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{{Infobox religious building
| building_name =Beth Hamedrash Hagadol
| infobox_width =295px
| image =WTM sheila 0015.jpg
| image_size =
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| location =60-64 Norfolk Street,<br>[[Lower East Side]],<br>[[Manhattan, New York]],<br>{{flag|United States}}
| geo =
| latitude =40.7173
| longitude =-73.987922
| religious_affiliation =[[Orthodox Judaism]]
| rite =
| province =
| district =
| consecration_year =
| functional_status =Active
| leadership =Rabbi Mendl Greenbaum<ref name=Taylor2008>[[#refTaylor2008|Taylor (2008)]].</ref>
| website =
| architect =Schneider & Herter<ref name=NRHPstate2>[[#refNRHPstate2|NRHP State listings: NEW YORK - New York County]].</ref>
| architecture_type =
| architecture_style =[[Gothic Revival architecture|Gothic Revival]]<ref name=gotham/>
| facade_direction =West
| year_completed =1850<ref name=Taylor2008/>
| specifications =yes
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| capacity =1,200<ref name=Taylor2008/>
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| added =November 30, 1999<ref name=NRHP991210>[[#refNRHP991210|NRHP Weekly List: 11/29/99-12/03/99]].</ref>
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'''Beth Hamedrash Hagadol''' (also '''Beth Hamidrash Hagadol''' or '''Beth Hamedrash Hagodol''' or '''Beth Midrash Hagadol''') is an [[Orthodox Judaism|Orthodox]] [[synagogue]] located at 60-64 Norfolk Street in [[Manhattan]], [[New York]], on the [[Lower East Side]]. It is the first [[Eastern Europe]]an synagogue founded in [[New York City]] and the oldest Orthodox [[History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union|Russian Jewish]] congregation in the [[United States]].<ref name=gotham/>

From 1888 to 1902 the congregation was led by Rabbi [[Jacob Joseph]], the first and only [[Chief Rabbi]] of New York City.<ref name=Tannenbaum2007/> From 1952 to 2003 the congregation was led by Rabbi [[Ephraim Oshry]], a noted Torah scholar and one of the few European ''[[posek]]''s to survive [[The Holocaust]].<ref name=Amateau2003/>

The congregation's building, a [[Gothic Revival]] structure built in 1850 and purchased in 1885, is one of the largest synagogues on the Lower East Side,<ref name=gotham/><ref name=NYT18850817/><ref name=Olitzky1996p251/> and was added to the [[National Register of Historic Places]] in 1999.<ref name=NRHP991210/> However, the congregation has dwindled and is unable to maintain the building, which has been damaged by storms and fires, and despite some funding and grants, the synagogue is critically endangered. {{As of|2008}} the [[Lower East Side Conservancy]] was trying to raise an estimate $4.5 million for repairs, with the intent of turning it into an educational center.<ref name=Taylor2008/><ref name=Austerlitz/>

==Early History==
Beth Hamedrash Hagadol was founded by [[Russian American]] [[Jew]]s in 1852, and included both a rabbinic family court and a group devoted to daily study of the [[Talmud]].<ref name=Sussman>[[#refSussman|Sussman]].</ref><ref name=Mark2004>[[#refMark2004|Mark (2004)]].</ref> The founding [[rabbi]], Abraham Joseph Ash, was born in [[Siemiatycze]] (then in [[Congress Poland]]) in 1813<ref name=Sherman1996p21>[[#refSherman1996|Sherman (1996), p. 21]]</ref> or 1821,<ref name=NYT18870510>[[#refNYT18870510|''The New York Times'', May 10, 1887]], p. 5.</ref> and emigrated to [[New York City]] in 1851<ref name=NYT18870510/> or 1852.<ref name=Sherman1996p22>[[#refSherman1996|Sherman (1996), p. 22]]</ref> Ash "rejected the [[Reform Judaism|reformist]] tendencies of the [[History of the Jews in Germany|German Jewish]] congregations" there,<ref name=Kaufman1999p175>[[#refKaufman1999|Kaufman (1999)]], p. 175.</ref> and soon organized a ''[[minyan]]'' of like-minded "Polish" Jews,<ref name=NYT18870510/> and by 1852<ref name=Kaufman1999p174>[[#refKaufman1999|Kaufman (1999)]], p. 174.</ref> began conducting services as '''Beth Hamedrash''' (literally "study hall", but colloquially used in [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]] as the term for a synagogue).<ref name=Kaufman1999p174/> The congregation moved frequently in its early years: in 1852 it was located first at at 83 Bayard Street, then at Elm and [[Canal Street (Manhattan)|Canal]]; from 1853 to 1856 in a hall at [[Pearl Street (Manhattan)|Pearl]] and Chatham<ref name=NYT18870510/>/[[Centre Street (Manhattan)|Centre]] Streets.<ref name=NHLNom15f16>[[#refESSNRHPForm|Eldridge Street Synagogue NRHP Registration Form]], p. 15, footnote 16.</ref>

In 1856, with the assistance of wealthy [[Sephardi Jews]] who sympathized with the traditionalism of the congregation's members, a [[Welsh people|Welsh]] chapel was purchased on [[Allen Street (Manhattan)|Allen Street]].<ref name=Kaufman1999p175/> The synagogue, a place both of prayer and [[beth midrash|study]],<ref name=Maffi1994p122>[[#refMaffi1994|Maffi (1994)]], p. 122.</ref> "rapidly became the most important center for Orthodox Jewish guidance in the country".<ref name=Kaufman1999p175/> For the first six years of the congregation's existence Ash was not paid for his work as rabbi, instead earning a living as a [[peddler]].<ref name=NYT18870510/>

Beth Hamedrash was the prototypical American synagogue for early immigrant Eastern European Jews, who began entering the United States in large numbers only in the 1870s. They found the synagogues of the German Jewish immigrants who preceded them to be unfamiliar, both religiously and culturally. Russian Jews had been more excluded from Russian society than German Jews from German society, for both linguistic and social reasons, and rather than viewing religion and the synagogue as marginal, the Jews who founded Beth Hamedrash viewed both as central to their lives. They attempted to re-create, in Beth Hamedrash, the kind of synagogue they had attended in Europe.<ref name=Olitzky1996p8>[[#refOlitzky1996|Olitzky & Raphael (1996)]], p. 8.</ref><ref name=Gurock1998p47>[[#refGurock1998|Gurock (1998)]], p. 47.</ref>

==Schism==
In 1859,<ref name=SplitYear>According to [[#refKaufman1999|Kaufman (1999)]] p. 175 and the [[#refESSNRHPForm|Eldridge Street Synagogue NRHP Registration Form]], p. 16. [[#refKarp|Karp (2003)]] p. 14, while agreeing substantively on the details, gives the date of the split as 1858.</ref> disagreement broke out between Ash and the synagogue's president, Joshua Rothstein,<ref name=Olitzky1996p251>[[#refOlitzky1996|Olitzky & Raphael (1996)]], p. 251.</ref> over who had been responsible for procuring the Allen Street location,<ref name=NHLNom16>[[#refESSNRHPForm|Eldridge Street Synagogue NRHP Registration Form]], p. 16.</ref> and escalated into a conflict "over the question of official authority and 'honor'".<ref name=Karp14>[[#refKarp|Karp (2003)]], p. 14.</ref> Members took sides in the dispute,<ref name=Kaufman1999p175/> and, following synagogue disturbances and a contested election,<ref name=Karp14/> Ash took Rothstein to an American court in an attempt to oust him as president of the congregation. After the court rejected Ash's arguments,<ref name=NHLNom16/> a large majority of members left with Ash to form Beth Hamedrash Hagadol, adding the word "Hagadol" ("the great") to the name.<ref name=Kaufman1999p175/><ref name=Olitzky1996p251/> The followers of Rothstein would stay at the Allen Street location, and retain the name "Beth Hamedrash", until the mid-1880s, when they adopted the name "Kahal Adath Jeshurun", and built the [[Eldridge Street Synagogue]].<ref name=NHLNom17f22>[[#refESSNRHPForm|Eldridge Street Synagogue NRHP Registration Form]], p. 17, and footnote 22.</ref>

Beth Hamedrash Hagadol provided, according to historian and long-time member Judah David Eisenstein, an atmosphere that was "socially religious", in which Jews "combine[d] piety with pleasure; they call[ed] their ''[[synagogue|shule]]'' a ''[[Shtiebel|shtibl]]'' or prayer-club room; they desire[d] to be on familiar terms with the Almighty and abhor[red] decorum; they want[ed] everyone present to join and chant the prayers; above all they scorn[ed] a regularly ordained cantor." Despite the informality of the services, members scrupulously observed the laws of ''[[kashrut]]'', and every member personally oversaw the baking of his ''[[matzo]]s'' for use on [[Passover]].<ref name=Gurock1998p48>[[#refGurock1998|Gurock (1998)]], p. 48.</ref>

The congregation initially moved to the top floor of a building at the corner of [[Grand Street (Manhattan)|Grand]] and [[Forsyth Street (Manhattan)|Forsyth]] Streets, and in 1865 moved again, to a former courthouse on Clinton Street. In 1872, the congregation built a synagogue at [[Ludlow Street|Ludlow]] and [[Hester Street (Manhattan)|Hester]] Streets.<ref name=Olitzky1996p251/><ref name=Kaufman1999p175/> There the congregation's younger members gained greater control, and introduced some mild innovations&mdash;changing the title of ''parnas'' to president, and, in 1877, hiring a professional [[cantor]] in order to bring greater decorum to the services&mdash;but in general remained quite traditional, still training men for rabbinic ordination, and sponsoring [[Talmud]] and [[Mishna]] study groups,<ref name=Kaufman1999p175/> which were founded in the 1870s, and held both mornings and evenings.<ref name=Gurock1998p48/>

Ash had only served as Beth Hamedrash Hagadol's rabbi intermittently during this time; congregants had a number of issues with him, including his outside business ventures and an alleged inclination towards [[Hasidic Judaism|hasidism]], and more learned members of the congregation contested his scholarship.<ref name=Levine2008>[[#refLevine2008|Levine (2008)]].</ref> In 1879, directors of Beth Hamedrash Hagadol proposed that a [[Chief Rabbi]] be hired for New York.<ref name=Sherman1996p5>[[#refSherman1996|Sherman (1996)]], p. 5.</ref> A large number of New York City synagogues<ref name=number>[[#refLevine2008|Levine (2008)]] writes that the meeting was "attended by delegates from 32 New York City congregations". [[#refGurock1998|Gurock (1998)]], p. 76, footnote 51 writes that an announcement in Philadelphia's ''Jewish Record'' "noted that twenty-four synagogues signed the call and twenty-five others were prepared to cooperate".</ref> agreed to select the [[Malbim]] (Meïr Leibush ben Jehiel Michel Weiser),<ref name=Levine2008/><ref name=Gurock1998p51>[[#refGurock1998|Gurock (1998)]], p. 51.</ref> and the appointment was announced in Philadelphia's ''Jewish Record'',<ref name=Gurock1998p76f51>[[#refGurock1998|Gurock (1998)]], p. 76, footnote 51.</ref> but the Malbim never filled the position,<ref name=neverfilled>[[#refLevine2008|Levine (2008)]] writes that he instead accepted the "rabbinate of [[Kremenchuk|Krementchug in Russia]]". [[#refGurock1998|Gurock (1998)]], p. 51 writes the he accepted the New York position, but "passed away en route".</ref> and Beth Hamedrash Hagadol re-hired Ash.<ref name=Levine2008/>

==Move to current building, Jacob Joseph ==
[[Image:Beth Hamedrash HaGadol - early 1900s.jpg|left|thumb|225px|Beth Hamedrash Hagadol at the turn of the 20th century]]
In 1885, the congregation acquired its current building at 60 Norfolk Street on the [[Lower East Side]], built in 1850 in the [[Gothic Revival architecture|Gothic Revival]] style, and formerly occupied by a [[Baptist]]<ref name=gotham>[http://www.gothamcenter.org/resource/detail.cfm?id=205&ff=Houses Beth Hamedrash Hagadol], Gotham Center for New York City History.</ref><ref name=Olitzky1996p251/><ref name=Dewan2001>[[#refDewan2001|Dewan (2001)]].</ref> or [[Methodist Episcopal Church|Methodist Episcopal]]<ref name=NYT18850817>[[#refNYT18850817|''The New York Times'', August 17, 1885]], p. 8.</ref><ref name=NHLNom17>[[#refESSNRHPForm|Eldridge Street Synagogue NRHP Registration Form]], p. 17.</ref> church. The building was purchased for $45,000, and alterations and repairs cost an additional $10,000, but no external modifications were made. The sanctuary ceilings were painted blue and studded with stars.<ref name=NYT18850817/>

The intent of the purchase was, in part, to garner prestige for the relatively new immigrant Jews from Eastern Europe, and to show that Jews on the Lower East Side could be just as "civilized" as the reform-minded Jews of uptown Manhattan. To that end<ref name=Kaufman1999p176>[[#refKaufman1999|Kaufman (1999)]], p. 176.</ref> (and also to attract new members),<ref name=Sherman1996p4>[[#refSherman1996|Sherman (1996)]], p. 4.</ref> the congregation also hired a famous and highly-paid cantor, Israel Michaelowsky,<ref name=Kaufman1999p176/> (or Michalovsky),<ref name=Sherman1996p4/> and by 1888 there could be counted among its membership "several bankers, lawyers, importers and wholesale merchants, besides a fair sprinkling of the American element."<ref name=Diner2000p204>[[#refDiner2000|Diner (2000)]], footnote 52, p. 204.</ref>

In the late 1800s, synagogues in [[Manhattan]] each focussed on a particular constituency, typically Jews from a single region or city in Europe. Beth Hamedrash Hagadol was unique in welcoming and assisting all Jews, regardless of origins. The synagogue's [[Passover]] Relief Committee (dedicated to providing funds and food to poor Jews so that they could properly celebrate the holiday of Passover), stated "In dispensing money and [[matzo]]s to the poor, all are recognized as the children of one Father, and no lines are drawn between natives of different countries."<ref name=Rischin1977p105>[[#refRischin1977|Rischin (1977)]], p. 105.</ref>

Ash passed away in 1887,<ref name=NYT18870510/> and the congregation hired [[Jacob Joseph]], the first and only [[Chief Rabbi]] of New York City; he would serve as the congregation's rabbi from his arrival in the United States in 1888 until his death in 1902.<ref name=Tannenbaum2007>[[#refTannenbaum2007|Tannenbaum (2007)]].</ref> Beth Hamedrash Hagadol, the [[Eldridge Street Synagogue]], and 13 other Lower East Side synagogues had raised $2,500 towards the creation of a European style ''[[kehilla]]'' to oversee New York's Orthodox community, and had imported Joseph to achieve that (ultimately unsuccessful) goal.<ref name=Joselit1990p5>[[#refJoselit1990|Joselit (1990)]], p. 5.</ref> Joseph's inaugural speech at Beth Hamedrash Hagadol attracted a huge crowd, with over 1,500 men crowded into the sanctuary,<ref name=NYT18880722>[[#refNYT18880722|''The New York Times'', July 22, 1888]], p. 8.</ref> and thousands more outside.<ref name=Blondheim1998p191>[[#refBlondheim1998|Blondheim (1998)]], p. 191.</ref> The police had to call extra reinforcements to control the throngs, and to escort Joseph into the synagogue. Though Joseph had been chosen, in part, for his "fabulous skills as an orator", his speaking style and sermons, which had been so beloved in Europe, did not impress New York audiences: according to [[Abraham Cahan]] "[S]ome of the very people who drank in his words thirstily in Vilna left the synagogue in the middle of his sermon here."<ref name=oratory>According to [[#refBlondheim1998|Blondheim (1998)]], p. 192. [[#refGurock2003|Gurock (2003)]], p. 52 writes that "his East-European-style oratory packed Beth Hamidrash Hagadol".</ref> Joseph was also unable to stop those who came to hear him speak from desecrating the Sabbath, and his Yiddish sermons had no impact on the younger generation.<ref name=Gurock2003p52>[[#refGurock2003|Gurock (2003)]], p. 52.</ref> When he died, Beth Hamedrash Hagadol secured the right to bury him in its cemetery by promising his widow $1,500 and a monthly $15 stipend; in turn, the synagogue was offered large sums ($5,000 in one case) for the right to be buried near him.<ref name=Goren1999p233>[[#refGoren1999|Goren (1999)]], p. 233, footnote 16.</ref>

==Post-Joseph era==
Joseph was succeeded by Rabbi Shalom Elchanan Jaffe, a founder of the [[Union of Orthodox Rabbis]] and a strong supporter of the [[Rabbi Isaac Elchanan Theological Seminary]]. Jaffe, who was born near [[Vilnius|Vilna]], studied at the [[Volozhin yeshiva]] and received his ''[[semicha]]'' from [[Naftali Zvi Yehuda Berlin]] and [[Yitzchak Elchanan Spektor]]. The author of several books of religious commentary, Jaffe was an influential rabbi on the Lower East Side, in part because of his authority over [[Kashrut|kosher supervision]] of New York's butcher stores and [[slaughterhouse]]s.<ref name=Sherman1996pp108-109>[[#refSherman1996|Sherman (1996)]], pp. 108-109.</ref>

[[Harry Fischel]] was the congregation's Vice President until 1902; there he first met and eventually attended the [[Bar Mitzvah]] of his future son-in-law, [[Herbert S. Goldstein]].<ref name=Goldstein1928pxvi>[[#refGoldstein1928|Goldstein (1928)]], p. xvi.</ref> Goldstein, who would receive ''[[semicha]]'' from both Rabbi Jaffe and from the [[Jewish Theological Seminary]],<ref name=semicha>[[#refGurock2003|Gurock (2003)]], p. 58. Gurock calls Jaffe "Jaffee".</ref> would found the Institutional Synagogue in Harlem, and is the only person to have been president of the [[Orthodox Union|Union of Orthodox Jewish Congregations of America]], the [[Rabbinical Council of America]] (first presidium), and the [[Synagogue Council of America]].<ref name=Reichel2005>[[#refReichel2005|Reichel (2005)]].</ref>

In 1913, the synagogue was the site of a "historic mass meeting" to raise funds for the first [[National Council of Young Israel|Young Israel]] synagogue, at which [[Jacob Schiff]] was the guest speaker.<ref name=Kaufman1999p203>[[#refKaufman1999|Kaufman (1999)]], p. 203.</ref>

[[Ephraim Oshry]], noted Torah scholar and religious leader in the [[Kaunas Ghetto|Kovno Ghetto]], and one of the few European ''[[posek]]''s to survive [[The Holocaust]], became the synagogue's rabbi in 1952, a post he retained for over 50 years.<ref name=Amateau2003>[[#refAmateau2003|Amateau (2003)]].</ref> His Sunday afternoon lectures were so popular that the entire 1,200-seat sanctuary would be filled, and the overflow would have to sit on the stairs.<ref name=Taylor2008/>

The congregation's building was threatened with demolition in 1967, but Oshry, possibly the first Lower East Side rabbi to recognize the value of landmark designation, got it designated a New York city landmark, and saved it.<ref name=Mark2006>[[#refMark2006|Mark (2006)]].</ref><ref name=Dunlap2004p22>[[#refDunlap2004|Dunlap (2004)]], p. 22.</ref><ref name=Siegel2006>[[#refSiegel2006|Siegel (2006)]].</ref> The building was repainted and repaired in 1977,<ref name=Sanders1980p47>[[#refSanders1980|Sanders & Gillon (1980)]], p. 47.</ref> but in subsequent years deteriorated and suffered damage.

==Late 1990s to present==
In 1997, a storm blew out the main two-story window at the front of the building, and the congregation did not have the $10,000 required to replace it. The building was added to the [[National Register of Historic Places]] in 1999.<ref name=NRHP991210/>

The congregation raised $40,000 in 2000 for emergency repairs, and was awarded $230,000 by the [[New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation]] for restoration work, including roof repair, but had not been able to raise the matching funds required to receive the grant. On December 6, 2001, a fire and subsequent fire-fighting efforts severely damaged the roof, ceiling, mural paintings and decorative plasterwork.<ref name=Dewan2001/>

In 2003, the [[National Trust for Historic Preservation]] designated the building an endangered historic site,<ref>{{PDFlink|[http://www.preservationnation.org/issues/historic-houses-of-worship/additional-resources/worship_endangered_urban.pdf "America’s Endangered Historic Urban Houses of Worship"]|138&nbsp;KB}}, [[National Trust for Historic Preservation]], 2003.</ref> the only synagogue on the list.<ref name=Mark2006/> By 2006, $1 million of an estimated required $3.5 million had been raised for repairs to the structure.<ref name=Siegel2006/> However, as of October 2007 it was still mostly closed to the public (as its damaged interior was considered a hazard for visitors), and its membership had dwindled to around 15.<ref name=Austerlitz2007>[[#refAusterlitz2007|Austerlitz (2007)]].</ref> {{As of|2008|alt=By 2008}}, the synagogue sat "padlocked and empty", with holes in the roof and plaster falling from the ceiling.<ref name=Taylor2008/> Until it was closed, it was "the home of the oldest Orthodox congregation continuously housed in a single location in New York".<ref name=Sanders1980p47/>

In 2008, the [[Lower East Side Conservancy]] was trying to raise an estimate $4.5 million for repairs, with the intent of turning the building into an educational center. It was granted $215,000 by the [[United States Department of Education]] and was promised an equal amount by the [[Lower Manhattan Development Corporation]]. Several years before the Conservancy had also been promised a total of $980,000 from New York State, the City Council, Mayor Bloomberg, and the Manhattan [[Borough President]]'s office, but has yet to receive most of the city funds. The group is also trying to raise $400,000 from private donors for the first phase of the renovation, which will secure the structure and roof.<ref name=Taylor2008/>

{{As of|2008}}, Beth Hamedrash Hagadol, which had around 20 regularly attending members, was sharing facilities with a congregation on [[Henry Street (Manhattan)|Henry Street]], and was led by Rabbi Mendl Greenbaum.<ref name=Taylor2008/>

==Notes==
{{reflist|colwidth=22em}}

==References==
{{refbegin|colwidth=40em}}
* <cite id=refAmateau2003>Amateau, Albert. [http://www.downtownexpress.com/de_24/rabbiephraim.html Rabbi Ephraim Oshry, 89, religious scholar, dies], ''Downtown Express'', Volume 16, Issue 19, October 07-13, 2003.</cite>
* <cite id=refAusterlitz2007>Austerlitz, Saul. [http://www.boston.com/travel/getaways/us/newyork/articles/2007/10/28/synagogues_tell_story_of_lower_east_sides_past/?page=2 "Synagogues tell story of Lower East Side's past"], ''[[The Boston Globe]]'', October 28, 2007.</cite>
* <cite id=refBlondheim1998>Blondheim, Menahem. "Divine Comedy: The Jewish Orthodox Sermon in America, 1881-1939", in Sollors, Werner. ''Multilingual America: Transnationalism, Ethnicity, and the Languages of American Literature'', [[New York University Press]], 1998. ISBN 0814780938</cite>
* <cite id=refDewan2001>Dewan, Shaila K. [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9903E5D7133CF934A35751C1A9679C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all "Synagogue From 1800's Is Damaged In a Fire"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', December 7, 2001.</cite>
* <cite id=refDunlap2004>Dunlap, David W. ''From Abyssinian to Zion: A Guide to Manhattan's Houses of Worship'', [[Columbia University Press]], 2004. ISBN 0231125429</cite>
* <cite id=refDiner2000>Diner, Hasia R. ''Lower East Side Memories: A Jewish Place in America'', [[Princeton University Press]], 2000. ISBN 0691095450</cite>
* <cite id=refGoldstein1928>[[Herbert S. Goldstein|Goldstein, Herbert S.]] ''Forty Years of Struggle for a Principle: The Biography of Harry Fischel'', [[Bloch Publishing Company]], 1928.</cite>
* <cite id=refGoren1999>Goren, Arthur A. ''The Politics and Public Culture of American Jews'', [[Indiana University Press]], 1999. ISBN 0253335353</cite>
* [http://www.gothamcenter.org/resource/detail.cfm?id=205&ff=Houses Beth Hamedrash Hagadol], Gotham Center for New York City History. Accessed October 12, 2008.</cite>
* <cite id=refGurock1998>Gurock, Jeffrey S. ''The history of Judaism in America: transplantations, transformations, and reconciliations'', American Jewish History: Volume 5, [[Taylor and Francis]], 1998, ISBN 0415919266.</cite>
* <cite id=refGurock2003>Gurock, Jeffrey S. "The Orthodox Synagogue", in Wertheimer, Jack. ''The American Synagogue: A Sanctuary Transformed'', [[Cambridge University Press]], 2003. ISBN 0521534542
* <cite id=refJoselit1990>Joselit, Jenna Weissman. ''New York's Jewish Jews: The Orthodox Community in the Interwar Years'', [[Indiana University Press]], 1990. ISBN 0253205549</cite>
* <cite id=refKarp>Karp, Abraham J., "Overview: The Synagogue in America - A Historical Typology", in Wertheimer, Jack. ''The American Synagogue: A Sanctuary Transformed'', [[Cambridge University Press]], 2003. ISBN 0521534542</cite>
* <cite id=refKaufman1999>Kaufman, David. ''Shul with a Pool: The "synagogue-center" in American Jewish History'', Brandeis University Press, [[University Press of New England]], 1999. ISBN 0874518938</cite>
* <cite id=refLevine2008>Levine, Yitzchok. [http://www.jewishpress.com/print.do/31977/Failed_Experiment:_New_York's_Only_Chief_Rabbi.html "Failed Experiment: New York's Only Chief Rabbi"], ''[[The Jewish Press]]'', May 28, 2008.</cite>
* <cite id=refMaffi1994>Maffi, Mario. ''Gateway to the Promised Land: Ethnic Cultures on New York's Lower East Side'', [[Rodopi Publishers]], 1994. ISBN 9051836775</cite>
* <cite id=refMark2004>Mark, Jonathan. [http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-675641991.html "A Remnant Of Israel; The Colonial back story to what would become America's greatest Jewish community."], ''[[The Jewish Week]]'', June 17, 2004.</cite>
* <cite id=refMark2006>Mark, Jonathan. [http://www.thejewishweek.com/viewArticle/c36_a8761/News/New_York.html "More Renaissance Than 'Remnants'"], ''[[The Jewish Week]]'', February 10, 2006.</cite>
* <cite id=refESSNRHPForm>{{PDFlink|[http://www.nps.gov/nhl/designations/samples/ny/eldridge.pdf National Historic Landmark Nomination, Eldridge Street Synagogue]|270&nbsp;KB}}, NPS Form 10-900, [[United States Department of the Interior]]/[[National Park Service]] NRHP Registration Form (Rev. 8-86), OMB No. 1024-0018.</cite>
* <cite id=refNRHP991210>[http://www.nps.gov/nr/listings/991210.htm WEEKLY LIST OF ACTIONS TAKEN ON PROPERTIES: 11/29/99 THROUGH 12/03/99], [[National Register of Historic Places]] website. Accessed July 29, 2008.</cite>
* <cite id=refNRHPstate2>[http://www.nationalregisterofhistoricplaces.com/ny/New+York/state2.html New York - New York County], p. 2, State Listings, [[National Register of Historic Places]] website. Accessed August 18, 2008.</cite>
* {{PDFlink|[http://www.preservationnation.org/issues/historic-houses-of-worship/additional-resources/worship_endangered_urban.pdf "America’s Endangered Historic Urban Houses of Worship"]|138&nbsp;KB}}, [[National Trust for Historic Preservation]], 2003.
* <cite id=refNYT18850817>{{PDFlink|1=[http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?_r=1&res=9E01E3DD153FE533A25754C1A96E9C94649FD7CF "Dedicating a Synagogue. The New House of the Congregation Beth Hamedrash Hagodol."]}}, ''[[The New York Times]]'', August 17, 1885, p. 8.</cite>
* <cite id=refNYT18870510>{{PDFlink|1=[http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?_r=1&res=9A0CE6DE1730E633A25753C1A9639C94669FD7CF "Rabbi Ash's Funeral: Services Over One of the Leaders of the Orthodox Jews"]}}, ''[[The New York Times]]'', May 10, 1887, p. 5.</cite>
* <cite id=refNYT18880722>{{PDFlink|1=[http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9D00E1D6143AE033A25751C2A9619C94699FD7CF "Hearing the New Rabbi. The Synagogue Crowded and Hundreds Causing Disorder Outside."]}}, ''[[The New York Times]]'', July 22, 1888, p. 8.</cite>
* <cite id=refOlitzky1996>Olitzky, Kerry M. & Raphael, Marc Lee. ''The American Synagogue: A Historical Dictionary and Sourcebook'', [[Greenwood Press]], June 30, 1996. ISBN 0-313-28856-9</cite>
* <cite id=refReichel2005>Reichel, Aaron I. [http://www.yucommentator.com/home/index.cfm?event=displayArticlePrinterFriendly&uStory_id=e09930be-0399-47eb-8c57-8c03014df5c0 "Pioneers of American Jewish Orthodoxy: Mr. Harry Fischel and Rabbi Herbert S. Goldstein"], ''The Commentator'', April 18, 2005.</cite>
* <cite id=refRischin1977>Rischin, Moses. ''The Promised City: New York's Jews, 1870-1914'', [[Harvard University Press]], 1977. ISBN 0674715012</cite>
* <cite id=refSanders1980>Sanders, Ronald & Gillon, Edmund Vincent. ''The Lower East Side: A Guide to Its Jewish Past with 99 New Photographs'', [[Dover Publications|Courier Dover Publications]], 1980. ISBN 0486238717</cite>
* <cite id=refSherman1996>Sherman, Moshe D. ''Orthodox Judaism in America: A Biographical Dictionary and Sourcebook'', [[Greenwood Publishing Group]]. 1996. ISBN 0313243166</cite>
* <cite id=refSiegel2006>Siegel, Jefferson. [http://www.thevillager.com/villager_173/rebirthandreunion.html Rebirth, and reunion, at historic Norfolk synagogue], ''[[The Villager]]'', Volume 76, Number 14, August 23-29, 2006.</cite>
* <cite id=refSussman>Sussman, Lance J. [http://www.archives.nysed.gov/a/research/res_topics_pgc_jewish_essay.shtml New York Jewish History] , Jewish History Resources, New York State State Archives. Accessed August 1, 2008.</cite>
* <cite id=refTannenbaum2007>Tannenbaum, Rabbi Gershon. [http://www.jewishpress.com/page.do/20457/My_Machberes.html My Machberes], ''[[The Jewish Press]]'', January 24, 2007.</cite>
* <cite id=refTaylor2008>Taylor, Candace. [http://www.nysun.com/new-york/lower-east-side-is-at-a-crossroads/82072/ "Lower East Side Is at a Crossroads"], ''[[New York Sun]]'', July 17, 2008.</cite>
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{commonscat}}
{{refbegin|colwidth=40em}}
*[http://pdberger.com/beth-hamedrash-hagadol/ Exterior view]
*[http://pdberger.com/images/Shull.jpg Interior view]
*[http://www.nyc-architecture.com/LES/LES014.htm Congregation Beth Hamedrash Hagodol (Synagogue)]
{{refend}}

{{Registered Historic Places}}

[[Category:1850 architecture]]
[[Category:Gothic Revival synagogues]]
[[Category:Lower East Side of Manhattan]]
[[Category:Orthodox synagogues]]
[[Category:Registered Historic Places in Manhattan]]
[[Category:Registered Historic synagogues]]
[[Category:Religious organizations established in 1852]]
[[Category:Synagogues in Manhattan]]

Revision as of 05:57, 13 October 2008

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