Mapoyo-Yabarana language: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Extinct language of Venezuela}}
{{Infobox language
|name=Mapoyo
|nativename=''Mapoyo–Yavarana''
|states=[[Venezuela]]
|region=[[Suapure River]]
|ethnicity=520 Mapoyo & Yabarana (2007)<ref name=e18/>
|extinct=
|ref=e18
|familycolor=American
|fam1=[[Carib languages|Carib]]
|fam2
|fam3
|lc1=mcg|ld1=Mapoyo
|lc2=yar|ld2=Yabarana
Line 16 ⟶ 17:
|glotto=mapo1245
|glottorefname=Mapoyo–Yawarana
|notice=IPA
}}
'''Mapoyo''', or '''Mapoyo–Yavarana''', is a [[Carib languages|Carib]] language spoken along the Suapure and Parguaza Rivers, [[Venezuela]]. The ethnic population of Mapoyo proper is about 365. Yabarana dialect is perhaps extinct; 20 speakers were known in 1977.<ref
== Phonology ==
=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!
![[Labial consonant|Labial]]
![[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
![[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
![[Velar consonant|Velar]]
![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|- align="center"
![[Stop consonant|Stop]]
|p
|t
|
|k
|ʔ
|- align="center"
![[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
|m
|n
|ɲ
|
|
|- align="center"
![[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
|β
|s
|
|
|h
|- align="center"
![[Rhotic consonant|Rhotic]]
|
|ɾ
|
|
|
|- align="center"
![[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
|w
|
|j
|
|
|}
* /h/ can be heard as a palatal [ç] when preceding a voiceless plosive.
* /n/ can be heard as a velar [ŋ] when preceding a velar /k/.
* /β/ can be heard as a voiced stop [b], when after a voiceless plosive or glottal /ʔ/.
* /s/ can be heard with an allophone of [ts] when word-initially, or after a glottal /ʔ/.
* /j/ can be heard as a voiced fricative [ʝ], when before a back vowel.
=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!
![[Front vowel|Front]]
![[Central vowel|Central]]
![[Back vowel|Back]]
|- align="center"
![[Close vowel|High]]
|i
|ɨ
|u
|- align="center"
![[Mid vowel|Mid]]
|e
|ɘ
|o
|- align="center"
![[Open vowel|Low]]
|
|a
|
|}
* Sounds /i, u/ are reduced to [ɪ, ʊ] in syllable-final position.
* /ɘ/ is heard as a lower [ə] sound when preceding /h/, or following /β/.
* /a/ is heard as [ɑ] when occurring after an initial bilabial sound.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Medina |first=Francia |title=Introducción a la Fonética y a la Fonología Mapoyo (Caribe) |publisher=Caracas: Universidad Central de Venezuela |year=1997}}</ref>
==References==
{{Reflist}}
* Granadillo, Tania. 2019. [http://www.etnolinguistica.org/article:vol7n1p43-55 El mapoyo y la rama venezolana de lenguas caribes]. ''Cadernos de Etnolingüística'', volume 7, número 1, julho/2019, p. 43-55.
==External links==
* [http://www.native-languages.org/yabarana_words.htm Yabarana word list]
{{Languages of Venezuela}}
{{Cariban languages}}
[[Category:Languages of Venezuela]]
[[Category:Extinct languages of South America]]
[[Category:Languages extinct in the 1990s]]
[[Category:Languages extinct in the 2000s]]
[[Category:Cariban languages]]
{{
|
Latest revision as of 21:07, 13 March 2023
Mapoyo | |
---|---|
Mapoyo–Yavarana | |
Native to | Venezuela |
Region | Suapure River |
Ethnicity | 520 Mapoyo & Yabarana (2007)[1] |
Extinct | Last speaker of Pemono after 1998. A few semi-speakers of Mapoyo proper (2007), 20 Yabarana (1977)[1] |
Carib
| |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | Variously:mcg – Mapoyoyar – Yabaranapev – Pémono |
Glottolog | mapo1245 |
ELP | Yawarana |
Mapoyo, or Mapoyo–Yavarana, is a Carib language spoken along the Suapure and Parguaza Rivers, Venezuela. The ethnic population of Mapoyo proper is about 365. Yabarana dialect is perhaps extinct; 20 speakers were known in 1977.[1] An additional dialect, Pémono,[2] was discovered in 1998. It was spoken by an 80-year-old woman and has since gone extinct.
Phonology[edit]
Consonants[edit]
Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Stop | p | t | k | ʔ | |
Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ||
Fricative | β | s | h | ||
Rhotic | ɾ | ||||
Approximant | w | j |
- /h/ can be heard as a palatal [ç] when preceding a voiceless plosive.
- /n/ can be heard as a velar [ŋ] when preceding a velar /k/.
- /β/ can be heard as a voiced stop [b], when after a voiceless plosive or glottal /ʔ/.
- /s/ can be heard with an allophone of [ts] when word-initially, or after a glottal /ʔ/.
- /j/ can be heard as a voiced fricative [ʝ], when before a back vowel.
Vowels[edit]
Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
High | i | ɨ | u |
Mid | e | ɘ | o |
Low | a |
- Sounds /i, u/ are reduced to [ɪ, ʊ] in syllable-final position.
- /ɘ/ is heard as a lower [ə] sound when preceding /h/, or following /β/.
- /a/ is heard as [ɑ] when occurring after an initial bilabial sound.[3]
References[edit]
- ^ a b c Mapoyo at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
Yabarana at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
Pémono at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) - ^ Not the same as Pemon
- ^ Medina, Francia (1997). Introducción a la Fonética y a la Fonología Mapoyo (Caribe). Caracas: Universidad Central de Venezuela.
- Granadillo, Tania. 2019. El mapoyo y la rama venezolana de lenguas caribes. Cadernos de Etnolingüística, volume 7, número 1, julho/2019, p. 43-55.
External links[edit]