Cytology: Difference between revisions
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''''''Cytology'''''' (from [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] {{lang|grc|κύτος}}, ''kytos'', "a hollow";<ref>{{cite book|last=Kirkpatrick|title=The Cassell Concise English Dictionary|location=London|year=1989|page=324|isbn=0-304-31806-X|display-authors=etal}}</ref> and {{lang|grc|-λογία}}, ''[[wiktionary:-logia|-logia]]'') is the study of [[cell (biology)|cell]]s.<ref>{{cite book |chapter=Cytology |chapterurl=http://www.nlm.nih.gov/tsd/acquisitions/cdm/subjects25.html |title=Collection development manual of the National Library of Medicine |edition=4th |location=Bethesda, MD |publisher=National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services |year=2004}}</ref> Cytology is that branch of life science that deals with the study of cells in terms of structure, function and chemistry. [[Robert Hooke]] is sometimes seen as the father of cytology.<ref>Bill Nye (host), the 100 greatest discoveries: biology, Documentary by Discovery{{MEDRS|date=May 2015}}</ref> |
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Based on usage it can refer to: |
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{{Redirect from related term}} |
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* [[Cytogenetics]] |
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*[[Cytopathology]]: the study of ''cellular'' disease and the use of cellular changes for the diagnosis of disease. |
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*[[Cell biology]]: the study of (normal) cellular [[anatomy]], function and [[chemistry]]. |
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The International Academy of Cytology has as its official journal ''Acta Cytologica''. |
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== History == |
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The invention of the microscope in the 1590s by [[Zacharias Janssen]] assisted in stimulating the study of cells.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Christine|first1=Zuchora-Walske|title=Key Discoveries in Life Science|date=April 1, 2015|publisher=Lerner Publications|location=minneapolis|isbn=9781467762502|page=9|accessdate=5 November 2016}}</ref>{{check source}} Cells that were once invisible to the naked eye became visible. [[Robert Hooke]] was the first person to term the building block of all living organisms as "cells" after looking at [[Cork (material)|cork]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hooke|first1=Robert|title=Micrographia|date=September 1665}}</ref> The cell theory states that all living things are made up cells.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Gupta|first1=P.|title=Cell and Molecular Biology|date=Dec 1, 2005|publisher=Rastogi Publications|isbn=978-8171338177|page=11|accessdate=5 November 2016}}</ref> The theory also states that both plants and animals are composed of cells which was confirmed by plant scientist, [[Matthias Jakob Schleiden|Matthias Schleiden]] and animal scientist, [[Theodor Schwann]] in 1839.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Gupta|first1=P.|title=Cell and Molecular Biology|date=Dec 1, 2005|publisher=Rastogi Publications|isbn=978-8171338177|page=11|accessdate=5 November 2016}}</ref> 19 years later, [[Rudolf Virchow]] contributed to the cell theory, arguing that all cells come from the division of preexisting cells.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Gupta|first1=P.|title=Cell and Molecular Biology|date=Dec 1, 2005|publisher=Rastogi Publications|isbn=978-8171338177|page=11|accessdate=5 November 2016}}</ref> In recent years, there have been many studies which question the cell theory. Scientists have struggled to decide whether [[virus]]es are alive or not. Viruses lack common characteristics of a living cell, such as membranes, cell [[organelle]]s, and the ability to reproduce by themselves.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kendrick|first1=Karolyn|title=Chemistry in Medicine|date=Jan 1, 2010|publisher=Benchmark Education Company,|isbn=978-1450928526|page=26|accessdate=5 November 2016}}</ref> If a scientist was ever to stumble across concrete proof that viruses are alive, it will debunk the idea that all living things are made up of cells because viruses are in fact not a cell. Viruses range from 0.005 to .03 microns in size whereas [[Bacteria]] range from 1-5 microns big.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Cullimore|first1=D.|title=Practical Manual of Groundwater Microbiology|date=Dec 17, 2007|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-0849385315|page=117|edition=2|accessdate=5 November 2016}}</ref> The late 19th century indicates the birth of cytology. Modern day cell biology research looks at different ways to culture and manipulate cells outside of a living body to further research in human anatomy and physiology, to derive treatments and other medications, etc. The techniques at which cells are studied has evolved. Advancement in microscopic techniques and technology such as [[Fluorescence microscope|Fluorescent microscopy]], [[Phase-contrast microscopy|phase contrast microscopy]], [[Dark field microscopy|darkfield microscopy]], [[Confocal microscopy|confocal]] scanning, etc. have allowed scientist to get a better idea of the structure of a cell.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Gupta|first1=P.|title=Cell and Molecular Biology|date=Dec 1, 2005|publisher=Rastogi Publications|isbn=978-8171338177|page=11|accessdate=5 November 2016}}</ref> |
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== Cell Structure == |
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[[File:Animal Cell Structure.png|thumb|Structure of an animal cell]] |
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There are two fundamental classifications of cells: [[Prokaryote]]s and [[Eukaryote]]s. The major difference between the two is the presence and/or absence of organelles. Other factors such as size, they way in which they reproduce, and number of cells distinguish them from one another.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Doble|first1=Mukesh|last2=Gummadi|first2=Sathyanarayana N.|title=Biochemical Engineering|date=August 5, 2010|publisher=Prentice-Hall of India Pvt.Ltd|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-8120330528|accessdate=5 November 2016}}</ref> Eukaryotic cells include animal, plant, fungi, and protozoa cells which all have a nucleus enclosed by a membrane. Prokaryotic cells, lacking an enclosed nucleus, include bacteria and [[archaea]]. Prokaryotic cells are much smaller than Eukaryotic cells, making prokaryotic cells the smallest form of life.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kaneshiro|first1=Edna|title=Cell Physiology Sourcebook: A Molecular Approach|date=May 2, 2001|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=978-0123877383|edition=3|accessdate=5 November 2016}}</ref> Cytologists typically focus on Eukaryotic cells whereas Prokaryotic cells are the focus of [[microbiologist]]s, but this is not always the case. |
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==Branches== |
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These are the main branches of cytology:<ref>{{cite book|title=Competition Science Vision|date=June 1999|publisher=Pratiyogita Darpan}}</ref> |
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*[[Cytotaxonomy]] - The study combining cytology and [[Taxonomy (biology)|taxonomy]] |
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*[[Cytogenetics]] - The study combining cytology and [[genetics]] |
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*Cell Physiology - The study combining cytology and [[physiology]] |
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*[[Cytochemistry]] - The study combining cytology and [[biochemistry]] |
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*[[Cytopathology]] - The study combining cytology and [[pathology]] |
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*Cytoecology - The study combining cytology and [[ecology]] |
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==See also== |
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* [[Liver cytology]] |
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==References== |
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{{Research help|Med}} |
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{{reflist}} |
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{{cell-biology-stub}} |
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[[ast:Citoloxía]] |
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[[gl:Citoloxía]] |
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[[mk:Клеточна биологија]] |
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[[ur:خلوی حیاتیات]] |
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Latest revision as of 07:40, 26 June 2020
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