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{{Infobox book
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The "'''Tarikh i Yamini'''" or "'''Kitab i Yamini'''", written in Arabic,<ref>André Wink, ''Al-Hind, the Slave Kings and the Islamic Conquest, 11th-13th Centuries'', (Brill, 1997), 127.</ref> in an embellished, flowery rhetorical rhymed prose,<ref>''al-Bīrūnī and the Political History of India'', M.S.Khan, '''Oriens''', Vol. 25/26, (1976), 114.</ref> is a history of the reigns of Sebuktigin and Mahmud up to 1020. Written by the historian Abu Nasr Muhammad ibn Muhammad al Jabbaru-l 'Utbi(al-Utbi) the Tarikh Yamini also contains information chronicling [[Mahmud of Ghazni|Sultan Mahmud's]] expeditions as well as the end of the Samanid ''Amirs'' of Sistan.<ref>''Sistan and Its Local Histories'', C. Edmund Bosworth, '''Iranian Studies''', Vol. 33, No. 1/2 (Winter - Spring, 2000), 37.</ref> Al-Utbi, being Mahmud's secretary, did not accompany the sultan, therefore his topography is deficient and his writing style consists of an explicit orthodox nature.<ref>Tej Ram Sharma, ''Historiography: A History of Historical Writing'', (Concept Publishing Company, 2005), 69.</ref> He also states that he intentionally suppressed many events, unnatural or strange that he found skeptical, that did not fit the objectives he had set down in the preface.<ref>''Miskawaih and Arabic Historiography'', M. S. Khan, '''Journal of the American Oriental Society''', Vol. 89, No. 4 (Oct. - Dec., 1969), 728.</ref>
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The '''Tarikh i Yamini''', or '''Kitab i Yamini''', written in [[Arabic]]{{sfn|Wink|1997|p=127}} in an embellished, flowery rhetorical rhymed prose,{{sfn|Khan|1976|p=114}} is a history of the reigns of [[Sebuktigin]] and Mahmud.

⚫
Written by the historian Abu Nasr Muhammad ibn Muhammad al Jabbaru-l 'Utbi (or ''al-Utbi''). His work comprises the whole of the reign of [[Sebuktigin]], and part of that of Mahmud, down to the year 410 Hijra (1020 AD). The Tarikh Yamini also contains information chronicling [[Mahmud of Ghazni|Sultan Mahmud's]] expeditions as well as the end of the [[Samanid Empire]].{{sfn|Bosworth|2000|p=37}} Al-Utbi, being Mahmud's secretary, did not accompany the sultan, therefore his topography is deficient and his writing style consists of an explicit orthodox nature.{{sfn|Sharma|2005|p=69}} He also states that he intentionally suppressed many events, unnatural or strange that he found skeptical that did not fit the objectives he had set down in the preface.{{sfn|Khan|1969|p=728}}


==Content==
==Content==
The Tarikh Yamini starts in 965 CE, but the [[Samanids]] are not mentioned until [[Nuh II|Nuh ibn Mansur's]] reign in 976,{{sfn|Khan|1969|p=728}} while it goes into detail about the [[Buyids]] prior to 983.{{sfn|Khan|1969|p=728}} During the [[Kara-Khanid Khanate|Qarakhanid]] invasion of the Samanid kingdom in 991, the ''Tarikh Yamini'' states that the Samanid governor Fa'iq, son of [[Simjurid]] Abu'l-Hasan Simjuri,{{sfn|Frye|1999|p=156-157}} invited Hasan b. Sulayman{Bughra Khan} to invade [[Bukhara]].{{sfn|Frye|1999|p=156-157}}
⚫
Al-Utbi states when Sebuktigin invaded Afghanistan, that the Afghans were pagans given to rapine and rapacity, and that Sebuktigin defeated and converted them to Islam.<ref>''The Process of Acculturation in Regional Historiography:The Case of the Delhi Sultanate'', Iqtidar Husain Siddiqui, '''Art and Culture: Endeavours in Interpretation''', Vol.1, Ed. Ahsan Jan Qaisar, Som Prakash Verma, Mohammad Habib, (Abhinav Publications, 1996), 7.</ref>


Al-Utbi gives contradictory information owing to the names and number of [[Farighunids|Farighunid]] rulers.{{sfn|Dunlop|1991|p=799}} Specifically never naming, [[Abu'l Haret Muhammad]], the second Farighunid ruler.{{sfn|Dunlop|1991|p=799}}
The ''Tarikh Yamini'', asserts that at the time of Mahmud's invasion of Ghur, that the rulers and people of Ghor were ''heathens''.<ref>Neamet Ullah, ''History of the Afghans'', Part I, Transl. Berhard Dorn, (1829), 77.</ref>


Al-Utbi states when [[Sebuktigin]] defeated [[Jayapala]] in 988, the Afghans and Khaljis of the territory he conquered between Lamghan and Peshawar surrendered and agreed to serve him.{{sfn|Raza|1994|p=786}} Iqtidar Husain Siddiqui citing the 13th century Persian translation, claims that Al-Utbi mentions the "Afghans" were [[pagan]]s given to rapine and rapacity, they were defeated and converted to Islam.{{sfn|Siddiqui|1996|p=7}}
⚫
Though, plagued by incorrect dates and incorrect topography, the ''Tarikh Yamini'' does contain valuable information concerning Sultan Mahmud's invasions of India.<ref>Farooqui Salma Ahmed and Salma Ahmed Farooqui, ''A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: From Twelfth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century'', (Dorling Kindersley, 2011), 7.</ref>


⚫
Though, plagued by incorrect dates and incorrect topography, the ''Tarikh Yamini'' does contain valuable information concerning Sultan Mahmud's invasions of India.{{sfn|Farooqui|2011|p=7}}
On Mahmud's 12th expedition of India in 1018-1019, the ''Tarikh i Yamini'' states, he brought back so many slaves that, "''merchants came from distant cities to purchase them, so that the countries Ma wara' an nahr(Central Asia), Iraq and Khurasan were filled with them, and the fair and the dark, the rich and the poor, mingled in one common slavery.''".<ref>Hindus beyond the Hindu Kush: Indians in the Central Asian Slave Trade, Scott C. Levi, '''Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society''', 282.</ref>

Pgn34 In Introduction: The Translator James Reynold (translating from Persian version of Arabic ''Tarikh Yamini'') states: He cannot find the word Somnath, or the story respecting the idol broken by Mahmud, although the expedition in which this event is alleged to have occurred, appears to be included in this Chronicle of Utbi.

Original Al-Utbi - ''Tarikh Yamini'' in Arabic is short book of 70 pages only. English version by James Reynold consist of 555 pages cannot be verbatim exact copy.

Hence, Abdul Sharaf of Jabardican who translated it to Persian added his own interpretation.


==Early translations==
==Early translations==
The 13th century Persian translation of the ''Tarikh i Yamini'', by Jurbadqani, takes many liberties as well as introducing images not found in the original and can be considered an independent work of art, but is a reliable copy of the narrative.<ref>André Wink, ''Al-Hind, the Slave Kings and the Islamic Conquest, 11th-13th Centuries'', 127.</ref>
The 13th century [[Persian language|Persian]] translation of the Tarikh i Yamini, by Jurbadqani, takes many liberties and introduces images not found in the original and can be considered an independent work of art; however, it is a fairly reliable copy of the narrative.{{sfn|Wink|1997|p=127}}


==Modern era==
==Modern era==
The ''Tarikh i Yamini'' was translated from Persian into English in 1858 by James Reynolds under the title, ''Kitab-i-Yamini''.<ref>''Hindus beyond the Hindu Kush: Indians in the Central Asian Slave Trade'', Scott C. Levi, '''Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society''', Third Series, Vol. 12, No. 3 (Nov., 2002), 282.</ref>
The ''Tarikh i Yamini'' was translated from Persian into English in 1858 by James Reynolds under the title, ''Kitab-i-Yamini''.{{sfn|Levi|2002|p=282}}

==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist|3}}

==Sources==
*{{cite journal |title=Sistan and Its Local Histories |first=C. Edmund |last=Bosworth |journal=Iranian Studies |volume=33| issue = 1/2 (Winter – Spring) |year=2000 }}
*{{cite encyclopedia |editor-first1=B. |editor-last1=Lewis |editor-first2=CH. |editor-last2=Pellat |editor-first3=J. |editor-last3=Schacht |encyclopedia=The Encyclopaedia of Islam |volume=II: C-G |title=Farighunids |first=D.M. |last=Dunlop |publisher=Brill |pages=798–800 |year=1991 }}
*{{cite book |first=Salma Ahmed |last=Farooqui |title=A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: From Twelfth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century |publisher=Dorling Kindersley |year=2011 }}
*{{cite book |chapter=The Samanids |first=Richard Nelson |last=Frye |title=The Cambridge History of Iran |volume=4 |editor-first=R. N. |editor-last=Frye |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1999 }}
*{{cite journal |title=Miskawaih and Arabic Historiography |first=M. S. |last=Khan |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume=89| issue = 4 (Oct. – Dec.) |publisher= American Oriental Society |year=1969 }}
*{{cite journal |title=al-Bīrūnī and the Political History of India |first=M.S.|last=Khan |journal=Oriens |volume=25/26 |publisher=Brill |year=1976 }}
*{{cite journal |title=Hindus beyond the Hindu Kush: Indians in the Central Asian Slave Trade |first=Scott C. |last=Levi |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society |volume=Third Series, Vol. 12, No. 3 (Nov.) |year=2002 }}
*{{cite journal |first=Jabir |last=Raza |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|title=The Afghans and their relations with the Ghaznavids and the Ghurids|authorlink=Jabir Raza|publisher=Indian History Congress|pages=786–791 |volume=55 |year=1994 }}
*{{cite book |first=Tej Ram |last=Sharma |title=Historiography: A History of Historical Writing |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |year=2005 }}
⚫
*{{cite book |chapter=The Process of Acculturation in Regional Historiography:The Case of the Delhi Sultanate |first=Iqtidar Husain |last=Siddiqui |title=Art and Culture: Endeavours in Interpretation |volume=1 |editor-first1=Ahsan Jan |editor-last1=Qaisar |editor-first2=Som Prakash |editor-last2=Verma |editor-first3=Mohammad |editor-last3=Habib |publisher=Abhinav Publications |year=1996 }}
*{{cite book |first=André |last=Wink |title=Al-Hind, the Slave Kings and the Islamic Conquest, 11th–13th Centuries |publisher=Brill |year=1997 }}

{{wikiquote}}


[[Category:History of Afghanistan]]
[[Category:History books about Afghanistan]]
[[Category:History of the Turkic peoples]]
[[Category:History of the Turkic peoples]]
[[Category:History of India]]
[[Category:History books about India]]
[[Category:History of Pakistan]]
[[Category:History books about Pakistan]]
[[Category:Ghaznavid Empire]]
[[Category:Arabic literature]]
[[Category:Historiography of India]]

Latest revision as of 10:56, 21 March 2024

Tarikh Yamini
AuthorAbu Nasr Muhammad ibn Muhammad al Jabbaru-l 'Utbi
LanguageArabic
Subjecthistory of the reigns of Sebuktigin and Mahmud

The Tarikh i Yamini, or Kitab i Yamini, written in Arabic[1] in an embellished, flowery rhetorical rhymed prose,[2] is a history of the reigns of Sebuktigin and Mahmud.

Written by the historian Abu Nasr Muhammad ibn Muhammad al Jabbaru-l 'Utbi (or al-Utbi). His work comprises the whole of the reign of Sebuktigin, and part of that of Mahmud, down to the year 410 Hijra (1020 AD). The Tarikh Yamini also contains information chronicling Sultan Mahmud's expeditions as well as the end of the Samanid Empire.[3] Al-Utbi, being Mahmud's secretary, did not accompany the sultan, therefore his topography is deficient and his writing style consists of an explicit orthodox nature.[4] He also states that he intentionally suppressed many events, unnatural or strange that he found skeptical that did not fit the objectives he had set down in the preface.[5]

Content[edit]

The Tarikh Yamini starts in 965 CE, but the Samanids are not mentioned until Nuh ibn Mansur's reign in 976,[5] while it goes into detail about the Buyids prior to 983.[5] During the Qarakhanid invasion of the Samanid kingdom in 991, the Tarikh Yamini states that the Samanid governor Fa'iq, son of Simjurid Abu'l-Hasan Simjuri,[6] invited Hasan b. Sulayman{Bughra Khan} to invade Bukhara.[6]

Al-Utbi gives contradictory information owing to the names and number of Farighunid rulers.[7] Specifically never naming, Abu'l Haret Muhammad, the second Farighunid ruler.[7]

Al-Utbi states when Sebuktigin defeated Jayapala in 988, the Afghans and Khaljis of the territory he conquered between Lamghan and Peshawar surrendered and agreed to serve him.[8] Iqtidar Husain Siddiqui citing the 13th century Persian translation, claims that Al-Utbi mentions the "Afghans" were pagans given to rapine and rapacity, they were defeated and converted to Islam.[9]

Though, plagued by incorrect dates and incorrect topography, the Tarikh Yamini does contain valuable information concerning Sultan Mahmud's invasions of India.[10]

Pgn34 In Introduction: The Translator James Reynold (translating from Persian version of Arabic Tarikh Yamini) states: He cannot find the word Somnath, or the story respecting the idol broken by Mahmud, although the expedition in which this event is alleged to have occurred, appears to be included in this Chronicle of Utbi.

Original Al-Utbi - Tarikh Yamini in Arabic is short book of 70 pages only. English version by James Reynold consist of 555 pages cannot be verbatim exact copy.

Hence, Abdul Sharaf of Jabardican who translated it to Persian added his own interpretation.

Early translations[edit]

The 13th century Persian translation of the Tarikh i Yamini, by Jurbadqani, takes many liberties and introduces images not found in the original and can be considered an independent work of art; however, it is a fairly reliable copy of the narrative.[1]

Modern era[edit]

The Tarikh i Yamini was translated from Persian into English in 1858 by James Reynolds under the title, Kitab-i-Yamini.[11]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b Wink 1997, p. 127.
  2. ^ Khan 1976, p. 114.
  3. ^ Bosworth 2000, p. 37.
  4. ^ Sharma 2005, p. 69.
  5. ^ a b c Khan 1969, p. 728.
  6. ^ a b Frye 1999, p. 156-157.
  7. ^ a b Dunlop 1991, p. 799.
  8. ^ Raza 1994, p. 786.
  9. ^ Siddiqui 1996, p. 7.
  10. ^ Farooqui 2011, p. 7.
  11. ^ Levi 2002, p. 282.

Sources[edit]

  • Bosworth, C. Edmund (2000). "Sistan and Its Local Histories". Iranian Studies. 33 (1/2 (Winter – Spring)).
  • Dunlop, D.M. (1991). "Farighunids". In Lewis, B.; Pellat, CH.; Schacht, J. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam. Vol. II: C-G. Brill. pp. 798–800.
  • Farooqui, Salma Ahmed (2011). A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: From Twelfth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century. Dorling Kindersley.
  • Frye, Richard Nelson (1999). "The Samanids". In Frye, R. N. (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran. Vol. 4. Cambridge University Press.
  • Khan, M. S. (1969). "Miskawaih and Arabic Historiography". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 89 (4 (Oct. – Dec.)). American Oriental Society.
  • Khan, M.S. (1976). "al-Bīrūnī and the Political History of India". Oriens. 25/26. Brill.
  • Levi, Scott C. (2002). "Hindus beyond the Hindu Kush: Indians in the Central Asian Slave Trade". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. Third Series, Vol. 12, No. 3 (Nov.).
  • Raza, Jabir (1994). "The Afghans and their relations with the Ghaznavids and the Ghurids". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 55. Indian History Congress: 786–791.
  • Sharma, Tej Ram (2005). Historiography: A History of Historical Writing. Concept Publishing Company.
  • Siddiqui, Iqtidar Husain (1996). "The Process of Acculturation in Regional Historiography:The Case of the Delhi Sultanate". In Qaisar, Ahsan Jan; Verma, Som Prakash; Habib, Mohammad (eds.). Art and Culture: Endeavours in Interpretation. Vol. 1. Abhinav Publications.
  • Wink, André (1997). Al-Hind, the Slave Kings and the Islamic Conquest, 11th–13th Centuries. Brill.
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