Txikispora: Difference between revisions
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'''''Txikispora''''' is a genus of |
'''''Txikispora''''' is a genus of parasitic [[Protist|protists]] made up solely of the species '''''Txikispora philomaios'''''. It is the only genus in the family '''Txikisporidae''', which is a member of the class [[Filasterea]] and is closely related to [[Ministeria|Ministeriidae]]. The lineage was first described in 2022 based on specimens identified from the United Kingdom. The species represents a previously undiscovered type of life that [[Divergent evolution|diverged]] extremely early from animals and fungi.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=28 January 2022 |title=''Txikispora philomaios'', a parasite that will help to explain the origin of animal multicellularity |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2022/01/220128100733.htm |access-date=29 March 2024 |work=ScienceDaily}}</ref> It parasitizes [[Amphipoda|amphipods]] in the genera ''[[Echinogammarus]]'' and ''[[Orchestia]]'' and most frequently infects their [[hemolymph]] and [[Blood cell|hemocytes]]. |
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== Taxonomy == |
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The Filozoan species was described in 2022 in the ''[[Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology]]'' by Ander Urrutia, Stephen Feist, and David Bass.{{Sfn|Urrutia|Feist|Bass|2022|p=1}} The new generic and specific combination ''Txikispora philomaios'' means "May-loving spore", in reference to its presence in collections during only a few days during the month of May.<ref name=":0" /> ''Txikispora'' is derived from two Basque words: {{Lang|eu|txiki}} meaning "small" and {{Lang|eu|spora}} meaning "spore". The specific epithet ''philomaios'' is also Basque: ''{{Lang|eu|philo}}'' meaning "love" and {{Lang|eu|maios}} meaning "May".{{Sfn|Urrutia|Feist|Bass|2022|p=17}} |
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A [[Rel homology domain|Rel homology region]] (RHR) was identified in ''Txikispora philomaios''. The characteristics of the RHR of ''Txikispora philomaios'' was most similar to ''[[Tunicaraptor|Tunicaraptor unikontum]]'', suggesting a [[Phylogenetics|phylogenetic]] relationship between the two species.{{Sfn|Leger|Ros-Rocher|Najle|2022|p=5}} |
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== Description == |
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The species goes through several stages of life. The first is as a single spherical cell, called the [[Monokaryote|monokaryotic]] stage.{{Sfn|Urrutia|Feist|Bass|2022|p=17}} It usually has a cell wall, and is characterized by a nucleus with a small [[nucleolus]] on its periphery and many small [[Mitochondrion|mitochondria]] with diverse [[Lipid|lipoid]] structures.{{Sfn|Urrutia|Feist|Bass|2022|p=8-9}} The next stage is [[Multinucleate|multinucleated]], and consists of four cells joined together and is somewhat larger.{{Sfn|Urrutia|Feist|Bass|2022|p=17}} It appears to have three cells, with the fourth often hidden from view. The unicellular stage is often split off from the multicellular one.{{Sfn|Urrutia|Feist|Bass|2022|p=8-9}} |
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== Ecology == |
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''Txikispora philomaios'' parasitizes the [[Amphipoda|amphipod]] genera ''[[Echinogammarus]]'' and ''[[Orchestia]],'' but is not found in the related genera ''[[Gammarus]]'' and [[Melita (genus)|''Melita'']]. Individuals infected by the parasite displayed yellowing [[Tegument (helminth)|tegument]], a less rigid [[carapace]], less visible internal organs, and increased lethargy and unresponsiveness.{{Sfn|Urrutia|Feist|Bass|2022|p=7}} ''Txikispora philomaios'' specifically infects the [[hemolymph]] and individual [[Hemocyte (invertebrate immune system cell)|hemocytes]], with up to ten parasites found in a single hemocyte. Other organs that are infected are the [[hepatopancreas]], testes, and ovaries.{{Sfn|Urrutia|Feist|Bass|2022|p=8}} |
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== References == |
== References == |
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=== Bibliography === |
=== Bibliography === |
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* {{Cite journal |last=Leger |first=Michelle |last2=Ros-Rocher |first2=Nuria |last3=Najle |first3=Sebastian |date=2022 |title=Rel/NF-kB Transcription Factors Emerged at the Onset of Opisthokonts |url=https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/14/1/evab289/6499270 |journal=[[Genome Biology and Evolution]] |volume=14 |issue=1 |doi=10.1093/gbe/evab289}} |
* {{Cite journal |last=Leger |first=Michelle |last2=Ros-Rocher |first2=Nuria |last3=Najle |first3=Sebastian |date=2022 |title=Rel/NF-kB Transcription Factors Emerged at the Onset of Opisthokonts |url=https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/14/1/evab289/6499270 |journal=[[Genome Biology and Evolution]] |volume=14 |issue=1 |doi=10.1093/gbe/evab289|hdl=10261/272058 |hdl-access=free }} |
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* {{Cite journal |last=Sobala |first=Łukasz |date=2023 |title=Evolution and phylogenetic distribution of endo-α-mannosidase |url=https://academic.oup.com/glycob/article/33/9/687/7171919 |journal=[[Glycobiology (journal)|Glycobiology]] |volume=33 |issue=9 |doi=10.1093/glycob/cwad041}} |
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* {{Cite journal |last=Urrutia |first=Ander |last2=Feist |first2=Stephen |last3=Bass |first3=David |date=2022 |title=''Txikispora philomaios'' n. sp., n. g., a micro-eukaryotic pathogen of amphipods, reveals parasitism and hidden diversity in Class Filasterea |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34726818/ |journal=[[Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology]] |volume=69 |issue=2 |doi=10.1111/jeu.12875}} |
* {{Cite journal |last=Urrutia |first=Ander |last2=Feist |first2=Stephen |last3=Bass |first3=David |date=2022 |title=''Txikispora philomaios'' n. sp., n. g., a micro-eukaryotic pathogen of amphipods, reveals parasitism and hidden diversity in Class Filasterea |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34726818/ |journal=[[Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology]] |volume=69 |issue=2 |doi=10.1111/jeu.12875}} |
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{{Taxonbar|from=Q113185987}} |
{{Taxonbar|from=Q113185987}} |
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Latest revision as of 12:41, 5 May 2024
| Txikispora | |
|---|---|
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| (unranked): | Filozoa |
| Class: | Filasterea |
| Family: | Txikisporidae |
| Genus: | Txikispora |
| Species: | T. philomaios
|
| Binomial name | |
| Txikispora philomaios Urrutia, Feist & Bass
| |
Txikispora is a genus of parasitic protists made up solely of the species Txikispora philomaios. It is the only genus in the family Txikisporidae, which is a member of the class Filasterea and is closely related to Ministeriidae. The lineage was first described in 2022 based on specimens identified from the United Kingdom. The species represents a previously undiscovered type of life that diverged extremely early from animals and fungi.[1] It parasitizes amphipods in the genera Echinogammarus and Orchestia and most frequently infects their hemolymph and hemocytes.
Taxonomy[edit]
The Filozoan species was described in 2022 in the Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology by Ander Urrutia, Stephen Feist, and David Bass.[2] The new generic and specific combination Txikispora philomaios means "May-loving spore", in reference to its presence in collections during only a few days during the month of May.[1] Txikispora is derived from two Basque words: txiki meaning "small" and spora meaning "spore". The specific epithet philomaios is also Basque: philo meaning "love" and maios meaning "May".[3]
A Rel homology region (RHR) was identified in Txikispora philomaios. The characteristics of the RHR of Txikispora philomaios was most similar to Tunicaraptor unikontum, suggesting a phylogenetic relationship between the two species.[4]
Description[edit]
The species goes through several stages of life. The first is as a single spherical cell, called the monokaryotic stage.[3] It usually has a cell wall, and is characterized by a nucleus with a small nucleolus on its periphery and many small mitochondria with diverse lipoid structures.[5] The next stage is multinucleated, and consists of four cells joined together and is somewhat larger.[3] It appears to have three cells, with the fourth often hidden from view. The unicellular stage is often split off from the multicellular one.[5]
Ecology[edit]
Txikispora philomaios parasitizes the amphipod genera Echinogammarus and Orchestia, but is not found in the related genera Gammarus and Melita. Individuals infected by the parasite displayed yellowing tegument, a less rigid carapace, less visible internal organs, and increased lethargy and unresponsiveness.[6] Txikispora philomaios specifically infects the hemolymph and individual hemocytes, with up to ten parasites found in a single hemocyte. Other organs that are infected are the hepatopancreas, testes, and ovaries.[7]
References[edit]
- ^ a b "Txikispora philomaios, a parasite that will help to explain the origin of animal multicellularity". ScienceDaily. 28 January 2022. Retrieved 29 March 2024.
- ^ Urrutia, Feist & Bass 2022, p. 1.
- ^ a b c Urrutia, Feist & Bass 2022, p. 17.
- ^ Leger, Ros-Rocher & Najle 2022, p. 5.
- ^ a b Urrutia, Feist & Bass 2022, p. 8-9.
- ^ Urrutia, Feist & Bass 2022, p. 7.
- ^ Urrutia, Feist & Bass 2022, p. 8.
Bibliography[edit]
- Leger, Michelle; Ros-Rocher, Nuria; Najle, Sebastian (2022). "Rel/NF-kB Transcription Factors Emerged at the Onset of Opisthokonts". Genome Biology and Evolution. 14 (1). doi:10.1093/gbe/evab289. hdl:10261/272058.
- Urrutia, Ander; Feist, Stephen; Bass, David (2022). "Txikispora philomaios n. sp., n. g., a micro-eukaryotic pathogen of amphipods, reveals parasitism and hidden diversity in Class Filasterea". Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 69 (2). doi:10.1111/jeu.12875.