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{{Short description|German pathologist and microbiologist}}
{{Expand German|Carl Friedländer|date=December 2009}}
{{Expand German|Carl Friedländer|date=December 2009}}
'''Carl Friedländer''' (1847 in [[Brzeg|Brieg (Brzeg)]], [[Silesia]] - 1887, [[Meran|Meran (Merano)]], [[County of Tyrol]]) was a [[Germany|German]] [[pathologist]] and [[microbiologist]] who helped discover the [[bacteria]]l cause of [[pneumonia]] in 1882. <ref> Friedländer, C. 1882 Ueber die Schizomyceten
'''Carl Friedländer''' (19 November 1847, [[Brzeg|Brieg (Brzeg)]], [[Habsburg Silesia|Silesia]] – 13 May 1887, [[Meran|Meran (Merano)]], [[County of Tyrol]]) was a German [[pathologist]] and [[microbiologist]] who helped discover the [[bacteria]]l cause of [[pneumonia]] in 1882.<ref>Friedländer, C. 1882 Ueber die Schizomyceten bei der acuten fibrösen Pneumonie. Virchow's Arch. pathol. Anat. u. Physiol.,87 (2): 319-324, Feb. 4.</ref> He also first described [[thromboangiitis obliterans]].<ref>Carl Friedländer: Arteriitis obliterans. Zentralblatt für die medizinischen Wissenschaften, Berlin, 1876, 14</ref>

bei der acuten fibr6sen Pneumonie. Virchow's Arch. pathol. Anat. u. Physiol.,87 (2): 319-324, Feb. 4. </ref> He also first described [[thromboangiitis obliterans]]. He first identified the bacterium ''[[Klebsiella pneumoniae]]'' from the lungs of people who died from pneumonia. <ref>Friedländer, C. 1883 Die Mikrokokken
[[Edwin Klebs]] had seen bacteria in the airways of individuals who died from pneumonia in 1875; however, it was not until 1882 when [[Friedländer]] recognized that bacteria (''[[Klebsiella pneumoniae]]'') were nearly always observable in persons dying from pneumonia that the bold statement was made that these were the likely cause of pneumonia. Friedländer's second communication on the micrococci of pneumonia, which appeared on 15 November 1883, touched off a controversy over the causative agent of pneumonia that continued for the next three years. In this second report he noted that he had examined more than 50 additional cases of pneumonia and that he had identified bacteria in nearly all of them and that sections from which the bacteria were absent were from the lungs of patients dying late in the course of the disease. Friedländer also noted that it was necessary to use special stains (e.g. the Gram Stain)<ref>{{Cite journal
⚫
der Pneumonie. Fortschr. Med., 1 (22):715-733, Nov. 15. </ref> As a result, ''Klebsiella pneumoniae'' is often called ''Friedländer's bacterium'' or ''Friedländer's bacillus''.<ref> Kohler, W. & Mochmann, H. (1987): Carl Friedlander (1847-1887) and the discovery of the Pneumococcus—in memory of the centenary of his death. Zeitschrift für ärztliche Fortbildung 81(12):615-618 </ref>
| last1 = Austrian | first1 = R.
| title = The Gram stain and the etiology of lobar pneumonia, an historical note
| journal = Bacteriological Reviews
| volume = 24
| issue = 3
| pages = 261–265
| year = 1960
| doi = 10.1128/BR.24.3.261-265.1960
| pmid = 13685217
| pmc = 441053
⚫
}}</ref> to see the bacteria because using ordinary stains (H&E) nuclei and fibrin stained the same way as bacteria and thus obscured the ability to see the bacteria.<ref>Friedländer, C. 1883 Die Mikrokokken der Pneumonie. Fortschr. Med., 1 (22):715-733, Nov. 15.</ref> As a result, ''Klebsiella pneumoniae'' is often called ''Friedländer's bacterium'' or ''Friedländer's bacillus''.<ref>Kohler, W. & Mochmann, H. (1987): Carl Friedländer (1847–1887) and the discovery of the Pneumococcus—in memory of the centenary of his death. Zeitschrift für ärztliche Fortbildung 81(12):615-618</ref> It is unclear if the bacteria that he observed in persons dying of pneumonia were truly all ''[[Klebsiella]]'', some may well have been ''[[Streptococcus pneumoniae]]''.


In 1886, he introduced the [[ampoule]] in medicine.
In 1886, he introduced the [[ampoule]] in medicine.

He died a premature death, aged 39 or 40, after a brief stint with a respiratory disease, believed to be caused by his discovered infectious organism, the [[Friedländer bacillus|Friedlander's Bacillus]].


== Works ==
== Works ==
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== References ==
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}

*
{{Authority control}}
{{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. -->

| NAME = Friedlaender, Carl
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = 1847
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH = 1887
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Friedlaender, Carl}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Friedlaender, Carl}}
[[Category:19th-century German people]]
[[Category:19th-century German physicians]]
[[Category:German physicians]]
[[Category:Prussian physicians]]
[[Category:German Jews]]
[[Category:German emigrants to Austria-Hungary]]
[[Category:German pathologists]]
[[Category:German microbiologists]]
[[Category:1847 births]]
[[Category:1847 births]]
[[Category:1887 deaths]]
[[Category:1887 deaths]]
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{{Germany-med-bio-stub}}
{{Germany-med-bio-stub}}

[[de:Carl Friedländer]]
[[pl:Carl Friedländer]]

Latest revision as of 00:12, 3 January 2024

Carl Friedländer (19 November 1847, Brieg (Brzeg), Silesia – 13 May 1887, Meran (Merano), County of Tyrol) was a German pathologist and microbiologist who helped discover the bacterial cause of pneumonia in 1882.[1] He also first described thromboangiitis obliterans.[2]

Edwin Klebs had seen bacteria in the airways of individuals who died from pneumonia in 1875; however, it was not until 1882 when Friedländer recognized that bacteria (Klebsiella pneumoniae) were nearly always observable in persons dying from pneumonia that the bold statement was made that these were the likely cause of pneumonia. Friedländer's second communication on the micrococci of pneumonia, which appeared on 15 November 1883, touched off a controversy over the causative agent of pneumonia that continued for the next three years. In this second report he noted that he had examined more than 50 additional cases of pneumonia and that he had identified bacteria in nearly all of them and that sections from which the bacteria were absent were from the lungs of patients dying late in the course of the disease. Friedländer also noted that it was necessary to use special stains (e.g. the Gram Stain)[3] to see the bacteria because using ordinary stains (H&E) nuclei and fibrin stained the same way as bacteria and thus obscured the ability to see the bacteria.[4] As a result, Klebsiella pneumoniae is often called Friedländer's bacterium or Friedländer's bacillus.[5] It is unclear if the bacteria that he observed in persons dying of pneumonia were truly all Klebsiella, some may well have been Streptococcus pneumoniae.

In 1886, he introduced the ampoule in medicine.

He died a premature death, aged 39 or 40, after a brief stint with a respiratory disease, believed to be caused by his discovered infectious organism, the Friedlander's Bacillus.

Works[edit]

  • Friedländer, C. Über die Schizomyceten bei der acuten fibrösen Pneumonie. Virchow's Arch pathol. Anat. u. Physiol., 87 (2):319-324, Feb. 4, 1882.
  • Carl Friedländer: Arteriitis obliterans. Zentralblatt für die medizinischen Wissenschaften, Berlin, 1876, 14.

References[edit]

  1. ^ Friedländer, C. 1882 Ueber die Schizomyceten bei der acuten fibrösen Pneumonie. Virchow's Arch. pathol. Anat. u. Physiol.,87 (2): 319-324, Feb. 4.
  2. ^ Carl Friedländer: Arteriitis obliterans. Zentralblatt für die medizinischen Wissenschaften, Berlin, 1876, 14
  3. ^ Austrian, R. (1960). "The Gram stain and the etiology of lobar pneumonia, an historical note". Bacteriological Reviews. 24 (3): 261–265. doi:10.1128/BR.24.3.261-265.1960. PMC 441053. PMID 13685217.
  4. ^ Friedländer, C. 1883 Die Mikrokokken der Pneumonie. Fortschr. Med., 1 (22):715-733, Nov. 15.
  5. ^ Kohler, W. & Mochmann, H. (1987): Carl Friedländer (1847–1887) and the discovery of the Pneumococcus—in memory of the centenary of his death. Zeitschrift für ärztliche Fortbildung 81(12):615-618


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