that someone might make some points in favor of keeping the article, is why I didn't just request speedy deletion under [[WP:CSD#A7]]. [[User:Largoplazo|—Largo Plazo]] ([[User talk:Largoplazo|talk]]) 01:58, 11 October 2008 (UTC)
**in compound expressions in which figures and abbreviations or symbols are separated by a space (''17&nbsp;kg'', ''AD&nbsp;565'', ''2:50&nbsp;pm'');
::*****But the article is not about "a real person, organization (band, club, company, etc.), or web content", so [[WP:CSD#A7]] wouldn't apply anyways.--[[User:Samuel J. Howard|Samuel J. Howard]] ([[User talk:Samuel J. Howard|talk]]) 02:34, 11 October 2008 (UTC)
**on the left side of spaced en dashes, if necessary for comprehension; and
::******A shopping mall isn't an organzation (a company or a segment thereof)?[[User:Largoplazo|—Largo Plazo]] ([[User talk:Largoplazo|talk]]) 02:37, 11 October 2008 (UTC)
**in other places where displacement might be disruptive to the reader, such as ''£11&nbsp;billion'', ''5°&nbsp;24′&nbsp;21.12″&nbsp;N'', ''Boeing&nbsp;747'', and the first two items in ''7&nbsp;World Trade Center''.
::*******No, it's pretty clearly a [[Wikipedia:Notability (Buildings, structures, and landmarks)|building or structure]].--[[User:Samuel J. Howard|Samuel J. Howard]] ([[User talk:Samuel J. Howard|talk]]) 02:50, 11 October 2008 (UTC)
* A hard space can be produced with the HTML code <code><nowiki>&amp;nbsp;</nowiki></code> instead of the space bar: <code><nowiki>19&amp;nbsp;kg</nowiki></code> yields a non-breaking ''19&nbsp;kg''.
::********But despite that '''Delete''' this place doesn't meet the notability standard there either. The Pentagon Centre in Chatham,--[[User:Samuel J. Howard|Samuel J. Howard]] ([[User talk:Samuel J. Howard|talk]]) 03:06, 11 October 2008 (UTC) UK might though...
* A literal hard space should not be used since some browsers will not load them properly when editing.
::*********It isn't clear to me. Anyway, note that while the (proposed!) buildings article doesn't mention malls, it mentions two other kinds of places where consumers spend money, and in each of those cases it refers the reader to WP:CORP for the applicable criteria.[[User:Largoplazo|—Largo Plazo]] ([[User talk:Largoplazo|talk]]) 23:38, 13 October 2008 (UTC)
* Hard spaces can also be produced by using the {{tl|nowrap}} template: {{tlc|nowrap|8 sq ft}} produces a non-breaking ''{{nowrap|8 sq ft}}''. This is especially useful for short constructions requiring two or more hard spaces, as in the preceding example. Template {{tlf|nowrap}} has the disadvantage that if the enclosed text starts or ends with a space, these spaces are forced outside in the resulting HTML, and unpredicted breaks may occur. If <code>&amp;nbsp;</code> occurs right before {{tlf|nowrap}}, or at the start of text within {{tlf|nowrap}}, some browsers allow a break at that point.
::**********"in each of those cases it refers the reader to WP:CORP for the applicable criteria" That's only true for chains and we're talking about shopping malls, not chains of shopping malls. In cases not related to chains it goes back to the same criteria as for other structures.--[[User:Samuel J. Howard|Samuel J. Howard]] ([[User talk:Samuel J. Howard|talk]]) 00:13, 14 October 2008 (UTC)
* In some older browsers, quotation marks separated by a hard space are broken at the end of a line: ("She said 'Yes!'&nbsp;").
*'''Delete''' no sources found. [[User:TenPoundHammer|<span style="color:green">Ten Pound Hammer</span>]] and his otters • <sup>([[Special:Contributions/TenPoundHammer|Broken clamshells]] • [[:User talk:TenPoundHammer|Otter chirps]] • [[:User:TenPoundHammer/Country|HELP]])</sup> 00:34, 11 October 2008 (UTC)
* Unlike normal spaces, multiple hard spaces are not compressed by browsers into a single space.
*<small>'''Note''': This debate has been included in the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Deletion sorting/Malls|list of Malls-related deletion discussions]]. </small> <small>-- [[User:TenPoundHammer|<span style="color:green">Ten Pound Hammer</span>]] and his otters • <sup>([[Special:Contributions/TenPoundHammer|Broken clamshells]] • [[:User talk:TenPoundHammer|Otter chirps]] • [[:User:TenPoundHammer/Country|HELP]])</sup> 00:34, 11 October 2008 (UTC)</small>

==Chronological items==
===Precise language===
Avoid statements that will date quickly, except on pages that are regularly updated, such as those that cover [[Wikipedia:How the Current events page works|current events]]. Avoid such items as ''recently'' and ''soon'' (unless their meaning is clear in a storyline), ''currently'' (except on rare occasions when it is not redundant), and ''is soon to be superseded''. Instead, use either:
*more precise items (''since the start of 2005''; ''during the 1990s''; ''is expected to be superseded by 2008''); or
*an ''as of'' phrase (''as of August 2007''), which is a signal to readers of the time-dependence of the statement, and to later editors of the need to update the statement (see [[Wikipedia:As of|''As of'']]).

===Time of day===
Context determines whether the [[12-hour clock|12-]] or [[24-hour clock|24-hour]] clock is used; in both, colons separate hours, minutes and seconds (''1:38:09 pm'' and ''13:38:09'').
*'''12-hour clock times''' end with dotted or undotted lower-case ''a.m.'' or ''p.m.'', or ''am'' or ''pm'', which are spaced (''2:30 p.m.'' or ''2:30 pm'', not ''2:30p.m.'' or ''2:30pm''). ''Noon'' and ''midnight'' are used rather than ''12 pm'' and ''12 am''; whether ''midnight'' refers to the start or the end of a date will need to be specified unless this is clear from the context.
*'''24-hour clock times''' have no a.m., p.m., noon or midnight suffix. Discretion may be used as to whether the hour has a leading zero (''08:15'' or ''8:15''). ''00:00'' refers to midnight at the start of a date, ''12:00'' to noon, and ''24:00'' to midnight at the end of a date but should not be used for the first hour of the next day e.g. use ''00:10'' for ten minutes after midnight.

Time of day is normally expressed in figures rather than being spelled-out. For further information and information on time intervals (e.g. 5 minutes) see the [[#Numbers as figures or words|"Numbers as figures or words"]] section.

===Day, month and season names===
See [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style (capital letters)#Calendar items]]

===Dates===
* Wikipedia does not use ordinal suffixes, articles, or leading zeros. Wikipedia does not insert a comma between month and year; however, a comma is required between day and year.

:{| class="wikitable"
!style="text-align:left"|[[Image:X mark.svg|11px]] Incorrect
!style="text-align:left"|[[Image:Yes check.svg|11px]] Correct
|-
| 9th May<br>the 9th of May || 9 May
|-
| May 9th || May 9
|-
| May, 2001 || May 2001
|-
| 9 May, 2001<br>09 May 2001 || 9 May 2001
|-
| May 9 2001 <br>May 09, 2001|| May 9, 2001
|}

* If a date range is abbreviated, use the formats ''5–7 January 1979'' or ''January 5–7, 2002'', with an unspaced [[Wikipedia:DASH#Dashes|en-dash]].
* A night may be expressed in terms of the two contiguous dates using a slash (''the bombing raids of the night of 30/31 May 1942'').
* Yearless dates (''5 March'', ''March 5'') are inappropriate unless the year is obvious from the context. There is no such ambiguity with recurring events, such as "January 1 is New Year's Day".
* YYYY-MM-DD style dates (''1976-05-31'') are uncommon in English prose, and are generally not used in Wikipedia. However, they may be useful in long lists and tables for conciseness and ease of comparison. Because some perceive dates in that style to be in conformance with the current [[ISO 8601]] standard, that format should never be used for a date that is not in the (proleptic) [[Gregorian calendar]], nor for any year outside the range 1583 through 9999.
* Dates (years, months, day and month, full dates) should not be [[Help:Link|linked]], unless there is a reason to do so.<ref>What these reasons might be is currently under discussion at the [[WT:MOSNUM|talk page]].</ref>

====Full date formatting====

In general, the following formats are acceptable:

* '''Month before day:''' ''February 14'' and ''February 14, 1990'' (comma required)
* '''Day before month:''' ''14 February'' and ''14 February 1990''
Date formatting in an article is governed by the following three guidelines.

=====Format consistency=====

* Dates in article body text should all have the same format.
* Dates in article references should all have the same format.

These requirements apply to dates in general prose and reference citations, but not to dates in quotations or titles.

=====Strong national ties to a topic=====
*Articles on topics with strong ties to a particular English-speaking country should generally use the more common date format for that nation. For the U.S. this is month before day; for most others it is day before month. Articles related to Canada may use either format consistently.
*In certain subject areas the customary format may differ from the usual national one: for example, articles on the modern U.S. military often use day before month, in accordance with usage in that field.

=====Retaining the existing format=====

* If an article has evolved using predominantly one format, the whole article should conform to it, unless there are reasons for changing it on the basis of strong national ties to the topic.
* In the early stages of writing an article, the date format chosen by the first major contributor to the article should be used, unless there is reason to change it on the basis of strong national ties to the topic. Where an article that is not a [[Wikipedia:stub|stub]] shows no clear sign of which format is used, the first person to insert a date is equivalent to "the first major contributor".

====Dates of birth and death====

At the start of an article on an individual, his or her dates of birth and death are provided. For example: "'''Charles Darwin''' (12&nbsp;February 1809 &ndash; 19&nbsp;April 1882) was a British ..."

* For an individual still living: "'''Serena Williams''' (born September&nbsp;26, 1981) ...", not "... (September&nbsp;26, 1981 &ndash;) ..."
* When only the years are known: "'''Socrates''' (470&ndash;399 BC) was..."
* When the year of birth is completely unknown, it should be extrapolated from earliest known period of activity: "'''Offa of Mercia''' (before 734 &ndash; 26&nbsp;July 796) ..."
* When the year of birth is known only approximately: "'''Genghis Khan''' (c.&nbsp;1162 &ndash; August&nbsp;18, 1227) ..."
* When the years of both birth and death are known only approximately: "'''Dionysius Exiguus''' (c. 470 &ndash; c. 540) ..."
* When the year of death is completely unknown, it should be extrapolated from last known period of activity: "'''Robert Menli Lyon''' (1789 &ndash; after 1863) ..."
* When the reign of a sovereign is uncertain: "'''Rameses III''' (reigned c. 1180 BCE &ndash; c. 1150 BCE) ..."
* When the individual is known to have been alive (flourishing) at certain dates, <code><nowiki>[[floruit|fl.]]</nowiki></code> is used to link to [[floruit]], in case the meaning is not familiar: "'''Osmund''' ([[floruit|fl.]] 760&ndash;772) ..."
* When the individual is known to have been alive as early as about 660, and to have died in 685: "'''Aethelwalh''' ([[floruit|fl.]] c. 660&ndash;685) ..."
* Locations of birth and death are given subsequently rather than being entangled with the dates.

In biographical [[WP:INFOBOX|infobox templates]], provide age calculation with {{tl|birth date and age}} for living people and {{tl|death date and age}} for the deceased when the full birth or death date, respectively, is known. (However, avoid these templates unless both dates are in the Gregorian calendar, due to possibly inaccurate calculations if the birth date is Julian and the death date is Gregorian, or the end of a Julian century intervenes.)

====Other date ranges====

Dates that are given as ranges should follow the same patterns as given above for birth and death dates. Ranges that come up to the present (as of the time that the information was added to the article) should generally be given in ways that prevent their becoming counterfactually obsolete, e.g. ''from 1996 onward (as of October 2007)'', not ''from 1996 to the present''; "the present" is a constantly moving target. In the main text of articles, the form ''1996&ndash;'' (with no date after the en-dash) should not be used, though it is preferred in infoboxes and other crowded templates or lists, with the caveat that they may need to be examined by editors more frequently to see if they need to be updated; it is helpful to other editors to add an HTML comment immediately after such constructions, giving the as-of date, e.g.: <code><nowiki><!--as of 10 October 2007--></nowiki></code>. The form ''since 1996'' should be used in favor of ''1996&ndash;present'' in article text and infoboxes.

===Longer periods===
*'''Months''' are expressed as whole words (''February'', not ''2''), except in the ISO 8601 format; months (and days of the week) are proper nouns, and therefore capitalized. Abbreviations such as ''Feb'' are used only where space is extremely limited, such as in tables and infoboxes. Do not insert ''of'' between a month and a year (''April 2000'', not ''April of 2000'').
{{shortcut|WP:SEASON}}
*'''Seasons'''. Because the seasons are not simply reversed in each hemisphere &ndash; and areas near the equator tend to have just [[wet season|wet]] and [[dry season]]s &ndash; neutral wording may be preferable (''in early 1990'', ''in the second quarter of 2003'', ''around September''). Use a date or month rather than a season name, unless there is a logical connection (''the autumn harvest''). Seasons are normally spelled with a lower-case initial.
*'''Years'''
:*Years are normally expressed in digits. Avoid inserting the words ''the year'' before the digits (''1995'', not ''the year 1995''), unless the meaning would otherwise be unclear.
:*Year ranges, like all ranges, are separated by an en dash, not a hyphen or slash (''2005–08'', not ''2005-08'' or ''2005/08''). A closing CE/AD year is normally written with two digits (''1881–86'') unless it is in a different century from that of the opening year (''1881–1986''). The full closing year is acceptable, but abbreviating it to a single digit (''1881–6'') or three digits (''1881–886'') is not. A closing BCE or BC year is given in full (''2590–2550&nbsp;BCE''). While one era signifier at the end of a date range requires an unspaced en dash (''12–5&nbsp;BC''), a spaced en dash is required when a signifier is used after the opening and closing years (''5 BC&nbsp;–&nbsp;AD&nbsp;29'').
:*A slash may be used to indicate regular defined yearly periods that do not coincide with calendar years (''the financial year 1993/94'', ''the 1999/2000 snooker season'').
:*To indicate ''around''/''approximately''/''about'', the abbreviations ''c.'' and ''ca.'' are preferred over ''circa'', ''approximately'' or ''approx.'', and are spaced (''c.&nbsp;1291''). Do not use a question mark for this function (''1291?''), as this may imply to the reader an uncertainty on the part of Wikipedia editors rather than on the part of reliable historians.
*'''Decades'''
**Decades as such contain no apostrophe (''the 1980s'', not ''the 1980's''). The two-digit form is never used in reference to the decade as a time span ''per se''.
**The two-digit style, to which a preceding apostrophe is typically added, is used only in reference to a social era or cultural phenomenon that roughly corresponds to and is said to define a decade, and only if it is used in a sourceable stock phrase (''the Roaring '20s'', ''the Gay '90s''), or ''when there is a notable connection'' between the period and what is being discussed in the sentence (''a sense of social justice informed by '60s counterculture'', but ''grew up in 1960s Boston, moving to Dallas in 1971''). Such an abbreviation should not be used if it would be redundant (''<nowiki>'</nowiki>80s Reaganomics'') or if it does not have a clear cultural significance and usage (''the '10s'').
*'''Centuries and millennia'''
**There was no [[year zero|year 0]]. So for dates AD (or CE) the 1st century was 1–100, the 17th century was 1601–1700, and the second millennium was 1001–2000; for dates BC (or BCE) the 1st century was 100–1; the 17th century was 1700–1601, and the second millennium was 2000–1001.
**Do not capitalize ''century'' or ''millennium'' unless other circumstances require it.
**Forms such as ''the 1700s'' are normally best avoided (although the difference in meaning should be noted: ''the 1700s'' is 1700–1799, whereas the ''18th century'' is 1701–1800).

===Year numbering systems===
{{shortcut|WP:ERA}}
:*Either [[Common Era|''CE'']] and [[Common Era|''BCE'']] or [[Anno Domini|''AD'']] and [[Anno Domini|''BC'']] can be used—spaced, undotted (without periods) and upper-case. Choose either the BC/AD or the BCE/CE system, but not both in the same article. Style guides generally recommend writing ''AD'' before a year (''AD&nbsp;1066'') and after a century (''2nd century AD''); however, writing ''AD'' after the year (''1066&nbsp;AD'') is also common in practice. The other abbreviations always appear after (''1066&nbsp;CE'', ''3700&nbsp;BCE'', ''3700&nbsp;BC''). The absence of such an abbreviation indicates the default, ''CE''/''AD''. It is inappropriate for a Wikipedia editor to change from one style to another unless there is a substantive reason; the Manual of Style favors neither system over the other.
:*'''Uncalibrated (bce) radiocarbon dates:''' Some source materials will indicate whether a date is calibrated or not simply by a change in capitalization; this is often a source of confusion for the unwary reader. Do not give [[Radiocarbon dating#Calibration|uncalibrated radiocarbon dates]] (represented by the lower-case ''bce'' unit, occasionally ''bc'' or ''b.c.'' in some sources), except in directly quoted material, and even then include a footnote, a &#91;square-bracketed editor's note&#93;, or other indication to the reader what the calibrated date is, or at least that the date is uncalibrated. Calibrated and uncalibrated dates can diverge surprisingly widely, and the average reader does not recognize the distinction between ''bce'' and ''BCE'' / ''BC''.
:*Abbreviations indicating long periods of time ago—such as ''[[before present|BP]]'' (before present), as well as various [[annum]]-based units such as ka (kiloannum), Ma (megaannum) and Ga (gigaannum) are given as full words on first occurrence. Where source quotations use the abbreviations [[kya]] (thousand years ago), [[mya (unit)|mya]] (million years ago), or [[bya]] (billion years ago) this should be explained to the reader, as in ''"a measured Libby radiocarbon date of 35.1&nbsp;mya" (million years ago, or 35.1&nbsp;Ma) had to be calibrated against then newly available [[stratigraphic]] dating references in order to estimate a Cambridge standardized date of 36.2&nbsp;Ma [[Before Present|BP]] cal.'' The kya, mya and bya symbols are deprecated in some fields such as geophysics and geology, but remain common in others, such as anthropology.
::*'''BP:''' Do not convert other notations to BP unless you are certain of what you are doing. In some contexts the unit BP is actually defined as "years before January 1, 1950", not "years before the literal present", and the conversion may introduce an error if the date being converted is not a wide approximation (''18,000&nbsp;BP'') but a more narrow one or an actual known year. BP years are given as ''18,000&nbsp;BP'' or spelled out as ''18,000 years before present'' (not ''18,000&nbsp;YBP'', ''18,000 before present'', ''18,000 years before the present'', or similar.)

===Calendars===
{{see also|Old Style and New Style dates}}

Dates can be given in any appropriate calendar, as long as the date in either the [[Julian calendar|Julian]] or [[Gregorian calendar]]s is provided, as described below. For example, an article on the early [[history of Islam]] may give dates in both [[Islamic calendar|Islamic]] and Julian calendars. Where a calendar other than the Julian or Gregorian is used, this must be clear to readers.
* Current events are given in the Gregorian calendar.
* Dates before the adoption of the Gregorian calendar on 15&nbsp;October 1582 are normally given in the Julian calendar. The Julian day and month should not be converted to the Gregorian calendar, but the start of the [[Julian year (calendar)|Julian year]] should be assumed to be 1 January (see below for more details).
* Dates for Roman history before 45 BC are given in the Roman calendar, which was neither Julian nor Gregorian. When (rarely) the Julian equivalent is certain, it may be included.
* The Julian or Gregorian equivalent of dates in early Egyptian and Mesopotamian history is often debatable. Follow the consensus of reliable sources, or indicate their divergence.
* Dates of events in countries using the Gregorian calendar are given in the Gregorian calendar. This includes some of the [[Gregorian calendar#Timeline|Continent of Europe from 1582]], the [[British Empire]] from 14&nbsp;September 1752, and Russia from 14&nbsp;February 1918 (see the [[Gregorian calendar]] article).

The dating method used in a Wikipedia article should follow that used by reliable secondary sources. If the reliable secondary sources disagree, choose the most common used by reliable secondary sources and note the usage in a [[WP:FOOT|footnote]].

At some places and times, dates other than 1 January were used as the start of the year. The most common English-language convention was the ''Annunciation Style'' used in Britain and its colonies, in which the year started on 25 March, [[Annunciation Day]]; see the [[New Year|New Year article]] for a list of other styles. 1 January is assumed to be the opening date for years; if there is reason to use another start-date, this should be stated.

If there is a need to mention [[Old Style]] or [[New Style]] dates in an article (as in the [[Glorious Revolution]]), a footnote should be provided on the first usage, stating whether the "New Style" refers to a start of year adjustment or to the Gregorian calendar (it can mean either).

===Time zones===
When writing a date, first consider ''where'' the event happened and use the time zone there. For example, the date of the [[Attack on Pearl Harbor]] should be December 7, 1941 (Hawaii time/date). If it is difficult to judge ''where'', consider what is significant. For example, if a vandal based in Japan attacked a Pentagon computer in the US, use the time zone for the Pentagon, where the attack had its effect. If known, include the [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]] date and time of the event in the article, indicating that it is UTC.

===Date autoformatting===<!--This section is linked from [[Wikipedia:Only make links that are relevant to the context]]-->
{{shortcut|MOS:UNLINKYEARS|MOS:UNLINKDATES|MOS:SYL}}
{{main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style (dates and numbers)/Date autoformatting}}
The linking of dates purely for the purpose of autoformatting is now [[deprecation|deprecated]].<ref>This change was made on August 24, 2008, on the basis of [[Wikipedia_talk:Manual_of_Style_(dates_and_numbers)/Archive_D6#Again_calling_for_date_linking_to_be_deprecated|this archived discussion]]; a more recent proposal is [[Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style (dates and numbers)/Archive 110#A fresh start on date autoformatting (DA)|here]].</ref><!-- disputed "reasons" removed; they are present on the subpage --> The functions provided by these tools nonetheless remain available; their function is described at [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style (dates and numbers)/Date autoformatting|Date autoformatting]].

==Numbers==
===Numbers as figures or words===
As a general rule, in the body of an article, single-digit whole numbers from zero to nine are spelled out in words; numbers greater than nine are commonly rendered in numerals, or may be rendered in words if they are expressed in one or two words (''16'' or ''sixteen'', ''84'' or ''eighty-four'', ''200'' or ''two hundred'', but ''3.75'', ''544'', ''21 million''). This applies to [[Ordinal numbers (linguistics)|ordinal numbers]] as well as [[Names of numbers in English|cardinal numbers]]. However there are frequent exceptions to these rules.
*In [[Table (information)|table]]s and [[Help:Infobox|infobox]]es, quantitative data is expressed as numerals; numerals will also fit better in limited space. Numbers within a table's explanatory text and comments should be consistent with the general rule.
*Comparable quantities should be all spelled out or all figures: we may write either ''5 cats and 32 dogs'' or ''five cats and thirty-two dogs'', not ''five cats and 32 dogs''.
*Adjacent quantities which are not comparable should usually be in different formats: ''twelve 90-minute volumes'' or ''12 ninety-minute volumes'' is more readable than ''12 90-minute volumes'' or ''twelve ninety-minute volumes''.

*Numbers that begin a sentence are spelled out, since using figures risks the period being read as a decimal point or abbreviation mark; it is often better to recast the sentence than to simply change format, which may produce other problems: do not use ''Nineteen forty five and 1950 were important elections for the Labour Party'', but recast, for example: ''The elections of 1945 and 1950 were important for the Labour Party.''

*The numerical elements of dates and times are not normally spelled out (that is, do not use ''the seventh of January'' or ''twelve forty-five p.m.'' or ''Two thousand eight was the year that ...'' ). However, they should be spelled out where customary in historical references such as ''[[Seventh of March Speech]]'' and ''[[Fifth of November]]''; these are treated as proper names.
*Centuries are named in figures: (''the 5th century CE''; ''19th-century painting''); when the adjective is hyphenated, consider ''nineteenth-century painting'', but not when contrasted with ''painting in the 20th century''.

*Simple fractions are normally spelled out; use the fraction form if they occur in a percentage or with an abbreviated unit (⅛ mm or ''an eighth of a millimeter'', but never ''an eighth of a'' mm) or if they are mixed with whole numerals.
*Decimal representations containing a decimal point are not spelled out (''1.00'', ''3.14159'').
*Numbers in [[mathematical formula]]s are never spelled out (''3'' < π < ''22/7'', not ''three'' < π < ''22 sevenths'').
*Measurements, stock prices, and the like, are normally stated in figures, even when the value is a small positive integer: ''9 mm'', ''The option price fell to 5 within three hours after the announcement''.

*The use of words rather than figures may be preferred when expressing approximate numbers; for example ''one hundred thousand troops'' may be preferable to ''100,000 troops'' when the size of the force is not known exactly.

*Sometimes figures and words may carry different meanings, for example ''Every number except one'' implies that there is one exception (we don't know which), while ''Every number except 1'' means that the specific number 1 is the exception.
*Proper names, formal numerical designations, and other idioms comply with common usage (''Chanel No. 5'', ''4 Main Street'', ''1-Naphthylamine'', ''Channel 6''). This is the case even where it causes a numeral to open a sentence, although this is usually avoided by rewording.
*Most proper names containing numbers spell them out (e.g. ''Fourth Amendment'', ''Seventeenth Judicial District'', ''Seven Years' War''); the proper names of military units do not.

===Typography===
*Spelled-out two-word numbers from 21 to 99 are hyphenated (''fifty-six''), as are fractions (''seven-eighths''). Do not hyphenate other multi-word numbers (''five hundred'', not ''five-hundred'').
*Where a whole number in a [[percentage]] is spelled out, the [[percent sign]] is not used (''three percent'' or ''3%'', not ''three %'').
*The ordinal suffix (e.g., ''th'') is not [[superscript]]ed (''23rd'' and ''496th'', not ''23<sup>rd</sup>'' and ''496<sup>th</sup>'').

===Large numbers===
{{See also|Order of magnitude|Long and short scales}}
*[[Decimal separator#Thousands separator|Commas]] are used to break the sequence every three places left of the decimal point; spaces or dots are not used in this role (''2,900,000'', not ''2 900 000''), except in technical tables or in quotations where the original does so (such as in scientific publications).
*Large round numbers are generally assumed to be approximations; only where the approximation could be misleading is it necessary to qualify with ''about'' or a similar term.
*Avoid overly precise values where they are unlikely to be stable or accurate, or where the precision is unnecessary in the context (''The speed of light in a vacuum is 299,792,458 metres per second'' is appropriate, because the metre is ''defined'' by that relation to the [[speed of light]] constant, but ''The distance from the Earth to the Sun is 149,014,769 kilometres'' and ''The population of Cape Town is 2,968,790'' would usually not be, because both values are unstable at that level of precision, and readers are unlikely to care in the context.)
*[[Scientific notation]] (''5.8 × 10<sup>7</sup>'') is preferred in scientific contexts.
*Where values in the millions occur a number of times through an article, upper-case ''M'' may be used for ''million'', unspaced, after spelling out the first occurrence. (''She bequeathed her fortune of £100 million unequally: her eldest daughter received £70M, her husband £18M, and her three sons £4M each.'')
*[[Billion]] is understood as 10<sup>9</sup> ([[Long and short scales|short scale]]). After the first occurrence in an article, ''billion'' may be abbreviated to unspaced ''bn'' (''$35bn''). Where the alternative meaning 10<sup>12</sup> ([[Long and short scales|long scale]]) is required for some reason, a footnote or inline comment is appropriate. Except in computing and certain scientific contexts, ''giga-'' or its symbol G is inappropriate.

===Fractions===
The template {{tl|frac}} is available for representing common fractions. For {{frac|p|q}}, type <nowiki>{{frac|p|q}}</nowiki>. For {{frac|N|p|q}}, type <nowiki>{{frac|N|p|q}}</nowiki>. When copied and pasted, the latter text will appear as N+p/q.

===Decimal points===
*A [[decimal separator|decimal point]] is used between the integer and the fractional parts of a decimal; a comma is never used in this role (''6.57'', not ''6,57'').
*The number of decimal places should be consistent within a list or context (''The response rates were 41.0 and 47.4 percent, respectively'', not ''The response rates were 41 and 47.4 percent, respectively'').
*Numbers between negative one and positive one require a leading zero (''0.02'', not ''.02''); exceptions are sporting performance averages (''.430 [[batting average]]'') and commonly used terms such as ''[[.22 caliber]]''.

===Percentages===
*''Percent'' or ''per cent'' are commonly used to indicate percentages in the body of an article. The symbol ''%'' is more common in scientific or technical articles and in complex listings.
*The symbol is unspaced (''71%'', not ''71 %'').
*In tables and infoboxes, the symbol ''%'' is normally preferred to the spelled-out ''percent'' or ''per cent''.
*Ranges are preferably formatted with one rather than two percentage signifiers (''22–28%'', not ''22%–28%'').
*Avoid ambiguity in expressing a change of rates. This can be done by using [[percentage point]]s, not percentages, to express a change in a percentage or the difference between two percentages; for example, "The agent raised the commission by five percentage points, from 10 to 15%" (if the 10% commission had instead been raised by 5%, the new rate would have been 10.5%). It is often possible to recast the sentence to avoid the ambiguity ("made the commission larger by half."). ''Percentage point'' should not be confused with ''[[basis point]]'', which is a hundredth of a percentage point.

===Natural numbers===
The [[set]] of [[natural numbers]] has two common meanings: {0,1,2,3,…}, which may also be called ''non-negative integers'', and {1,2,3,…}, which may also be called ''positive integers''. Use the sense appropriate to the field to which the subject of the article belongs if the field has a preferred convention. If the sense is unclear, and if it is important whether or not zero is included, consider using one of the alternative phrases rather than ''natural numbers'' if the context permits.

===Repeating decimals===
The preferred way to indicate a repeating decimal is to place a bar over the digits that repeat. To achieve this the template {{tl|overline}} can be used. For example, the markup <code><nowiki>14.{{overline|285714}}</nowiki></code> gives "14.{{overline|285714}}".

Consider a short explanation of the notation the first time this notation is used in an article. Some authors place the repeating digits in parentheses rather than using an overbar (perhaps because overbars are not available in their typesetting environment) but this should be avoided in Wikipedia to avoid confusion with expressing uncertainty.

===Non-base-10 notations===
For numbers expressed in [[base (mathematics)|bases]] other than base ten:
*In computer-related articles, use the [[C (programming language)|C programming language]] prefixes ''0x'' (zero-ex) for hexadecimal and ''0'' (zero) for octal. <!-- Note that 0b is *not* a valid C prefix --> For binary, use ''0b''. Consider including a note at the top of the page about these prefixes.
*In all other articles, use subscript notation. For example: ''137<sub>9</sub>'', ''241<sub>6</sub>'', ''2A9<sub>12</sub>'', ''A87D<sub>16</sub>'' (use <code>&lt;sub></code> and <code>&lt;/sub></code>).
*For base eleven and higher, use whatever symbols are conventional for that base. One quite common convention, especially for base 16, is to use upper-case A&ndash;F for digits from 10 through 15 (''0x5AB3'').

===Scientific notation, engineering notation, and uncertainty===
====Notations====
* Scientific notation is done in the format of 1 leading digit/decimal marker/rest of digits/×10<sup>n</sup>, where n is the integer that gives one leading digit.
:* {{val|1.602|e=-19}} is a proper use of scientific notation.
:* {{val|160.2|e=-17}} is not a proper use of scientific notation.
* Engineering notation is done in the format of leading digits/decimal marker/rest of digits/×10<sup>n</sup>, where n is a multiple of 3. The number of leading digits is adjusted accordingly.
:* {{val|132.23|e=6}} is a proper use of engineering notation.
:* {{val|1.3223|e=8}} is a not proper use of engineering notation.
* When using either scientific or engineering notation in articles, consistency is preferred (e.g., do not write ''A {{val|2.23|e=2|u=m}} region covered by {{val|234.0|e=6|u=grains of sand}}'').
* Use discretion when it comes to using scientific and engineering notation. Not all values need to be written in it (e.g., do not write ''the house was {{val|1.25|e=2|u=y}} old'', but rather ''the house was 125 years old in 2008'') or simply ''the house was built in 1883''.
:* Sometimes it is useful to compare values with the same power of 10 (often in tables) and scientific or engineering notation might not be appropriate.

====Uncertainty====
* Uncertainties can be written in various ways:
** Value/±/uncertainty/×/10<sup>n</sup>/unit symbol (e.g., {{val|1.534|0.35|e=23|u=m}})
*** Do not group value and uncertainty in parenthesis before the multiplier (e.g., do not write (15.34&nbsp;±&nbsp;0.35)&nbsp;×&nbsp;10<sup>23</sup>&nbsp;m)
** Value/superscript positive uncertainty/subscript negative uncertainty/×/10<sup>n</sup>/unit symbol (e.g., {{val|15.34|+0.43|-0.23|e=23|u=m}})
** Value(uncertainty in the last digits)/×/10<sup>n</sup>/unit symbol (e.g., {{val|1.604|(48)|e=-4|u=J}})
** Value/±/relative uncertainty(percent)/unit symbol (e.g., 12.34&nbsp;±&nbsp;5%&nbsp;m<sup>2</sup>)
* {{tl|val}} is meant to be used to automatically handle all of this, but currently has known bugs, principal among them, not displaying some values as typed in the code (see [[Template talk:ScientificValue|Talk:val]]). Use with great consideration and always check that it will give the correct results before using it.

== Units of measurement ==
{{Shortcut|WP:UNITS}}

The use of units of measurement is based on the following principles:
* Unambiguousness: Aim to write so you cannot be misunderstood.
* Familiarity: The less one has to look up definitions, the easier it is to be understood.
* International scope: Wikipedia is not country-specific; unless tackling region-specific topics, use international units.

If you have trouble balancing these three bullets, head to the talk pages to consult other editors and try to reach consensus. Mentioning the issue on the [[Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style (dates and numbers)|MOSNUM talk page]] and on the article's associated [[Wikipedia:WikiProject|Wikiproject]] might also be a good idea, especially if the problem is not restricted to a specific article.<!--What is this paragraph adding? The tone is wrong for a MOS; doesn't this advice apply to any issues an editor has?-->

===Which units to use===
* Broadly accepted units should be given preference. Usually, but not always, this means units approved by the ''[[BIPM|Bureau International des Poids et Mesures]]'' (BIPM) ([[SI unit]]s, [[SI derived unit]]s, and [[non-SI units accepted for use with SI]]) are preferred over other units (e.g., write ''25&nbsp;°C (77&nbsp;°F)'' and not ''77&nbsp;°F (25&nbsp;°C)'').
:* Since some disciplines use units not approved by the BIPM, or may format them in a way that differs from BIPM-prescribed format, when such units are used by a ''clear majority'' of the sources relevant to those disciplines, articles should follow this (e.g., using ''[[Cubic centimetre|cc]]'' in automotive articles and not ''cm<sup>3</sup>''). Such use of non-standard units are always linked on first use.
* Familiar units are preferred over obscure units—do not write over the heads of the readership (e.g., a general interest topic such as black holes would best be served by having mass expressed in solar masses, but it might be appropriate to use Planck units in an article on the mathematics of black hole evaporation).
* Uses of units should be consistent within an article. An article should only have one set of primary units (e.g., write ''A 10&nbsp;kg (22&nbsp;lb) bag of potatoes and a 5&nbsp;kg (11&nbsp;lb) bag of carrots'', not ''A 10&nbsp;kg (22&nbsp;lb) bag of potatoes and an 11&nbsp;lb (5&nbsp;kg) bag of carrots'').
* In general, the primary units are SI (''37 kilometres (23&nbsp;mi)''); however, [[US customary units]] are the primary units in US-related topics, and it is permissible to have [[imperial units]] as primary units in UK-related topics.
* The use of ambiguous units is discouraged (e.g., do not write ''[[gallon]]'', but rather ''[[imperial gallon|imperial&nbsp;gallon]]'' or ''[[US gallon|US&nbsp;gallon]]''). Only in the rarest of instances should ambiguous units be used, often in direct quotations to preserve accuracy to the quoted material.
* Use scientific notation with discretion—not all quantities are best served by it (e.g., do not write ''John is {{val|2.2|e=1|u=y}} old'', but rather ''John is 22 years old'').

===Unit conversions===
{{shortcut|MOS:CONVERSIONS}}
* Conversions to and from metric units and [[United States customary units|US]] or [[Imperial units|imperial]] units should generally be provided. There are some exceptions:
:* Articles on scientific topics where there is consensus among the contributors not to convert the metric units, in which case the first occurrence of each unit should be linked.
:* When inserting a conversion would make a common expression awkward (''the four-minute mile'').
:* In topics such as the history of maritime law in which imperial units (e.g. miles and nautical miles) are part of the subject, it can be excessive to provide SI conversions at each instance a unit occurs. In such cases, it is best to explicitly mention that this topic will use these units without providing conversion at each instance in the lead or in the introduction, in which case the first occurrence of each unit should be linked.
* Converted values should use a level of precision similar to that of the source value (e.g. write ''the Moon is approximately 380,000 kilometres (240,000&nbsp;mi) from Earth'', not ''the moon is approximately 380,000 kilometres (236,121&nbsp;mi) from Earth'').
* In the main text, spell out the main units and use unit symbols or abbreviations for conversions in parentheses (e.g ''a pipe 5&nbsp;centimetres (2&nbsp;in) in diameter and 37&nbsp;kilometres (23&nbsp;mi) long'').
:* When there is consensus to do so, the main units may also be abbreviated in the main text after the first occurrence.
* In a direct quotation, always keep the source units.
:* Conversions required for units cited within direct quotations should appear within square brackets in the quote.
:* Alternatively, you can annotate an obscure use of units (e.g. ''five million board feet of lumber'') with a footnote that provides conversion in standard modern units, rather than changing the text of the quotation. See [[WP:CITE#HOW|the style guide for citation]], [[Wikipedia:Footnotes|footnoting]] and [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing sources]].
* {{tl|Convert}} or unit-specific templates from [[:Category:Conversion templates]] can be used to convert and format many common units in accordance with this manual of style.

===Unit symbols===

====Conventions====
* In the main body text, the first instances of units of measurements should be spelled out at least once, and perhaps several times for less familiar units before unit symbols are employed. For instance, one should write “…the typical batch is 250 kilograms…” before one later writes “…and then 15&nbsp;kg of emulsifier is added.” For less common units of measure, editors should not employ unit symbols without first showing the unit symbol parenthetically after the first use of the full unit name; e.g., “The light intensity over the metrology table was {{nowrap|800 lux (lx).”}}
* Values and unit symbols are separated by a [[non-breaking space]] (''<nowiki>&amp;nbsp;</nowiki>'') (e.g., write ''10&nbsp;m'' or ''29&nbsp;kg'', not ''10m'' or ''29kg'').
:* Exceptions: Non-alphabetic symbols for degrees, minutes and seconds ''for angles and coordinates'' are unspaced (e.g., write 5°&nbsp;24′&nbsp;21.12″&nbsp;N for coordinates, 90° for an angle, but 18&nbsp;°C for a temperature). See also ''[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style (dates and numbers)#Geographical coordinates|Manual of Style—Geographical Coordinates]]''.
* Unit symbols are written in upright roman type, never in italics as they could be mistaken for dimensions, constants, or variables (e.g., write "10&nbsp;m" or "29&nbsp;kg", not "10&nbsp;''m''" or "29&nbsp;''kg'').
* Standard symbols for units are undotted (e.g., write ''m'' for ''metre'' (not ''m.''), ''kg'' for ''kilogram'' (not ''kg.''), ''in'' for ''inch'' (not ''in.'', ''"''&nbsp;(double quote), or ''&prime;&prime;''&nbsp;(double prime)), and ''ft'' for foot (not ''ft.'', <i>'</i>&nbsp;(single quote), or ''&prime;''&nbsp;(prime))).
:* Non-standard abbreviations should be dotted.
* Symbols have no plural form—an ''s'' is never appended (e.g., write ''kg'', ''km'', ''in'', ''lb'', not ''kgs'', ''kms'', ''ins'', ''lbs''. Write ''bit'', not ''bits'' unless ''bits'' used as a word rather than a symbol).
* Units named after persons are not capitalized when written in full (write ''A pascal is a unit of pressure'', not ''A Pascal is a unit of pressure''). This does not apply to "degree Celsius" and "degree Fahrenheit".
* When unit names are combined by multiplication, separate them with a [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Hyphens|hyphen]]. A [[kilogram]]-[[calorie]] (kg&middot;cal) is not the same thing as a [[kilogram calorie]] (kcal). Pluralization is achieved by adding an ''s'' at the end (e.g., write ''A force of ten newton-metres'').
* When units names are combined by division, separate them with ''per'' (e.g., write ''meter per second'', not ''meter/second''). Pluralization is achieved by adding an ''s'' to the unit preceding the ''per'' since it reads ''this many units of this'' per ''one unit of this'' (e.g., write ''An energy flow of over ten joules per second'').
* When units are combined by multiplication, use a [[middle dot]] (''&amp;middot;'') to separate the symbols. For example ''ms'' is the symbol for a millisecond, while ''m&middot;s'' is a ''metre-second''.
* When units are combined by division, use a slash to separate the symbols (e.g., for ''[[metre per second]]'' use the symbols ''m/s'' (not ''mps'')) or use negative exponents (''m·s<sup>&minus;1</sup>'').
:* There should be no more than one slash per compound unit symbol, e.g., ''kg/(m·s)'', not ''kg/m/s'' or ''kg/m·s''.
* Powers of unit symbols are expressed with a superscript exponent (write ''5&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>'', not ''5&nbsp;km^2).
:* A superscript exponent indicates that the unit is raised to a power, not the unit ''and'' the quantity (''3 [[metres]] squared'' is ''9 [[square metre]]s'', or ''9&nbsp;m<sup>2</sup>'').
:* For areas and volumes, squared and cubed US customary or imperial length units may instead be rendered with ''sq'' and ''cu'' between the number and the unit symbol (write ''15&nbsp;sq&nbsp;mi'' and ''3&nbsp;cu&nbsp;ft'', not ''15&nbsp;mi&nbsp;sq'' and ''3&nbsp;ft&nbsp;cu'').
:* The symbols ''sq'' and ''cu'' are not used with BIPM-approved metric/SI unit symbols.
:* Avoid the unicode characters ''²'' and ''³''. They are harder to read on small displays, and are not aligned with superscript characters (see x<sup>1</sup>x²x³x<sup>4</sup> vs. x<sup>1</sup>x<sup>2</sup>x<sup>3</sup>x<sup>4</sup>). Instead, use superscript markup, created with <nowiki><sup></sup></nowiki>.
* Numerical range of values are formatted as (lower value/en dash/higher value/non breaking space/unit symbol) (e.g., write ''5.9–6.3&nbsp;kg'', not ''5.9&nbsp;kg – 6.3&nbsp;kg'' or ''5.9 – 6.3&nbsp;kg''), or can be specified in written form using either unit symbol <u>or</u> unit names, and units can be mention either after both numerical values or after the last (e.g., write ''from 5.9 to 6.3 kilograms'', ''from 5.9 kilograms to 6.3 kilograms'', ''from 5.9 to 6.3 kg'' and ''from 5.9&nbsp;kg to 6.3&nbsp;kg'' are all acceptable, but only one of these format should be in use in a given article).
* When dimensions are given, values each number should be followed by a unit (e.g., write ''1&nbsp;m × 3&nbsp;m × 6&nbsp;m'', not ''1 × 3 × 6&nbsp;m<sup>3</sup>'' or ''1 × 3 × 6&nbsp;m'').

====Units and symbols often written incorrectly====

* The [[degree symbol]] is ''°''. Using any other symbol (e.g., [[masculine ordinal]] ''º'' or [[ring (diacritic)|ring]] above ''&#x2da;'') for this purpose is incorrect.
* The symbol for the [[bit]] is ''bit'', not ''b''. The [[byte]] may be represented by either one of the symbols ''B'' and ''byte'', but not ''b'' or ''o'' (French ''octet''). Unless explicitly stated otherwise, one byte is eight bits (see [[Byte#History|History of ''byte'']]).
:* By extension, the symbols for the units of data rate [[kilobit per second]], [[megabit per second]] and so on are ''kbit/s'' (not ''kbps'' or ''Kbps''), ''Mbit/s'' (not ''Mbps'' or ''mbps''), etc. Similarly, [[kilobyte per second]] and [[megabyte per second]] are ''kB/s'' (not ''kBps'' or ''KBps'') and ''MB/s'' (not ''Mbps'' or ''MBps'').
* The symbol for [[Celsius degree]]s, [[Fahrenheit degree]]s and [[kelvins]] are ''°C'' (not ''C''), ''°F'' (not ''F''), and ''K'' (not ''°K'').
* For reasons of legibility, the preferred symbol for the unprefixed [[liter]] is upper-case ''L''.
* If you need to express [[years]] as a unit, use the symbol ''a'' (from the Latin ''annum'') along with SI prefixes (e.g., write ''The half life of thorium-230 is 77&nbsp;ka'' and ''The Cambrian is a geologic period that dates from 540&nbsp;Ma to 490&nbsp;Ma'').
:* There are many types of years (see [[year]]). When years are not used in the layman's meaning (e.g., Julie is 20 years old) clarify which type of year is meant.
* Roman prefixes are not used (M (10<sup>3</sup>), MM (10<sup>6</sup>), B (10<sup>9</sup>)). Use SI prefixes instead.

====Disambiguation====
* Identify and define ambiguous units on their first use in an article.
:* Avoid the use of unit abbreviations that have conflicting meanings in common units systems such as [[International System of Units|SI]] and [[United States customary units|US customary units]]:
::* Use ''nmi'' (or ''NM'') to abbreviate ''[[nautical mile]]'' rather than ''nm'' (''nanometre'').
::* Use ''kn'' to abbreviate ''[[knot (speed)|knot]]'' rather than ''kt'' (could be confused with kilotonne) or KN (could be confused with kilonewton).
::* Link such units to their definitions on first use.
:* Some different units share the same name. These examples show the need to be specific.
::* Use ''[[nautical mile]]'' or ''[[mile#Statute miles|statute mile]]'' rather than ''mile'' in nautical and aeronautical contexts.
::* Use ''[[long ton]]'' or ''[[short ton]]'' rather than just ''ton''; these units have no symbol or abbreviation and are always spelled out. The metric unit equal to 1000 kilograms is the ''[[tonne]]'' and is officially known as the ''metric ton'' in the US. Whichever name for the metric unit is used, the symbol is "t".
::* Use ''[[troy weight|troy]]'' or ''[[avoirdupois]] [[ounce]]'' rather than just ''ounce'' in articles concerning precious metals, black powder, and gemstones.
::* Use ''[[fluid ounce]]'' explicitly to avoid confusion with weight, and specify, if appropriate, Imperial, US or other.
::* Use ''[[US gallon|US]]'' or ''[[imperial gallon]]'' rather than just ''gallon'' (and the same logic applies for quarts, pints, and fluid ounces).
::* A ''[[calorie]]'' (symbol ''cal'') refers to a ''[[gram calorie]]'' while the ''[[kilocalorie]]'' (symbol ''kcal'') refers to the ''[[kilogram calorie]]'' (also known as ''[[small calorie]]'' and ''[[large calorie]]'' respectively). When used in a nutrition related article, use kilogram unit as the primary unit. For articles with a largely American readership, use ''dietary calorie(s)'' with a one-time link to ''[[kilogram calorie]]''.
:* For bits and bytes, specify whether the [[binary prefix|binary]] or [[SI prefix|decimal]] meaning of the prefixes [[kilo]] (''k'', ''K''), [[mega]] (''M''), [[giga]] (''G'') and [[tera]] (''T'') is intended. See [[#Quantities of bytes and bits|Quantities of bytes and bits]].
* In tables and infoboxes, use unit symbols and abbreviations—do not spell them out.
* It may be appropriate to note that given quantities and conversions are approximate.
:* When part of a full sentence, write ''approximately'' in full (e.g., write ''Earth's radius is approximately 6,400 kilometres'', not ''Earth's radius is approx. 6,400 kilometers'' or ''Earth's radius is ~ 6,400 kilometers).
:* In tables, infoboxes, or within brackets, use a tilde (''~'') or use ''approx.'' (e.g, write ''The [[Tonnage|capacity of a ship]] is sometimes expressed in [[gross register ton]]s, a unit of volume defined as 100 cubic feet (~2.83 m<sup>3</sup>)'').
:* Do not note a conversion as approximate where the initial quantity has already been noted as such, (e.g., write ''Earth's radius is approximately 6,400&nbsp;km (4,000&nbsp;mi)'', not ''Earth's radius is approximately 6,400&nbsp;km (approx. 4,000&nbsp;mi)''.

====Quantities of bytes and bits {{anchor|Binary prefixes}}====
{{Quantities of bytes}}
In quantities of [[bit (computing)|bit]]s and [[byte]]s, the prefixes ''kilo'' (abbreviated ''k'' or ''K''), ''mega'' (''M''), ''giga'' (''G''), etc. are ambiguous. They may be based on a decimal system (like the standard [[International System of Units|SI]] prefixes), meaning 10<sup>3</sup>, 10<sup>6</sup>, 10<sup>9</sup>, etc., or they may be based on a binary system, meaning 1024 (2<sup>10</sup>), 1024<sup>2</sup>, 1024<sup>3</sup>, etc. The binary meanings are more commonly used in relation to solid-state memory (such as [[RAM]]), while the decimal meanings are more common for data transmission rates and disk storage.

The following recommendations are made for the use of these prefixes in Wikipedia articles:
* Editors should specify if the binary or decimal meanings of ''K'', ''M'', ''G'', etc. are intended as the primary meaning. Consistency within each article is desirable, but the need for consistency may be balanced with other considerations.
:* The definition most relevant to the article should be chosen as primary one for that article (e.g., specify a binary definition in an article on RAM, decimal definition in an article on [[hard drives]], and a binary definition for Windows® file sizes, despite files usually being stored on hard drives).
:* Where consistency is not possible, specify wherever there is a deviation from the primary definition.
* Disambiguation should be shown in bytes or bits, clearly showing the intended base (binary or decimal). There is no preference in the way to indicate the number of bytes and bits, but there should be consistency within a given article with the notation style used (e.g., write ''A 64&nbsp;MB ({{nowrap|64 × 1024<sup>2</sup> bytes)}} video card'' and ''a 100&nbsp;GB ({{nowrap|100 × 1000<sup>3</sup> bytes)}} hard drive'', ''A 64&nbsp;MB ({{nowrap|64 × 2<sup>20</sup> bytes)}} video card and a 100&nbsp;GB {{nowrap|({{val|100|e=9|u=bytes}})}} hard drive'' or ''A 64&nbsp;MB (67,108,864&nbsp;bytes) video card and a 100&nbsp;GB (100,000,000,000&nbsp;bytes) hard drive'' are all acceptable; but not ''A 64&nbsp;MB (67,108,864&nbsp;bytes) video card and a 100&nbsp;GB {{nowrap|(100 × 1000<sup>3</sup> bytes)}} hard drive''). Footnotes, such as those seen in [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Power_Macintosh_5500&oldid=218088888 {{nowrap|Power Macintosh 5500}}], may be used for disambiguation.

The [[Binary prefixes#IEC standard prefixes|IEC standard prefixes]] ''kibi-'', ''mebi-'', ''gibi-'', etc. (symbols ''Ki'', ''Mi'', ''Gi'', etc.) are [[Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style (dates and numbers)/Archive/Complete rewrite of Units of Measurements (June 2008)|not familiar]] to most Wikipedia readers, so are not to be used except under the following circumstances:
:* when the article is on a topic where the majority of cited sources use the IEC prefixes,
:* when directly quoting a source that uses the IEC prefixes,
:* in articles specifically about or explicitly discussing the IEC prefixes.

==Currencies==
{{shortcut|WP:$|WP:£|WP:€}}
:''See also: [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Numismatics/Style#Article titles|WikiProject Numismatics: Article titles]]''
====Which one to use====
*In country-specific articles, such as [[Economy of Australia]], use the currency of the country.
*In non-country-specific articles such as [[Wealth]], use [[United States dollar|US dollar]]s (''US$123''), the dominant [[reserve currency]] of the world<!-- Perhaps include also a mention of its status as the standard basis of foreign exchange (I forget the correct terminology) -->. Some editors also like to provide euro and/or pound sterling equivalents, formatted as described in the next section.
*If there is no common English abbreviation or symbol, use the [[ISO 4217]] standard.

====Formatting====
*Fully identify a currency on its first appearance (''[[Australian dollar|AU$]]52''); subsequent occurrences are normally given without the country identification or currency article link (just ''$88''), unless this would be unclear. The exception to this is in articles related entirely to US- or UK-related topics, in which the first occurrence may also be shortened and not linked (''$34'' and ''£22'', respectively), unless this would be unclear. Avoid over-identifying currencies that cannot be ambiguous; e.g., do not place ''EU'' or a similar prefix before the ''€'' sign.
*Do not place a currency symbol after the figure (''123$'', ''123€'', ''123£''), unless the symbol is normally written thus. Likewise, do not write ''$US123'' or ''$123 (US)''.
*Currency abbreviations that come before the number are unspaced if they consist of or end in a symbol (''£123'', ''€123''), and spaced if alphabetic (''R&nbsp;75'').<!--Where did this come from? It seems awfully inconsistent and more rather than less likely to confuse readers.-->
*Ranges are preferably formatted with one rather than two currency identifiers (''$250–300'', not ''$250–$300'').
*Conversions of less familiar currencies may be provided in terms of more familiar currencies, such as the US dollar, euro or pound sterling. Conversions should be in parentheses after the original currency, rounding to the nearest whole unit, with at least the year given as a rough point of conversion rate reference; for example, ''1,000 Swiss francs (US$763 in 2005)''.
*For obsolete currencies, provide if possible an equivalent, formatted as a conversion, in the modern replacement currency (e.g. decimal pounds for historical pre-decimal pounds-and-shillings figures), or at least a US-dollar equivalent as a default in cases where there is no modern equivalent.
*When possible, always link the first occurrence of a symbol for lesser-known currencies (''[[Mongolian togrog|₮]]146''); some editors consider it unnecessary to link the symbols of well-known currencies, but doing so can often be helpful to readers, as many countries use "dollars" or "pounds" as their base currency, and not all readers are familiar with the euro.
*The [[pound sterling]] is represented by the ''£'' symbol, with one horizontal bar. The double-barred ''₤'' symbol is ambiguous, as it has been used for [[Italian lira|Italian lire]] and other currencies as well as that of the British. For non-British currencies that use pounds or a pound symbol (e.g. the [[Irish punt]], IR£) use the symbol conventionally preferred for that currency.<!--If no modern currency still uses the ₤ symbol, the developers should be asked to remove it from the edit tool box to prevent its misuse.-->

==Common mathematical symbols==
: ''See also: [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style (mathematics)|Manual of Style (mathematics)]].''
* For a negative sign or subtraction operator, use a minus sign (''−''). You can input a minus sign by either keying in ''<nowiki>&amp;minus;</nowiki>'' or by clicking on it in the insert box beneath the edit window (located between the ''±'' and ''×'' signs). Do not use an [[Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#En_dashes|en dash]] (''&ndash;''), do not use a [[Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#Hypehns|hyphen]] (''-'') unless writing code, and do not use an [[Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#Em_dashes|em dash]] (''&mdash;'').
*For a multiplication sign, use ''×'', which is input by clicking on it in the edit toolbox under the edit window or by keying in ''<nowiki>&amp;times;</nowiki>'' (however, the letter ''x'' is accepted as a substitute for "by" in such terms as "4x4").
<center>
{|class="wikitable" style="align: center; text-align: center;"

|+Common mathematical symbols
|-
! Name
! Operation
! Other use
! Symbol
! Wikicode
! [[ASCII]]
! [[Unicode]]
! As [[binary operator]] <br> (e.g. 1&nbsp;+&nbsp;1)
! As [[unary operator]] <br> (e.g. +1)
|-
| [[Plus sign]]
| [[Addition]]
| Positive sign
| +
| &amp;plus;
| &amp;#43;
| U+002B
| Spaced
| Unspaced
|-
|Plus or minus
| Addition or subtraction
| Positive or negative sign
| ±
| &amp;plusmn;
| &amp;#177;
| U+00B1
| Spaced
| Unspaced
|-
| Minus or plus
| Subtraction or addition
| Negative or positive sign
| ∓
| —
| &amp;#8723;
| U+2213
| Spaced
| Unspaced
|-
| [[Minus sign]]
| [[Subtraction]]
| Negative sign
| −
| &amp;minus;
| &amp;#8722;
| U+2212
| Spaced
| Unspaced
|-
| [[Multiplication sign]], cross
| [[Multiplication]], [[vector product]]
| —
| ×
| &amp;times;
| &amp;#215;
| U+00D7
| Spaced
| —
|-
| [[Division sign]], obelus
| [[Division (mathematics)|Division]]
| —
| ÷
| &amp;divide;
| &amp;#247;
| U+00F7
| Spaced
| —
|-
| [[Equal sign]]
| [[Equality|Equation]]
| —
| =
| —
| &amp;#61;
| U+003D
| Spaced
| —
|-
| [[Not equal sign]]
| Non-equation
| —
| ≠
| &amp;ne;
| &amp;#8800;
| U+2260
| Spaced
| —
|-
| [[Approximate sign]]
| [[Approximation]]
| —
| ≈
| &amp;asymp;
| &amp;#8776;
| U+2248
| Spaced
| —
|-
| [[Less than sign]]
| [[Inequality|Inequation]]
| —
| <
| &amp;lt;
| &amp;#60;
| U+3C
| Spaced
| —
|-
| [[Less than or equal to]]
| Inequation
| —
| ≤
| &amp;le;
| &amp;#8804;
| U+2264
| Spaced
| —
|-
| [[Greater than sign]]
| Inequation
| —
| >
| &amp;gt;
| &amp;#62;
| U+3E
| Spaced
| —
|-
| [[Greater than or equal to]]
| Inequation
| —
| ≥
| &amp;ge;
| &amp;#8805;
| U+2265
| Spaced
| —
|}
</center>

==Unnecessary vagueness==

Use accurate measurements whenever possible.
<center>
{| class="wikitable"
|- valign="top"
! Vague || Precise
|- valign="top"
|The wallaby is small || The average male wallaby is 1.6&nbsp;metres (63&nbsp;in) from head to tail.
|- valign=top
|''Prochlorococcus marinus'' is a tiny cyanobacterium. || The cyanobacterium ''Prochlorococcus marinus'' is 0.5 to 0.8&nbsp;micrometre across.
|- valign=top
|The large oil spill stretched a long way down the Alaskan coast. || The oil spill that drifted down the Alaskan coast was 3 statute miles (5&nbsp;km) long and 1,000&nbsp;feet (300&nbsp;m) wide.
|-
| A beautiful little house in Malibu || In 1974, a $400,000 property in the Malibu Area
|-
| We have an assortment of toys for physically active dogs with unbreakable parts. || We have an assortment of toys with unbreakble parts for physically active dogs.
|}
</center>

==Geographical coordinates==

<div style="float:right; width:100px;">{{Shortcut|WP:Coordinates}}</div>

:'''For ''draft'' guidance on, and examples of, coordinates for linear features, see [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Geographical coordinates/Linear]]'''.

:'''Quick guide''':

{{coord how-to}}
[[Geographical coordinates]] on Earth should be entered using a template to standardize the format and to provide a link to maps of the coordinates. As long as the templates are adhered to, the functions are performed automatically by a robot.

First, [[Wikipedia:Obtaining geographic coordinates|obtain the coordinates]]. Please don't be [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Geographical coordinates#Precision|overly precise]].

Two types of template are available:
* {{tl|coord}}, which has replaced the ''coor'' family (and combined their functionality), offers users a choice of display format through [[Help:User style|user style]]s, emits a [[Geo microformat]], and is supported by Google Earth.
*Infoboxes such as {{tl|Infobox settlement}}

Depending on the form of the coordinates, the following formats are available.

For just degrees (including decimal values):
: <code>&#123;{coord|''dd''|''N/S''|''dd''|''E/W''}&#125;</code>
For degrees/minutes:
: <code>&#123;{coord|''dd''|''mm''|''N/S''|''dd''|''mm''|''E/W''}&#125;</code>
For degrees/minutes/seconds:
: <code>&#123;{coord|''dd''|''mm''|''ss''|''N/S''|''dd''|''mm''|''ss''|''E/W''}&#125;</code>

where:
* ''DD'', ''MM'', ''SS'' are the degrees, minutes, seconds, listed in sequence
* ''N/S'' is either ''N'' or ''S'', depending on which hemisphere, and
* ''E/W'' is either ''E'' or ''W'', depending on which hemisphere
* negative values may be used in lieu of ''S'' and ''E''

For example:

The city of [[Oslo]], located at '''59° 55&prime; N, 10° 44&prime; E''', enter:
:<code><nowiki>{{coord|59|55|N|10|44|E}}</nowiki></code> &mdash; which becomes {{coord|59|55|N|10|44|E}}

A country, like [[Botswana]], less precision is appropriate:
:<code><nowiki>{{coord|22|S|24|E}}</nowiki></code> &mdash; which becomes {{coord|22|S|24|E}}

Higher levels of precision are obtained by using seconds
:<code><nowiki>{{coord|33|56|24|N|118|24|00|W}}</nowiki></code> &mdash; which becomes {{coord|33|56|24|N|118|24|00|W}}

Coordinates can be entered as decimal values
:<code><nowiki>{{coord|33.94|S|118.40|W}}</nowiki></code> &mdash; which becomes {{coord|33.94|S|118.40|W}}

The precision can be controlled by increasing or decreasing the number of decimal places. Trailing zeroes should be included.

[[London Heathrow Airport]], [[Amsterdam]], [[Jan Mayen]] and [[Mount Baker]] are examples of articles that contain geographical coordinates.

Generally, the larger the object being mapped, the ''less precise'' the coordinates should be. For example, if just giving the location of a city, precision greater than 100 meters is not needed unless specifying a particular point in the city, for example the central administrative building. Specific buildings or other objects of similar size would justify precisions down to 10 meters or even one meter in some cases (1′′ ~15 m to 30 m, 0.0001° ~5.6 m to 10 m).

The final field, following the E/W, is available for specification of attributes, such as ''type'', ''region'' and ''scale''.

When you've added the coordinates, you might want to remove the {{tl|coord missing}} tag from the article, if present.

For more information, see [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Geographical coordinates|the geographical coordinates WikiProject]].

Templates other than {{tl|coord}} should use the following variables for coordinates: lat_d, lat_m, lat_s, lat_NS, long_d, long_m, long_s, long_EW.

==See also==
* For ''page naming'' specifics, see [[Wikipedia:Naming conventions (numbers and dates)]].
* [[m:Help:Date formatting feature]] at Meta
* [[m:Help:Calculation#Displaying numbers and numeric expressions|Displaying numbers and numeric expressions]]
* [[Wikipedia:Only make links that are relevant to the context#Dates]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Wikipedia style guidelines|Manual of Style (dates and numbers)]]
[[Category:Wikipedia naming conventions|Dates and numbers]]
[[Category:General style guidelines]]

[[de:Wikipedia:Schreibweise von Zahlen]]
[[es:Wikipedia:Manual de estilo]]
[[fr:Wikipédia:Conventions concernant les nombres]]
[[id:Wikipedia:Pedoman penulisan tanggal dan angka]]
[[he:ויקיפדיה:תאריכים]]
[[ms:Wikipedia:Manual gaya penulisan (tarikh dan nombor)]]
[[nds:Wikipedia:Schrievwies vun Tallen]]
[[ksh:Wikipedia:Wie schriive mer de Zaahle?]]
[[ro:Wikipedia:Date şi numere]]
[[zh:Wikipedia:格式手册 (日期和数字)]]

Revision as of 00:14, 14 October 2008

Pentagon Centre

Pentagon Centre (edit | talk | history | protect | delete | links | watch | logs | views) (delete) – (View log)

Non-notable shopping mall. —Largo Plazo (talk) 22:52, 10 October 2008 (UTC)[reply]

I feel this shopping center is notable enough since it is adjacent to a very well-known mall, Fashion Centre at Pentagon City, is featured in its article, and would not fit within the article for Fashion Centre. Regardless, most of the shopping centers listed under Template:DC Malls are not notable. --Old Guard (talk) 23:07, 10 October 2008 (UTC)[reply]
By the theory of "six degrees of separation", if everything next to something notable or mentioned in an article about something notable is considered inherently notable as a result, then everything would be notable. Then nothing would be. The argument that (something else) is an article and isn't notable is irrelevant, because if they aren't, then they're subject to deletion as well.—Largo Plazo (talk) 23:09, 10 October 2008 (UTC)[reply]
  • A mall is a mall is a mall... Would anyone care to dig through these sources [1][2][3] to establish some special notability? Schmidt, MICHAEL Q. 23:21, 10 October 2008 (UTC)[reply]
    • I frequent these malls, and I can imagine that Pentagon Row, the other mall that I flagged at the same time as this one, might have garnered an award, as one of the newer livable smart-growth outdoor malls with consolidated residential space; I'll take a look. But this one? It's a nondescript building with a homely interior with a CostCo, a Marshall's, a Linens and Things, a Best Buy, a Borders, a Chevy's, and (surprise!) a Starbucks. No way there's anything remarkable about it.—Largo Plazo (talk) 23:40, 10 October 2008 (UTC)[reply]
      • So you're saying you flagged Pentagon Row for deletion and will now investigate whether it's notable?--Samuel J. Howard (talk) 01:51, 11 October 2008 (UTC)[reply]
        • Part of the dynamic of these discussions is that someone might make a point that someone else hadn't already considered. It hadn't occurred to me before to think of it in terms of having won an award. Originally I'd been thinking in terms of, "Gee, it has a Noodle & Company, a Baja Fresh, a Hallmark store, and a Harris Teeter. How does this distinguish it from 50,000 other shopping malls in this country alone?" In fact, the realization that there might be something I don't know about how shopping malls are judged de facto for notability purposes (not de jure—there is no operative notability policy specifically for shopping malls on Wikipedia at the moment), as well as leaving open the possibility that someone might make some points in favor of keeping the article, is why I didn't just request speedy deletion under WP:CSD#A7. —Largo Plazo (talk) 01:58, 11 October 2008 (UTC)[reply]
          • But the article is not about "a real person, organization (band, club, company, etc.), or web content", so WP:CSD#A7 wouldn't apply anyways.--Samuel J. Howard (talk) 02:34, 11 October 2008 (UTC)[reply]
            • A shopping mall isn't an organzation (a company or a segment thereof)?—Largo Plazo (talk) 02:37, 11 October 2008 (UTC)[reply]
              • No, it's pretty clearly a building or structure.--Samuel J. Howard (talk) 02:50, 11 October 2008 (UTC)[reply]
                • But despite that Delete this place doesn't meet the notability standard there either. The Pentagon Centre in Chatham,--Samuel J. Howard (talk) 03:06, 11 October 2008 (UTC) UK might though...[reply]
                  • It isn't clear to me. Anyway, note that while the (proposed!) buildings article doesn't mention malls, it mentions two other kinds of places where consumers spend money, and in each of those cases it refers the reader to WP:CORP for the applicable criteria.—Largo Plazo (talk) 23:38, 13 October 2008 (UTC)[reply]
                    • "in each of those cases it refers the reader to WP:CORP for the applicable criteria" That's only true for chains and we're talking about shopping malls, not chains of shopping malls. In cases not related to chains it goes back to the same criteria as for other structures.--Samuel J. Howard (talk) 00:13, 14 October 2008 (UTC)[reply]
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