Cytology: Difference between revisions
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'''Cytology''' (from [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] {{lang|grc|κύτος}}, ''kytos'', "a hollow";<ref>{{cite book|last=Kirkpatrick|title=The Cassell Concise English Dictionary|location=London|year=1989|page=324|isbn=0-304-31806-X|display-authors=etal}}</ref> and {{lang|grc|-λογία}}, ''[[wiktionary:-logia|-logia]]'') is the study of [[cell (biology)|cell]]s.<ref>{{cite book |chapter=Cytology |chapterurl=https://www.nlm.nih.gov/tsd/acquisitions/cdm/subjects25.html |title=Collection development manual of the National Library of Medicine |edition=4th |location=Bethesda, MD |publisher=National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services |year=2004}}</ref> Cytology is the branch of [[life science]] that deals with the study of cells in terms of structure, function and chemistry. [[Robert Hooke]] (1635 – 1703) is sometimes seen as the father of cytology.<ref>Bill Nye (host), the 100 greatest discoveries: biology, Documentary by Discovery{{MEDRS|date=May 2015}}</ref> |
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Based on usage it can refer to: |
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{{Redirect from related term}} |
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* [[Cytogenetics]] |
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{{Redirect with possibilities}} |
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*[[Cytopathology]]: the study of ''cellular'' disease and the use of cellular changes for the diagnosis of disease. |
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{{Redirect printworthy}} |
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*[[Cell biology]], or cytobiology: the study of (normal) cellular [[anatomy]], function and [[chemistry]]. |
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The International Academy of Cytology has as its official journal ''Acta Cytologica''. |
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== History == |
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Cells, that were once invisible to the naked eye, became visible in 17th century Europe with the invention of the [[Optical microscope#Compound microscope|compound microscope]]. [[Robert Hooke]] was the first person to term the building block of all living organisms as "cells" after looking at [[Cork (material)|cork]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hooke|first1=Robert|title=Micrographia|date=September 1665}}</ref> The cell theory states that all living things are made up cells.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Gupta|first1=P.|title=Cell and Molecular Biology|date=Dec 1, 2005|publisher=Rastogi Publications|isbn=978-8171338177|page=11}}</ref> The theory also states that both plants and animals are composed of cells which was confirmed by plant scientist, [[Matthias Jakob Schleiden|Matthias Schleiden]] and animal scientist, [[Theodor Schwann]] in 1839.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Gupta|first1=P.|title=Cell and Molecular Biology|date=Dec 1, 2005|publisher=Rastogi Publications|isbn=978-8171338177|page=11}}</ref> 19 years later, [[Rudolf Virchow]] contributed to the cell theory, arguing that all cells come from the division of preexisting cells.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Gupta|first1=P.|title=Cell and Molecular Biology|date=Dec 1, 2005|publisher=Rastogi Publications|isbn=978-8171338177|page=11}}</ref> In recent years, there have been many studies which question the cell theory. Scientists have struggled to decide whether [[virus]]es are alive or not. Viruses lack common characteristics of a living cell, such as membranes, cell [[organelle]]s, and the ability to reproduce by themselves.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kendrick|first1=Karolyn|title=Chemistry in Medicine|date=Jan 1, 2010|publisher=Benchmark Education Company,|isbn=978-1450928526|page=26}}</ref> Viruses range from 0.005 to .03 microns in size whereas [[Bacteria]] range from 1-5 microns.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Cullimore|first1=D.|title=Practical Manual of Groundwater Microbiology|date=Dec 17, 2007|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-0849385315|page=117|edition=2nd}}</ref> The late 19th century indicates the birth of cytology.{{citation needed|date=November 2016}} Modern day cell biology research looks at different ways to culture and manipulate cells outside of a living body to further research in human anatomy and physiology, to derive treatments and other medications, etc. The techniques by which cells are studied have evolved. Advancement in microscopic techniques and technology such as [[Fluorescence microscope|fluorescence microscopy]], [[phase-contrast microscopy]], [[dark field microscopy]], [[confocal microscopy]], [[cytometry]], [[transmission electron microscopy]], etc. have allowed scientists to get a better idea of the structure of cells.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Gupta|first1=P.|title=Cell and Molecular Biology|date=Dec 1, 2005|publisher=Rastogi Publications|isbn=978-8171338177|page=11}}</ref> |
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== Cell structure == |
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[[File:Animal Cell Structure.png|thumb|Structure of an animal cell]] |
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There are two fundamental classifications of cells: [[prokaryote]]s and [[eukaryote]]s. The major difference between the two is the presence and/or absence of organelles. Other factors such as size, the way in which they reproduce, and the number of cells distinguish them from one another.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Doble|first1=Mukesh|last2=Gummadi|first2=Sathyanarayana N.|title=Biochemical Engineering|date=August 5, 2010|publisher=Prentice-Hall of India Pvt.Ltd|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-8120330528}}</ref> Eukaryotic cells include animal, plant, fungi, and protozoa cells which all have a nucleus enclosed by a membrane. Prokaryotic cells, lacking an enclosed nucleus, include bacteria and [[archaea]]. Prokaryotic cells are much smaller than eukaryotic cells, making prokaryotic cells the smallest form of life.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kaneshiro|first1=Edna|title=Cell Physiology Sourcebook: A Molecular Approach|date=May 2, 2001|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=978-0123877383|edition=3rd}}</ref> Cytologists typically focus on eukaryotic cells whereas prokaryotic cells are the focus of [[microbiologist]]s, but this is not always the case. |
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==Branches== |
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These are the main branches of cytology:<ref>{{cite book|title=Competition Science Vision|date=June 1999|publisher=Pratiyogita Darpan}}</ref> |
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*[[Cytotaxonomy]] - The study combining cytology and [[Taxonomy (biology)|taxonomy]] |
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*[[Cytogenetics]] - The study combining cytology and [[genetics]] |
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*[[Cell Physiology]] - The study combining cytology and [[physiology]] |
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*[[Cytochemistry]] - The study combining cytology and [[biochemistry]] |
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*[[Cytopathology]] - The study combining cytology and [[pathology]] |
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*[[Cytoecology]] - The study combining cytology and [[ecology]] |
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==References== |
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{{reflist}} |
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==External links== |
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* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Cytology|short=x}} |
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[[ast:Citoloxía]] |
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[[gl:Citoloxía]] |
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[[mk:Клеточна биологија]] |
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[[ur:خلوی حیاتیات]] |
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Latest revision as of 07:40, 26 June 2020
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