Equative case: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Grammatical case}} |
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'''Equative''' is a case with the meaning of comparison, or likening. The equative case has been used in very few languages in history. It was used in the [[Sumerian language]]. |
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{{Refimprove|date=January 2017}} |
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'''Equative''' is a case prototypically expressing the standard of comparison of equal values ("as… as a …"). The equative case has been used in very few languages in history.{{Citation needed|date=September 2008}}<!--what about -ago in Latin?--> It was used in the [[Sumerian language]], where it also took on the semantic functions of the [[essive case]] ("in the capacity of…") and similative case ("like a…").<ref>Sövegjártó, Szilvia. ''The Sumerian equative case'', 2010.</ref> |
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For Sumerian, the equative was formed by adding the suffix -gin<sub>7</sub> to the end of a noun phrase. In its similative function: |
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{{interlinear|indent=3 |
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lugal - 'king', lugal-gin<sub>7</sub>, 'like a king' |
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|lugal → lugal-'''gin<sub>7</sub>''' |
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|"king" {} {"kinglike", "like a king"} |
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|}} |
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{{interlinear|indent=3 |
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|nitah-kalaga → nitah-kalaga-'''gin<sub>7</sub>''' |
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|{"mighty man"} {} {"like a mighty man"} |
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|}} |
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For [[Ossetic language|Ossetic]] it is formed by the ending -ау [aw]:<ref>{{cite journal |last=Belyaev |first=Oleg |year=2010 |title=Evolution of Case in Ossetic |url=http://ossetic-studies.org/biblio/05-Belyayev.pdf |journal=Iran and the Caucasus |volume=14 |issue=2 |page=301 |doi=10.1163/157338410X12743419190269 |access-date=2022-08-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121034409/http://ossetic-studies.org/biblio/05-Belyayev.pdf |archive-date=2022-01-21 }}</ref> |
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In [[Ossetic language|Ossetic]] it is formed by the ending -ау [aw]: |
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: ''фæт'' — arrow, ''фæтау'' — like an arrow. |
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{{interlinear|indent=3 |
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| ⚫ | |||
|фӕт → фӕт'''ау''' |
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|"arrow" {} "arrowlike" |
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|}} |
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{{interlinear|indent=3 |
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|Ницы фенӕг'''ау''' йӕхи акодта |
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| ⚫ | |||
It is found subdialectally in some speakers of the [[Khalkha Mongolian|Khalkha]] dialect of [[Mongolian language|Mongolian]], where it is formed by the endings -цаа [tsaa], -цоо [tsoo], -цээ [tsee] or -цөө [tsöö], depending on the [[vowel harmony]] of the noun. It is quite rare and very specific, referring to the height or level of an object:<ref>{{cite book |last=Janhunen |first=Juha A. |author-link=Juha Janhunen |year=2012 |title=Mongolian |location=Amsterdam / Philadelphia |publisher=John Benjamins Publishing Company |page=110 |isbn=9789027238207 }}</ref> |
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{{interlinear|indent=3 |
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|эрэг → эрэг'''цээ''' |
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|"[river]bank" {} {"as high as the bank"} |
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|}} |
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{{interlinear|indent=3 |
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|өвдөг → өвдөг'''цөө''' |
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|"knee(s)" {} {"up to the height of the knee(s)"} |
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|}} |
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It is also found in the [[Turkic Khalaj language]] and in languages from South America like [[Quechua languages|Quechua]], [[Aymaran languages|Aymara]], [[Uru language|Uro]] and [[Cholón language|Cholón]].{{citation needed|date=August 2022}} |
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[[Welsh language|Welsh]], though it has no equative case of nouns, has an equative degree of adjectives, shown normally by the suffix ''-ed'': for example, "''hyned''" (''â'' ...), meaning "as old" (as ...).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mit.edu/~dfm/canol/chap22.html |title=Reading Middle Welsh |last=Morgan |first=Gareth |year=1996 |access-date=2022-08-11 |quote=Welsh has an ''equative'' degree of the adjective, meaning 'as big', 'as new', and so on. It often has an air of exclamation about it: 'how big!', 'how new!' The equative suffix is '''-ed'''.}}</ref> |
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[[Sireniki Eskimo language|Sireniki Eskimo]] had an equative (or comparative) case for describing similarities between nouns.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}} |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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*[[List of grammatical cases]] |
*[[List of grammatical cases]] |
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== References == |
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<references/> |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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{{Grammatical cases}} |
{{Grammatical cases}} |
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[[es:Caso comparativo]] |
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[[fr:Équatif]] |
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[[fi:Ekvatiivi]] |
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[[gl:Comparativo]] |
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Latest revision as of 19:23, 1 April 2024
 | This article needs additional citations for verification. (January 2017) |
Equative is a case prototypically expressing the standard of comparison of equal values ("as… as a …"). The equative case has been used in very few languages in history.[citation needed] It was used in the Sumerian language, where it also took on the semantic functions of the essive case ("in the capacity of…") and similative case ("like a…").[1]
For Sumerian, the equative was formed by adding the suffix -gin7 to the end of a noun phrase. In its similative function:
lugal
"king"
→
lugal-gin7
"kinglike", "like a king"
nitah-kalaga
"mighty man"
→
nitah-kalaga-gin7
"like a mighty man"
For Ossetic it is formed by the ending -ау [aw]:[2]
фӕт
"arrow"
→
фӕтау
"arrowlike"
Ницы
фенӕгау
йӕхи
акодта
lit. "nothingseer-like himself made" ("[he or she] pretended to see nothing").
It is found subdialectally in some speakers of the Khalkha dialect of Mongolian, where it is formed by the endings -цаа [tsaa], -цоо [tsoo], -цээ [tsee] or -цөө [tsöö], depending on the vowel harmony of the noun. It is quite rare and very specific, referring to the height or level of an object:[3]
эрэг
"[river]bank"
→
эрэгцээ
"as high as the bank"
өвдөг
"knee(s)"
→
өвдөгцөө
"up to the height of the knee(s)"
It is also found in the Turkic Khalaj language and in languages from South America like Quechua, Aymara, Uro and Cholón.[citation needed]
Welsh, though it has no equative case of nouns, has an equative degree of adjectives, shown normally by the suffix -ed: for example, "hyned" (â ...), meaning "as old" (as ...).[4]
Sireniki Eskimo had an equative (or comparative) case for describing similarities between nouns.[citation needed]
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ Sövegjártó, Szilvia. The Sumerian equative case, 2010.
- ^ Belyaev, Oleg (2010). "Evolution of Case in Ossetic" (PDF). Iran and the Caucasus. 14 (2): 301. doi:10.1163/157338410X12743419190269. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-01-21. Retrieved 2022-08-11.
- ^ Janhunen, Juha A. (2012). Mongolian. Amsterdam / Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company. p. 110. ISBN 9789027238207.
- ^ Morgan, Gareth (1996). "Reading Middle Welsh". Retrieved 2022-08-11.
Welsh has an equative degree of the adjective, meaning 'as big', 'as new', and so on. It often has an air of exclamation about it: 'how big!', 'how new!' The equative suffix is -ed.