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Echovirus is a polyphyletic group of viruses associated with enteric disease in humans. The name is derived from "enteric cytopathic human orphan virus". These viruses were originally not associated with disease, but many have since been identified as disease-causing agents. The term "echovirus" was used in the scientific names of numerous species, but all echoviruses are now recognized as strains of various species, most of which are in the family Picornaviridae.^[1]

List of echoviruses[edit]

Thirty-four echoviruses are known:^[1]

Human echoviruses 1–7, 9, 11–21, 24–27, and 29–33 are strains of the species Enterovirus B of the genus Enterovirus.^[2]
Human echovirus 8 was shown to be identical to Human echovirus 1 and was abolished as a species.
Human echovirus 10 was reclassified as a strain of the species Reovirus type 1, currently named Mammalian orthoreovirus of the genus Orthoreovirus, which belongs to the family Reoviridae. As such, Human echovirus 10 is the only echovirus that does not belong to the family Picornaviridae.
Human echoviruses 22 and 23 are strains of the species Parechovirus A of the genus Parechovirus.^[3]
Human echovirus 28 was reclassified as the species Human rhinovirus 1A, which was later merged with other rhinovirus strains into the currently named species Rhinovirus A of the genus Enterovirus.
Human echovirus 34 was abolished as a species and reclassified as a strain of Human coxsackievirus A24, which is now classified as a strain of the species Enterovirus C of the genus Enterovirus.

Symptoms[edit]

When one is infected with echovirus, symptoms are rare but can occur. When symptoms occur, they often include a cough, rash, and influenza-like symptoms. Rare symptoms include viral meningitis, which affects the brain and spinal cord.^{[medical citation needed]}

Treatment[edit]

Echovirus infection mostly clears up on its own. Doctors may give an immune-system treatment called IVIG, which can help those with weak immune systems. No medicines are known to help against the virus.^[4]

References[edit]

^ ^a ^b Mahy, B. W. J. (26 February 2009). The Dictionary of Virology. Academic Press, 2009. pp. 218–220. ISBN 9780080920368.
^ "ICTV Taxonomy history: Enterovirus B". talk.ictvonline.org. International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. Retrieved 27 June 2020.
^ "ICTV Taxonomy history: Parechovirus A". talk.ictvonline.org. International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. Retrieved 27 June 2020.
^ Jatin M. Vyas (December 2018). "ECHO virus". Medline Plus. Retrieved 10 April 2021.

[Mahy-1] Mahy, B. W. J. (26 February 2009). The Dictionary of Virology. Academic Press, 2009. pp. 218–220. ISBN 9780080920368.

[2] "ICTV Taxonomy history: Enterovirus B". talk.ictvonline.org. International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. Retrieved 27 June 2020.

[3] "ICTV Taxonomy history: Parechovirus A". talk.ictvonline.org. International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. Retrieved 27 June 2020.

[4] Jatin M. Vyas (December 2018). "ECHO virus". Medline Plus. Retrieved 10 April 2021.

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+{{Short description|Group of viruses}}
-{{references|article|date=December 2006}}
+'''Echovirus''' is a [[Polyphyly|polyphyletic]] group of [[virus]]es associated with [[enteric]] disease in humans. The name is derived from "'''e'''nteric '''c'''ytopathic '''h'''uman '''o'''rphan '''virus'''". These viruses were originally not associated with disease, but many have since been identified as disease-causing agents. The term "echovirus" was used in the scientific names of numerous species, but all echoviruses are now recognized as strains of various species, most of which are in the family ''[[Picornaviridae]]''.<ref name="Mahy">{{cite book |last=Mahy |first=B. W. J. |title=The Dictionary of Virology |date=26 February 2009 |publisher=[[Academic Press]], 2009 |isbn=9780080920368 |pages=218–220}}</ref>
-{{Taxobox | color=violet
-| name = ''Echoviruses''
-| virus_group = iv
-| familia = ''[[Picornaviridae]]''
-| genus = ''[[Enterovirus]]''
-| species = '''''Echovirus'''''
-}}
+==List of echoviruses==
-An '''echovirus''' is a type of [[RNA virus]] that belongs to the [[genus]] ''[[Enterovirus]]'' of the ''[[Picornaviridae]]'' family.<ref name=Sherris>{{cite book | author = Ryan KJ; Ray CG (editors) | title = Sherris Medical Microbiology | edition = 4th ed. | pages = 537–9 |publisher = McGraw Hill | year = 2004 | id = ISBN 0838585299 }}</ref> Echoviruses are found in the gastrointestinal tract (hence it being part of the enterovirus genus) and exposure to the virus causes other opportunistic infections and diseases.
+Thirty-four echoviruses are known:<ref name ="Mahy"></ref>
+* Human echoviruses 1–7, 9, 11–21, 24–27, and 29–33 are strains of the species ''[[Enterovirus B]]'' of the genus ''[[Enterovirus]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=ICTV Taxonomy history: Enterovirus B |url=https://ictv.global/taxonomy/taxondetails?taxnode_id=201901984 |access-date=27 June 2020 |website=talk.ictvonline.org |publisher=[[International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses]]}}</ref>
-==History==
+* Human echovirus 8 was shown to be identical to Human echovirus 1 and was abolished as a species.
-The first isolation of echoviruses occurred from the [[feces]] of [[asymptomatic]] children early in the 1950s, just after [[Cell culture|cell culturing]] had been developed. The ''echo–'' part of the name was originally an [[acronym]] for "[[enteric]] [[Cytopathy|cytopathic]] human orphan" virus: ''Orphan virus'' means a virus that is not associated with any known disease. Even though Echoviruses have since been identified with various diseases, the original name is still used.<ref name=Baron>{{cite book | author = Yin-Murphy  M, Almond  JW | title = Picornavirues. ''in:'' Baron's Medical Microbiology ''(Baron S ''et al'', eds.)| edition = 4th ed. | publisher = Univ of Texas Medical Branch | year = 1996 | url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=mmed.section.2862 | id = ISBN 0-9631172-1-1 }}</ref>
+* Human echovirus 10 was reclassified as a strain of the species ''Reovirus type 1'', currently named ''[[Mammalian orthoreovirus]]'' of the genus ''[[Orthoreovirus]]'', which belongs to the family ''[[Reoviridae]]''. As such, Human echovirus 10 is the only echovirus that does not belong to the family ''[[Picornaviridae]]''.
+* Human echoviruses 22 and 23 are strains of the species ''[[Parechovirus A]]'' of the genus ''[[Parechovirus]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ictv.global/taxonomy/taxondetails?taxnode_id=201902038|title=ICTV Taxonomy history: Parechovirus A|website=talk.ictvonline.org|publisher=International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses|access-date=27 June 2020}}</ref>
+* Human echovirus 28 was reclassified as the species ''Human rhinovirus 1A'', which was later merged with other rhinovirus strains into the currently named species ''[[Rhinovirus A]]'' of the genus ''[[Enterovirus]]''.
+* Human echovirus 34 was abolished as a species and reclassified as a strain of ''[[Human coxsackievirus A24]]'', which is now classified as a strain of the species ''[[Enterovirus C]]'' of the genus ''Enterovirus''.
-==Description==
+==Symptoms==
+When one is infected with echovirus, symptoms are rare but can occur. When symptoms occur, they often include a [[cough]], [[rash]], and [[Influenza-like illness|influenza-like symptoms]]. Rare symptoms include [[viral meningitis]], which affects the brain and spinal cord.{{medical citation needed|date=July 2023}}
-Echovirus is highly [[infectious disease|infectious]], and its primary target is children. The echovirus is among the leading causes of acute [[Fever|febrile]] illness in infants and young children, and is the most common cause of [[aseptic meningitis]].<ref name=eMed_629>{{eMedicine|ped|629}}</ref>
-Infection of an infant with this virus following [[childbirth|birth]] may cause severe [[systemic disease]]s, and is associated with high [[infant mortality]] rates. The echovirus can mimic [[symptom]]s caused by other common [[bacteria]]l and [[virus|viral]] [[infection]]s, so echovirus infections are often treated with therapies aimed for other infections. This can lead to the evolution of [[antibiotic-resistant]] bacteria.
-==Viral structure and infection==
-An echovirus measures 24-30 nanometres (nm), and is similar to other viruses, since it has a naked [[protein]] [[capsid]], which makes up 75% of the virus particle that encloses a dense central core of single-stranded [[RNA]]. This RNA has a length of approximately 7.5 [[kilobase]] (kb), contains an [[RNA replicase]], [[viral-coded protein]]s, and a single [[polyprotein]] that is responsible for the formation of [[structural protein]]s and other proteins necessary for [[cellular replication]]. The structural proteins determine [[host range]] and play a very important role in delivering the RNA [[genome]] into the [[cytoplasm]] of new host [[Cell (biology)|cells]].<ref name=eMed_629 />
-Some viral replication of an echovirus occurs in the [[nasopharynx]] after infection and then spreads to regional [[lymph node]]s. However, most viral particles are swallowed and they reach the lower [[gut tract]], where the virus is presumed to bind to specific [[receptor (biochemistry)|receptors]]. The virus then spreads to the lower [[intestinal tract]], replicating but not causing any major cellular effects along the way. Next, the virus spreads to many secondary sites in the body such as the [[central nervous system]], [[liver]], [[spleen]], [[bone marrow]], [[heart]] and finally the [[lung]]s. Additional replication of the virus will occur, causing symptoms 4 to 6 days after infection. The most deadly part however is delayed when symptoms of a central nervous system disease start to appear. Enteroviruses are capable of infecting any cell in the body. These viruses are highly infectious. They can spread through the air to other hosts 1-3 weeks after infection and can spread through feces to other hosts eight weeks after infection.
-==Symptoms and diagnosis==
-Echovirus disease occurs disproportionately in males. Infection within the first two weeks of birth can cause devastating and potentially fatal disease. In this population, death usually results from overwhelming [[liver failure]] or [[myocarditis]], rather than infection of the central nervous system. Older children and adults have a better prognosis. Myocarditis is the most frequent complication in adults.
-Echovirus infections can occur in people of all age groups. However, as we get older, there is increased production of specific [[antibodies]] to the echovirus. Several studies performed during [[epidemics]] show that infants become infected at notably higher rates than older children and adults.
-==Cause of infection==
-Causes of echovirus infections can be placed in several categories. Main causes of infection are from overcrowded conditions such as the poor districts of a city and poor [[hygiene]]. Echoviruses are transmitted person-to-person; the fecal-oral route is the predominant mode, although transmission sometimes occurs via respiration of oral secretions such as [[saliva]]. Indirect transmission occurs through numerous routes, including via contaminated water, food, and [[fomite]]s (inanimate objects). Contaminated swimming and wading pools can also transmit the virus. Also, there are well-documented reports of transmission via the contaminated hands of hospital personnel.
 ==Treatment==
+Echovirus infection mostly clears up on its own. Doctors may give an immune-system treatment called [[IVIG]], which can help those with weak immune systems. No medicines are known to help against the virus.<ref>{{cite web |author=Jatin M. Vyas |date=December 2018 |title=ECHO virus |url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001340.htm |access-date=10 April 2021 |website=[[Medline Plus]]}}</ref>
-No specific treatment for echovirus infection is currently available.  Care is directed at relief of symptoms.  The anti-viral drug [[ViroPharma Incorporated#Pleconaril|pleconaril]] interferes with the binding of the echovirus particle to the cell membrane and the drug also hinders the uncoating of [[virions]] by attaching itself to the viral protein capsid.<ref name=eMed_629 /> The pharmaceutical company, [[ViroPharma Incorporated]], ended development of pleconaril in 2004.
-==In popular culture==
-Echovirus 11 was the cause of an epidemic in a maternity ward in the ''[[House (TV series)|House MD]]'' episode "[[Maternity (House episode)|Maternity]]".
 ==References==
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-{{Reflist|2}}
-[[Category:Picornaviruses]]
-[[nl:ECHO-virus]]
+[[Category:Infraspecific virus taxa]]
+[[Category:Obsolete virus taxa]]
+[[Category:Unaccepted virus taxa]]