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{{Infobox officeholder
{{Expand French|Vahan Ier Mamikonian|date=October 2013}}
|name = Vahan Mamikonian
{{Expand Portuguese|Baanes II Mamicônio|date=October 2013}}
|native_name = Վահան Մամիկոնեան
⚫
{{Infobox royalty
⚫
|image = Vahan Mamikonyan.jpg
| type = monarch
|imagesize =
| name = Vahan II Mamikonian <br> Վահան Ա Մամիկոնյան
|alt =
⚫
| image = Vahan Mamikonyan.jpg
| caption = Artwork of Vahan II
|caption = Modern artistic portrayal of Vahan
|office = ''[[Marzban]]'' of [[Persian Armenia]]
| reign =
|term_start = 485
| coronation =
|term_end = 503/510
⚫
| predecessor = [[Shapur of Ray]]
|monarch = [[Kavadh I]]
⚫
| successor = [[Vard Mamikonian]]
⚫
|predecessor = [[Shapur of Ray]]
| full name =
| house = [[Mamikonian|House of Mamikonian]]
|successor = [[Vard Mamikonian]]
⚫
|birth_date = 440-445
| spouse=
|birth_place = [[Marzpanate Armenia]]
| issue=
⚫
|death_date = 503-510
| father = Hmayeak Mamikonian
|death_place = [[Marzpanate Armenia]]
| mother = Dzoyk Arçrouni
|birthname =
⚫
| birth_date = 440-445
| birth_place =
⚫
| death_date = 503-510
| death_place =
| place of burial =
| religion = [[Christianity]]
}}
}}
'''Vahan II Mamikonian''' ([[Armenian language|Armenian]]: Վահան Ա Մամիկոնյան) (born between 440-445 and died between 503-510) was an Armenian nobleman from the [[Mamikonian]] family.
'''Vahan Mamikonian''' ({{lang-hy|Վահան Մամիկոնեան}}; {{c.}} 440/445{{spaced ndash}}503/510) was an [[Armenians|Armenian]] nobleman from the [[Mamikonian|Mamikonian family]]. In 481 he rebelled against the [[Sasanian Empire]] that controlled the eastern part of Armenia known as [[Persian Armenia]]. He was appointed as ''[[marzban]]'' (governor) of Persian Armenia in 485 and remained in that post until his death around 503-510.


==Background==
==Background==
Since 387, the kingdom of Armenia was divided into two zones of influence, [[Byzantine Armenia]] and [[Persian Armenia]]. In addition, in 428, the the last Arsacid monarch, Artaxias IV, was desposed by his overlord [[Bahram V]] at the request of the Armenian [[Nakharar]]'s, thus inaugurating the [[Marzpanate Armenia|Marzpanate period]] in Persian Armenia. Very quickly, the Armenians disillusioned: in 449, [[Yazdegerd II]] ordered the nobility to convert to Zoroastrianism.<ref name="Dédéyan 187">{{Harvsp|Dédéyan|2007|p=187}}</ref> The Armenians revolted under the leadership of [[Vardan Mamikonian]], but were defeated on 2 June 451 (or May 26 ) at the [[battle of Avarayr]]; most [[Nakharar]]'s who participated in the revolt were deported to [[Ctesiphon]].<ref name="Dédéyan 190">{{Harvsp|Dédéyan|2007|p=190}}</ref>
From 387 the kingdom of Armenia was divided into two zones of influence, [[Byzantine Armenia]] and [[Persian Armenia]]. In 428 the last Arsacid Armenian monarch, [[Artaxias IV]], was deposed by his overlord [[Bahram V]] at the request of the Armenian ''[[nakharar]]s'', thus starting the [[Marzpanate Armenia|Marzpanate period]] in Persian Armenia. Very quickly, the Armenians were disillusioned: in 449, [[Yazdegerd II]] ordered the nobility to convert to [[Zoroastrianism]].<ref name="Dédéyan 187">{{Harvsp|Dédéyan|2007|p=187}}</ref> The Armenians revolted under the leadership of [[Vardan Mamikonian]], but were defeated on 2 June 451 (or May 26) at the [[battle of Avarayr]]; most ''nakharars'' who participated in the revolt were deported to [[Ctesiphon]].<ref name="Dédéyan 190">{{Harvsp|Dédéyan|2007|p=190}}</ref>


==Biography==
==Youth==
⚫
Vahan was born around 440 - 445.<ref>{{Harvsp|Settipani|2006|pp=309–310}}.</ref> He was the eldest son of Hmayeak Mamikonian and Dzoyk, he had 3 younger siblings named Vard, Vasak, and Artaxias. His father was killed by guerrillas at [[Tayk]] in the aftermath of the battle of Avarayr. Vahan, along with Vasak and Artaxias, was captured by the ''marzban'' of Armenia and was deported to Ctesiphon; sentenced to apostasy, and was "weakened in their faith," according to his childhood friend and contemporary historian [[Ghazar Parpetsi]].<ref name="Grousset 215">{{Harvsp|Grousset|1947|p=215}}.</ref>
===Youth===
⚫
Vahan was born around 440 - 445.<ref>{{Harvsp|Settipani|2006|p=309-310}}.</ref> He was the eldest son Hmayeak Mamikonian and Dzoyk, daughter of Vram or Vasak Arçrouni, younger brother of Vardan Mamikonian , it is the first of the siblings he composed with Vasak, Vard and Artashes . His father was killed during the guerrilla he runs in his possessions Tayk the aftermath of Avarayr . About Vahan, he is captured by the marzpan soon removed, Vasak of Siounie , given the Persians and deported to Ctesiphon with Vasak and Artashes ; summoned to apostatize there "weakening in his faith," according to his friend of childhood and contemporary historian Ghazar Parpetsi.<ref name="Grousset 215">{{Harvsp|Grousset|1947|p=215}}.</ref>


The three brothers were sentenced to death, however, are released through Arschouscha , bdeachkh ("Margrave" or "vitaxe") of Gougark Anoyschvram and husband of the sister of Dzoyk , . Sparapet ("Generalissimo" ) of Armenia customary law , Vahan regains his possessions, however, it is accused of misappropriation of income are gold mines, a charge to which he responds by making spontaneously Ctesiphon with a large amount.<ref name="Dédéyan 192">{{Harvsp|Dédéyan|2007|p=192}}.</ref>
The three brothers were sentenced to death, however, were released with the help of [[Mihranids|Mihranid]] prince [[Arshusha II]]. Vahan then regained his possessions, however, he was accused of misappropriation of income of gold mines, and had to pay a large sum of money to the [[Sasanians]].<ref name="Dédéyan 192">{{Harvsp|Dédéyan|2007|p=192}}.</ref>


==Revolt==
==Revolt==
[[File:Persian Armenia.gif|thumb|300px|Map of [[Persian Armenia]]]]
In the aftermath of Avarayr Armenians are constantly solicited by the Persians in distant military expeditions, and are also forced to accept the growing power of some apostates, in this context, they positively receive the call to revolt Vakhtang I of Iberia itself in rebellion against the Persians . Vahan hesitates and decides 481 to join the rebellion , requiring other rebels to take an oath on the cross and the Gospel to remain faithful to the covenant, then it is proclaimed Sparapet . The oath is however directly reported by Varaz-Chapouh Amatuni to marzban, Adhour-Gouchnasp , who abandons Dvin , the capital, to take refuge first in Artashat then Persia Vahan does replace Sahak II Bagratouni already aspet ( "cavalry commander") . However Adhour-Gouchnasp sent a troop of horsemen 7000 against the insurgents, who were defeated by 400 horsemen led by Vasak Mamikonian at the Battle of Akori (northern slope of Ararat ), which also sees death the Persian marzpan . Vahan hitherto remained Dvin to ensure the defense of the capital , can be worn at the beginning of the year 483 to meet Persian reinforcements, he defeated at the Battle of Nersehapat in Artaz (region of Maku ) .
[[File:The return to the homeland.jpg|thumb|250px|Vahan's arrival to [[Dvin (ancient city)|Dvin]]]]
In the aftermath of [[battle of Avarayr]], the Armenians were constantly ordered by the Sasanians to go to distant military expeditions, mostly in Eastern Persia. They were also required to accept the growing power of the apostasy, which resulted in the revolt of [[Vakhtang I of Iberia]] (r. 447/449 - 502/522), and was positively received by the Armenians. Vahan hesitated to join the rebellion in 481,<ref>{{harv|name=Grous217|Grousset|1947|p=217}}</ref> making [[Adhur Gushnasp]], the ''marzban'' of Armenia, abandon [[Dvin (ancient city)|Dvin]] and take refugee in [[Artashat (ancient city)|Artashat]].


Vahan then asked the other rebels to take an oath on the cross of the Gospel to remain faithful to the covenant he would proclaim as the new ''marzban'' of Armenia, and proclaimed [[Sahak II Bagratuni]] as the new ''marzban''. However, Adhur Gushnasp returned from refugee with a force of 7000 horsemen against the insurgents, he was, however, defeated and killed by Vahan and his army at the battle at [[Yenidoğan, Aralık|Akori]] (northern slope of [[Mount Ararat]]),<ref>{{harv|Grousset|1947|p=218}}</ref> Vahan hitherto remained in [[Dvin (ancient city)|Dvin]] to protect the capital, in early 483, Sasanian reinforcements came, however, Vahan managed to defeat them at the battle of Nersehapat in Artaz (region of [[Maku, Iran|Maku]].)
Vahan then gets a call from Vakhtang I and went with his troops on the Koura, to meet a Persian army commanded by Chahpouhr Mihran , maddened by the lack of promised reinforcements, Armenians subjected to was 483 defeat at the Battle of Akesga, among others seeing the death of Vasak Mamikonian and Sahak Bagratouni . Vahan then folds to Tayk while Mihran is reminded Ctesiphon, allowing Armenians to regain control of the plain of the Araxes during winter Mihran return spring 484 at the head of a new army and forces Vahan to take refuge near the border Byzantine, the Tayk and Taron.

Vahan then received a letter from [[Vakhtang I of Iberia|Vakhtang]], who was with his troops near the [[Kura (Caspian Sea)|Kura river]] searching after the Sasanian army under Shapur Mihran.<ref>{{harv|name=Dedey193|Dédéyan|2007|p=193}}</ref> Crazed by the lack of promised reinforcements, the Armenians were defeated in 483 at the battle of Akesga<ref>{{harv|Grousset|1947|p=221}}</ref> that among other consequences, caused the death of Sahak II Bagratuni and Vahan's brother, Vasak Mamikonian. Vahan then went to Tao while Shapur Mihran was returning to [[Ctesiphon]], allowing the Armenians regain control of the [[Arax river]] during winter. In the spring of 484, Shapur Mihran returned as the head of a new army and forced Vahan to flee to refuge near the Byzantine frontier, at [[Tao (historical region)|Tao]] and [[Taron (historic Armenia)|Taron]].<ref>{{harv|Grousset|1947|p=223}}</ref>


==Marzban of Armenia==
==Marzban of Armenia==
However, an unexpected event changed the course of events: the death of the Sasanian king Peroz I in 484 in war against the Hephalites, causing the withdrawal of the Persians in Armenia and recovery of [[Dvin]] and Vagarsapat. Struggling to suppress the revolt Zariadres , Peroz's successor, Balash (r. 484-488), needed the help of the Armenians: in exchange for military support, he agreed to sign the Treaty of Nevarsak, which granted religious freedom to the Christians and the prohibition of [[Zoroastrianism]] in Armenia, including much greater autonomy for the [[Nakharar]]. Vahan II was also recognized as [[Spahbed]] and the property of the Mamikonian family and its allies were returned.
However, the death of the Sasanian king [[Peroz I]] in 484 in war against the [[Hephthalites]] caused the withdrawal of the Persians in Armenia and the recovery of Dvin and [[Vagharshapat]]. Struggling to suppress the revolt of his brother [[Zarir]], Peroz's successor, [[Balash]] (r. 484-488), needed the help of the Armenians: in exchange for military support, he agreed to sign the [[Nvarsak Treaty]], which granted religious freedom to the [[Christians]] and the prohibition of [[Zoroastrianism]] in Armenia, and included much greater autonomy for the ''nakharars''. Vahan was also recognized as ''[[sparapet]]'' and the property of the Mamikonian family and its allies were returned.


During the same period, Vahan II was appointed as [[marzban]] in 485, and appointed his brother Vard as [[Spahbed]]. According to catholicoi John I Mandacuni and Babgeno, Christianity flourished during his reign; churches were restored, and the the church of St. Gregory of Dvin was enlarged. The Cathedral Vagarsapat was also rebuilt. The country enjoyed relative peace, despite the failed attempt of the successor [[Balash]], [[Kavadh I]] (r. 488-496, 499-531), to impose on the propositions Nevarsak. In 489, Vahan II along with Vatchagan III, King of Albania, repels an Hephalite incursion. Vahan II later died between 503 and 510 and was succeeded by his brother Vard Mamaikonian. According to [[Cyril Toumanoff]], I Baanes Mamikonian hypothetically would have been the father of Astabasdo (IV), the father of Samuel I, [[Spahbed]] at 555.
During the same period, Vahan was appointed as ''marzban'' in 485, and appointed his brother Vard as ''sparapet''. According to John I Mandakuni and Babgeno, [[Christianity]] flourished during his reign;<ref>{{harv|name=Dedey194|Dédéyan|2007|p=194}}</ref> churches were restored and rebuilt, most notably [[Etchmiadzin Cathedral|Vagharshapat (Etchmiadzin) Cathedral]]. The country enjoyed relative peace, despite the failed attempt of the successor [[Balash]], [[Kavadh I]] (r. 488-496, 499-531), to impose on the propositions Nevarsak. In 489, Vahan along with [[Vachagan III]], King of [[Caucasian Albania|Albania]],<ref>{{harv|Dédéyan|2007|p=193}}</ref> repelled an [[Hephthalites|Hephthalite]] invasion of [[Transcaucasia]]. Vahan died between 503 and 510 and was succeeded by his brother [[Vard Mamikonian]].<ref>{{harv|Dédéyan|2007|p=195}}</ref> According to [[Cyril Toumanoff]], Vahan Mamikonian hypothetically would have been the father of Artavasdes, the father of Samuel I, who was a ''sparapet'' in 555.<ref>{{harv|Toumanoff|1990|p=333}}</ref>

==Family tree==
{{Tree chart/start}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | HAM |-|v|-| DKA | | | | | | | | | |HAM=Hmayeak Mamikonian |DKA=Dzoyk Artsruni}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | |}}
{{Tree chart| | | ART |-| VAS |-| VNM |-| VAR | | | | | | | |VNM='''Vahan Mamikonian''' |VAR=[[Vard Mamikonian]] |VAS=Vasak |ART=Artaxias}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | }}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | ATV | | | | | | |ATV=Artavasdes}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | }}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | SAM | | | | | | | | | |SAM=Samuel}}
{{Tree chart/end}}


==References==
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|2}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin|2}}
* {{cite book | last =Dédéyan | first =Gérard | authorlink = Gérard Dédéyan| title=History of the Armenian people | year =2007 | location =Tolosa | publisher =Privat | isbn=978-2-7089-6874-5 }}
* {{cite book | last =Donabédian| first =Patrick |author2=Jean-Michel Thierry| title=Les arts arméniens| publisher =Éditions Mazenod| location =Paris| year =1987|isbn=2-85088-017-5}}
* {{cite book | last =Grousset | first =René | title=Histoire de l'Arménie des origines à 1071 | location=Paris| year =1947 }}
* {{cite book | last =Jacobus | first =Donald Lines | title=[[The American Genealogist]], Volumes 68-69 | publisher =D.L. Jacobus| location =Universidade de Wisconsin - Madison| year =1993}}
* {{cite book | last =Mutafian | first =Claude |author2=Éric Van Lauwe| title=Atlas historique de l'Arménie| publisher =Autrement| year =2005|isbn=978-2746701007}}
* {{cite book | last =Settipani | first =Christian | title=Continuité des élites à Byzance durant les siècles obscurs. Les princes caucasiens et l'Empire du vie au ixe siècle| year =2006| location =Paris| publisher =de Boccard|isbn=978-2-7018-0226-8}}
* {{cite book | last =Toumanoff | first =Cyril | title=As dinastias do Cáucaso cristão na Antiguidade ao século XIX: tabelas genealógicas e cronológicas| year =1990| location=Rome}}
* {{cite book | last =Yarshater | first =Ehsan | title=The Cambridge History of Iran: The Seleucid, Parthian, and Sasanian periods| year =1983| publisher =Cambridge University Press|isbn=052120092X}}

{{refend}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-bef | before=[[Shapur of Ray]]}}
{{s-ttl | title=[[Marzban]] of [[Persian Armenia]] | years=485&ndash;503/510}}
⚫
{{s-aft | after=[[Vard Mamikonian]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Marzbans of Persian Armenia}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mamikonian, Vahan}}
[[Category:500s deaths]]
[[Category:440s births]]
[[Category:5th-century Christians]]
[[Category:6th-century Christians]]
[[Category:Armenian Christians]]
[[Category:Armenian rebels]]
[[Category:Mamikonian family|Vahan]]
[[Category:Sasanian governors of Armenia]]
[[Category:Rebellions against the Sasanian Empire]]
[[Category:5th-century Armenian people]]
[[Category:6th-century Armenian people]]
[[Category:Christians in the Sasanian Empire]]
[[Category:Armenian people from the Sasanian Empire]]

Latest revision as of 07:39, 21 February 2024

Vahan Mamikonian
Վահան Մամիկոնեան
Modern artistic portrayal of Vahan
Marzban of Persian Armenia
In office
485–503/510
MonarchKavadh I
Preceded byShapur of Ray
Succeeded byVard Mamikonian
Personal details
Born440-445
Marzpanate Armenia
Died503-510
Marzpanate Armenia

Vahan Mamikonian (Armenian: Վահան Մամիկոնեան; c. 440/445 – 503/510) was an Armenian nobleman from the Mamikonian family. In 481 he rebelled against the Sasanian Empire that controlled the eastern part of Armenia known as Persian Armenia. He was appointed as marzban (governor) of Persian Armenia in 485 and remained in that post until his death around 503-510.

Background[edit]

From 387 the kingdom of Armenia was divided into two zones of influence, Byzantine Armenia and Persian Armenia. In 428 the last Arsacid Armenian monarch, Artaxias IV, was deposed by his overlord Bahram V at the request of the Armenian nakharars, thus starting the Marzpanate period in Persian Armenia. Very quickly, the Armenians were disillusioned: in 449, Yazdegerd II ordered the nobility to convert to Zoroastrianism.[1] The Armenians revolted under the leadership of Vardan Mamikonian, but were defeated on 2 June 451 (or May 26) at the battle of Avarayr; most nakharars who participated in the revolt were deported to Ctesiphon.[2]

Youth[edit]

Vahan was born around 440 - 445.[3] He was the eldest son of Hmayeak Mamikonian and Dzoyk, he had 3 younger siblings named Vard, Vasak, and Artaxias. His father was killed by guerrillas at Tayk in the aftermath of the battle of Avarayr. Vahan, along with Vasak and Artaxias, was captured by the marzban of Armenia and was deported to Ctesiphon; sentenced to apostasy, and was "weakened in their faith," according to his childhood friend and contemporary historian Ghazar Parpetsi.[4]

The three brothers were sentenced to death, however, were released with the help of Mihranid prince Arshusha II. Vahan then regained his possessions, however, he was accused of misappropriation of income of gold mines, and had to pay a large sum of money to the Sasanians.[5]

Revolt[edit]

Map of Persian Armenia
Vahan's arrival to Dvin

In the aftermath of battle of Avarayr, the Armenians were constantly ordered by the Sasanians to go to distant military expeditions, mostly in Eastern Persia. They were also required to accept the growing power of the apostasy, which resulted in the revolt of Vakhtang I of Iberia (r. 447/449 - 502/522), and was positively received by the Armenians. Vahan hesitated to join the rebellion in 481,[6] making Adhur Gushnasp, the marzban of Armenia, abandon Dvin and take refugee in Artashat.

Vahan then asked the other rebels to take an oath on the cross of the Gospel to remain faithful to the covenant he would proclaim as the new marzban of Armenia, and proclaimed Sahak II Bagratuni as the new marzban. However, Adhur Gushnasp returned from refugee with a force of 7000 horsemen against the insurgents, he was, however, defeated and killed by Vahan and his army at the battle at Akori (northern slope of Mount Ararat),[7] Vahan hitherto remained in Dvin to protect the capital, in early 483, Sasanian reinforcements came, however, Vahan managed to defeat them at the battle of Nersehapat in Artaz (region of Maku.)

Vahan then received a letter from Vakhtang, who was with his troops near the Kura river searching after the Sasanian army under Shapur Mihran.[8] Crazed by the lack of promised reinforcements, the Armenians were defeated in 483 at the battle of Akesga[9] that among other consequences, caused the death of Sahak II Bagratuni and Vahan's brother, Vasak Mamikonian. Vahan then went to Tao while Shapur Mihran was returning to Ctesiphon, allowing the Armenians regain control of the Arax river during winter. In the spring of 484, Shapur Mihran returned as the head of a new army and forced Vahan to flee to refuge near the Byzantine frontier, at Tao and Taron.[10]

Marzban of Armenia[edit]

However, the death of the Sasanian king Peroz I in 484 in war against the Hephthalites caused the withdrawal of the Persians in Armenia and the recovery of Dvin and Vagharshapat. Struggling to suppress the revolt of his brother Zarir, Peroz's successor, Balash (r. 484-488), needed the help of the Armenians: in exchange for military support, he agreed to sign the Nvarsak Treaty, which granted religious freedom to the Christians and the prohibition of Zoroastrianism in Armenia, and included much greater autonomy for the nakharars. Vahan was also recognized as sparapet and the property of the Mamikonian family and its allies were returned.

During the same period, Vahan was appointed as marzban in 485, and appointed his brother Vard as sparapet. According to John I Mandakuni and Babgeno, Christianity flourished during his reign;[11] churches were restored and rebuilt, most notably Vagharshapat (Etchmiadzin) Cathedral. The country enjoyed relative peace, despite the failed attempt of the successor Balash, Kavadh I (r. 488-496, 499-531), to impose on the propositions Nevarsak. In 489, Vahan along with Vachagan III, King of Albania,[12] repelled an Hephthalite invasion of Transcaucasia. Vahan died between 503 and 510 and was succeeded by his brother Vard Mamikonian.[13] According to Cyril Toumanoff, Vahan Mamikonian hypothetically would have been the father of Artavasdes, the father of Samuel I, who was a sparapet in 555.[14]

Family tree[edit]

Hmayeak MamikonianDzoyk Artsruni
ArtaxiasVasakVahan MamikonianVard Mamikonian
Artavasdes
Samuel

References[edit]

  1. ^ Dédéyan 2007, p. 187
  2. ^ Dédéyan 2007, p. 190
  3. ^ Settipani 2006, pp. 309–310.
  4. ^ Grousset 1947, p. 215.
  5. ^ Dédéyan 2007, p. 192.
  6. ^ (Grousset 1947, p. 217)
  7. ^ (Grousset 1947, p. 218)
  8. ^ (Dédéyan 2007, p. 193)
  9. ^ (Grousset 1947, p. 221)
  10. ^ (Grousset 1947, p. 223)
  11. ^ (Dédéyan 2007, p. 194)
  12. ^ (Dédéyan 2007, p. 193)
  13. ^ (Dédéyan 2007, p. 195)
  14. ^ (Toumanoff 1990, p. 333)

Bibliography[edit]

  • Dédéyan, Gérard (2007). History of the Armenian people. Tolosa: Privat. ISBN 978-2-7089-6874-5.
  • Donabédian, Patrick; Jean-Michel Thierry (1987). Les arts arméniens. Paris: Éditions Mazenod. ISBN 2-85088-017-5.
  • Grousset, René (1947). Histoire de l'Arménie des origines à 1071. Paris.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  • Jacobus, Donald Lines (1993). The American Genealogist, Volumes 68-69. Universidade de Wisconsin - Madison: D.L. Jacobus.
  • Mutafian, Claude; Éric Van Lauwe (2005). Atlas historique de l'Arménie. Autrement. ISBN 978-2746701007.
  • Settipani, Christian (2006). Continuité des élites à Byzance durant les siècles obscurs. Les princes caucasiens et l'Empire du vie au ixe siècle. Paris: de Boccard. ISBN 978-2-7018-0226-8.
  • Toumanoff, Cyril (1990). As dinastias do Cáucaso cristão na Antiguidade ao século XIX: tabelas genealógicas e cronológicas. Rome.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  • Yarshater, Ehsan (1983). The Cambridge History of Iran: The Seleucid, Parthian, and Sasanian periods. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 052120092X.
Preceded by Marzban of Persian Armenia
485–503/510 		Succeeded by
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